2 Authors Suppressed Due to Excessive Length
Guidelines for Authors
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Corresponding Author Please clearly indicate who will handle all stages of refereeing, publication, and post-publication, If that person is not the first author. Ensure that person’s telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code) are provided, in addition to e-mail and complete postal addresses. Abstract (may be placed on a separate page following the title page) Each manuscript must be accompanied by an informative abstract of no more than one paragraph and up to 350 words. The abstract should state briefly the nature of the study, its principal results and major conclusions. It should not state what the paper intends to do or what will be discussed. Keywords Please provide a maximum of 6 keywords, avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, “and”, “of”) immediately after the abstract. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes. Introduction This section should provide sufficient background information to allow readers to understand the context and significance of the problem. Methods The methodology employed in the work should be described in sufficient detail. Results The results section contains applications of the methodology described above and their earth science interpretation. Discussion of the research in the context of similar or earlier studies Conclusions This should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. Acknowledgements Place acknowledgments, including information on grants received, before the references in a separate section, and not as a footnote on the title page. Reference list The reference list is placed at the end of a manuscript, immediately following the acknowledgments and appendices (if any). Figures and tables Each figure and table must be called out (mentioned) sequentially in the text of the paper. Each figure must have a caption, and each table must have a heading.
AstaREAL, natural astaxanthin, to combat low=功效
AstaREAL, natural astaxanthin, to combat low chronic inflammations.IntroductionLow chronic inflammation is an underlying cause of many seemingly unrelated diseases as atherosclerosis, diabetes, digestive system diseases and obesity. The inflammation is a process initiated by the immune system as it reacts to injury or infection. The process is generally accompanied by tissue damage associated with oxidation of macromolecules by inflammation-derived free radicals. Recent results indicate that oxidative modulations of lipids normally present in e.g. cellular membranes, contributes to disruption of the tightly controlled balance of immune tolerance and ultimately provokes chronic inflammation (Leitinger 2008).Astaxanthin is a natural lipid soluble antioxidant that is deposited in cellular membrane and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects both in in vitro and in vivo studies. The aim of this article is to present results of studies with astaxanthin in connection to inflammation in order to give an insight how supplementation with astaxanthin might be beneficial in the combat of low chronic inflammations.Astaxanthin – How it worksAstaxanthin is a lipid soluble carotenoid antioxidant. It is found naturally in e.g. fish, crustaceans and birds. It gives the pink colour to the flesh of wild salmon and astaxanthin is often occurring together with omega-3 lipids in natureUpon oral administration astaxanthin can be found in all organs of the body (Petri et al 2007), At the cellular level astaxanthin accumulates in the membrane fractions like the cell membrane and in the membranes of the mitochondria. Astaxanthin has a unique structure that enables the molecule to span the double layer membrane and thereby exposing itself both to the interior as well as the outside of the cell, figure 1.The antioxidant activity of astaxanthin is greater than that of many other well known antioxidants like ß-carotene or alfa-tocopherol. Reports on the antioxidant property of astaxanthin includes quenching and scavenging of reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, superoxide radicals and lipid peroxyl radicals (Miki 1991, Fukusawa 1998, Nagub 2000). Figure 2 shows the ability of astaxanthin to efficiently quench singlet oxygen in vitro compared to some other antioxidants.The superior antioxidant effect of astaxanthin to other antioxidants is also shown on its effect to protect cultured fibroblast against exposure to singlet oxygen, see figure 3.Figur 1. Astaxanthin spans through the cell membrane.An example of the in vivo effect of astaxanthin as antioxidant was seen on its effect to improve functionality of human spermatocytes. Male infertility is often connected to increased frequency of oxidised lipids in the cell membrane of the sperms, which decrease their ability to fuse with the egg cell. In a double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial on men with decreased fertility AstaREAL supplementation resulted in a pregnancy rate of 23.1% during the trial period of three months compared to 3.6% in the placebo group. The astaxanthin treatment did not result in increased number of sperms but the functionality was improved which was also seen as improved motility and decreased amount of free radicals in semen (Comhaire et al 2005).Astaxanthin has shown anti-inflammatory effects in several in vitro and in vivo studies like inhibitory effects of NK-kB (Lee et al 2003) and COX-2 (Choi et al 2008) and balancing the Th1/Th2-response during ongoing infection (Bennedsen et al 1999). The anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin is also likely to be its protection of membrane components against oxidation that would otherwise activate the NF-kb and subsequently triggering the pro-inflammatory response.Metabolic syndromeMetabolic syndrome is defined as a life-style disease consisting of clusters of multiple metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. The syndrome has been linked to increased risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Emerging reports indicate that oxidative stress is an underlying theme that exacerbates inflammation and the development of those health problems. Study results indicate that astaxanthin may have a great potential in the prevention of metabolic syndrome and diseases linked to it.Vascular healthAtherosclerotic plaques are initially developed by lipoproteins, LDL, entering into the intima of the arterial wall. The oxidised lipoproteins attract monocytes. They accumulate the oxidised lipoproteins and turn into macrophages which release inflammatory cytokines by activation of NF-kB. The inflammatory reaction generates free radicals and auto-oxidation of lipoproteins begins. Asthe inflammatory reaction proceeds in the arterial wall a plaque consisting of oxidised lipoproteins and foam cells build up. If the plaque ruptures it can cause thrombosis as stroke or heart attack.Astaxanthin supplementation demonstrated the ability to reduce the oxidation of LDL. In a human trial, the peroxidation of LDL was reduced dose dependently during two weeks of supplementation. A protective effect was seen even at a dose of 1.8 mg astaxanthin/day (Iwamoto et al 2000). This finding has further been supported by another double-blind, placebo controlled study in humans including 40 healthy volunteers that were supplemented with astaxanthin during 8 weeks Karppi et al 2007). The astaxanthin supplementation significantly reduced oxidation of the most easily oxidised fatty acids in the plasma. Those two studies clearly indicate that astaxanthin can reduce the oxidation of lipids in human plasma.Studies have also shown that astaxanthin can perform anti-inflammatory effect in the arterial wall and thereby prevent the occurrence of ruptured plaques that can cause thrombosis. Astaxanthin supplementation to rabbits that spontaneously develop atherosclerosis resulted in reduced inflammatory reaction measured as less invading macrophages in the arterial wall. The supplementation also stabilised the plaques and reduced the release of proteolytic enzymes resulting in less ruptured plaques than in the control group (Li et al 2004).Hypertension is one of the conditions linked to metabolic syndrome and it is also a risk factor for CVD. In studies by Hussein et al.,(2005a, 2005b, 2006) it was shown in a mouse model of hypertension that supplementing astaxanthin to the animals significantly reduced the blood pressure compared to the control group. It was found that in the supplemented group the arterial wall was more elastic and the lumen area greater resulting in less resistance. Furthermore, nitric oxide dependent relaxation and sensitivity to constriction mechanisms were improved. These findings most likely contributed to the positive effect on the blood pressure.These recent findings show that astaxanthin may contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis and hypertension. Consequently, improvements of overall vascular health can be expected.Type 2 DiabetesInsulin resistance is another central component to the cluster of metabolic syndrome. Research revealed a strong link between foods with high glycemic index and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Excess blood glucose needs to be converted by insulin, produced by the pancreas, into glycogen stores. However, when glycogen stores are full, glucose is converted into fat. Overtime, the body’s cells may eventually become desensitized to insulin making it necessary to produce more insulin to achieve the same affect. Eventually, the body loses its ability to control high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) that could result in toxic conditions and promote further complications such as kidney failure.It is also thought that high glucose levels induce oxidative stress which triggers a low but chronic inflammatory reaction that by time damage the insulinproducing cells in the pancreas. Chronic high glucose levels could also lead to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage).Researchers included natural astaxanthin to the diet of type 2 diabetic mice models in controlled studies. They found the following significant results: i) reduction of fasting glucose levels; ii) preservation of insulin levels; and iii) better control in glucose tolerance7. The authors concluded that natural astaxanthin may help preserve the pancreas function and insulin sensitivity. Naito et al., 2004, demonstrated additional protective effects of astaxanthin against the progression of kidney damage in type 2 diabetic mice. Significant improvements in the symptoms of renal insufficiency, which normally appear at 16 weeks of age, were detected by analysis of urine and the mesangial area in the kidney glomerulus. The treated mice had 67% less urinary albumin loss, 50% less DNA damage and showed significant preservation of the mesangial area.Recent studies have revealed that the protective mechanism of astaxanthin in nephropathy includes protection of the mitochondria against oxidative stress due to by high glucose concentrations and by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory response caused by NF-!B activation (Naito et al 2006, Manabe et al 2008). These preliminary studies conclude that natural astaxanthin may help manage pre-diabetic conditions, Type 2 diabetic control and delay progressive renal damage.ObesityWeight management generally involves two things: i) ingesting less calories and ii) burning more calories. A sensible dietary choice helps with the former and new data suggests that natural astaxanthin may help with the latter in a variety of ways. The first benefit is improvement of lipid metabolism and the second is boosting muscle endurance. The combination of these two effects could mean shedding extra body fat, avoiding rebounds and enjoying a more rewarding exercise experience.Ikeuchi et al., 2007, demonstrated that even with a high fat diet (40% of daily intake as fat) the weight gain was suppressed in a dose dependent manner with natural astaxanthin. The Japanese researchers noted several significant reductions such as total body weight (15% less), liver weight, adipose tissue (34% less), liver triglycerides (58% less), plasma triglyceride, and total cholesterol in a controlled animal study that lasted 60 days.Natural astaxanthin in combination with exercise had the greatest effect than with exercise or supplementation alone (Ikeuchi et al 2006, Aoi et al 2008). The working theory for body fat reduction is the improvement of lipid metabolism in muscle and synergy with exercise. The underlying mechanism of the effects of astaxanthin seems again to be protection of components in the mitochondria from oxidative stress. Astaxanthin protects enzymes located in the membranes of the mitochondria against oxidation. Oxidative stress generated as a by-product during energy generation can impair lipid metabolism. One of theseenzymes is CPT 1. It imports lipids into the mitochondria to be used as fuel for generating energy(Aoi et al 2008). Another mitochondrial enzyme is 3-HAD, which is involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. There are also reports of increased utilization of fatty acids as the primary energy source after respiratory exchange analysis(Ikeuchi et al 2006, Aoi et al 2008). Such indications suggest that natural astaxanthin in combination with exercise promotes lipid metabolism or “fat-burning”.MuscleFree radicals are generated in our muscles and the amount increase radically during exercise and heavy physical activity. Those free radicals can directly damage the muscle cells and also trigger a inflammation reaction which we experience as stiffness and muscle pain.Natural astaxanthin can increase muscle performance and boost endurance levels. The mechanism is not fully understood but this benefit is supported by several reports (Malmsten et al 2008). The first is protection of skeletal muscle cell membrane from ROS damage during strenuous physical activity (Figure 5). After strenuous exercise astaxanthin reduced peroxidation damage of heart and leg muscle cells, reduced DNA damage, and lowered inflammatory markers(Aoi et al 2003). This means less muscle soreness and shorter recovery times between exercise sessions. Secondly, natural astaxanthin improves the blood rheology which means more oxygen and fuel reaches the muscles and better removal of waste (Miyawaki et al 2005). The underlying benefits could explain why there is significantly lower lactic acid build-up and increased endurance levels in animals and humans during swimming or running (Sawaki et al 2002, Ikeuchi et al 2006).Endurance benefits will make physical activity more enjoyable which is perhaps the most important factor to tackle metabolic syndrome.Gastric healthThe bacteria Helicobacter pylori can cause ulcer and stomach cancer. H. pylori infection has been associated with generation of free radicals, which leads to oxidative stress in the gastric mucosa (Naito et al., 2002). H. pylori induces infiltration and activation of neutrophils, which produces inflammatory mediators that include free radicals. These mediators contribute to oxidative stress on the gastric epithelium in the immediate vicinity. Studies in H. pylori infected mice indicate that astaxanthin reduced oxidative stress and subsequent effects on neutrophilic leukocytes and activated macrophages recruitment in the gastric mucosa (Bennedsen et al., 1999). Testing H. pylori-infected animals, treatment with astaxanthin was shown to reduce gastric inflammation and the bacterial load and modulating cytokine release by splenocytes by down regulating the Th1 response caused by the bacteria in favour of a normalised Th1/Th2 response (Bennedsen et al., 1999). This over active Th1 response is regulated by activation of NF-kB (Mohamed et al., 2006). Activation of NF-kB by reactive oxygen species in both in vitro and in vivo have been shown to be inhibited by astaxanthin (Lee et al., 2003). Astaxanthin has furthermore been shown to protect gastric mucosa from ulceration by its antioxidant properties in animal models (Kim et al. 2005a, b; Nishikawa et al 2005). Oxidative stress in the esophagus is also important in the development of gastroesophagal reflux disease (Oh et al., 2001; Wetscher et al., 1995).Astaxanthin treatment of H. pylori positive dyspeptic patients in an open study resulted in reduced symptoms in all patients and reduction of gastric inflammation in 6 out of 10 patients (Lignell et al., 1999). The reduction in reflux symptom was most marked. Greater reduction of reflux syndrome was also obtained recently in a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled study. The response was more pronounced in H. pylori-infected patients (Kupcinskas et al 2008).The results show that astaxanthin is usable to alleviate dyspeptic symptoms and it also indicate that astaxanthin has a role in controlling infections of H. pylori and to keep the immune system in balance.ReferencesBennedsen et al., 1999, Immunol Lett 70:185-189.Choi et al., 2008, J Microbiol Biotechnol 18:1990-1996. Comhaire et al., 2005, Asian j Androl 7:257-262.Fukusawa et al., 2998, Lipids33:751-756.Hussein et al., 2005a, Biol Pharm Bull 28:47-52.Hussein et al., 2005b, Biol Pharm Bull 28:967-971.Hussein et al, 2006, Biol Pharm Bull 29:684-688.Ikeuchi et al., 2006, Biol Pharm Bull 29:2106-2110.Ikeuchi et al., 2007, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71:60521-7. Iwamoto et al., 2000, J Atheroscler Thromb 7:216-222.Karppi et al., 2007, Int J Vitam Nutr Res 77:3-11.Kim et al., 2005a, Eur J Pharmacol 514:53-59.Kim et al., 2005b, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69:1300-1305. Kupcinskas et al., 2008, Phytomedicine 15:391-399.Lee at al., 2003, Mol Cells 1:97-105. Leitinger N., 2008, Subcell Biochem 49:325-350.Li et al., 2004, J Mol Cell Cardio 37:969-978. Lignell et al., 1999, Int Carotenoid Symp., Cairns, Australia.Malmsten et al., 2008, Carotenoid Science 13:20-22.Manabe et al., 2008, J Cellular Biochem 103:1925-37.Miki, 1991, Pure Appl Chem 63:141-146.Miyawaki et al., 2005, J Clin Ther Med 21:421-429.Mohamed et al., 2006, J Gastrointest Surg 10:551-562.Nagub et al., 2000, J Agric Food chem. 48:1150-54.Naito et al., 2002, Free Radic Biol Med 33:323-336.Naito et al., 2004, BioFactors 20:49-59.Naito et al., 2006, Int J Mol Med 18:685-695.Nishida et al., 2007, Carotenoid Science 11:16-20.Nishikawa et al., 2005, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 51:135-141.Oh et al., 2001, Gut 49:364-371. Petri et al., Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 145:202-209. Sawaki et al., 2002, J Clin Ther Med 18:73-88.Tominaga et al., 2009, Food Style 13:84-86.Wetscher et al., Am j Surg 170:552-556.AstaREAL – natural astaxanthinThe source of astaxanthin used in the clinical trials refered to in this paper is AstaREAL. Natural astaxanthin produced by cultivation of the unicellular alga Haematococcus pluvialis cultivated under strict control at BioReal´s facility in Gustavsberg, Sweden.AstaREAL is offered in different forms to suit different applications;AstaREAL A1010, powder, homogenised and dried biomass containing 5% astaxanthin.AstaREAL L10, oleoresin, supercritical extract of the biomass containing 10% astaxanthin.AstaREAL P2AF, powder, encapsulated oleoresin containing 1.8% astaxanthin. AstaREAL is approved for use in food supplements in Europe, USA, Japan and most other countries.ContactBioReal (Sweden) ABIdrottsvägen 4SE-134 40 GustavsbergSwedenTel +46 (0)8 57013950www.bioreal.seinfo@bioreal.se。
a room of one's own英语泛读教程 -回复
a room of one's own英语泛读教程-回复One's own space and the significance it holds in a person's life have been the subject of many discussions and debates. In the realm of literature, an iconic essay by Virginia Woolf titled "A Room of One's Own" explores the notion of personal space and how it affects one's creative endeavors. This captivating work touches upon several aspects related to gender, access to education, and financial independence. In this article, we will embark on a journey through the pages of this English reading material and unlock its profound meaning."A Room of One's Own" was first published in 1929 as an extended essay based on a series of lectures delivered by Virginia Woolf at two universities in Cambridge. The essay's central argument revolves around the thesis that in order for women to prosper as writers, they must have financial independence and a room of their own. These two elements, according to Woolf, are essential for nurturing creativity and allowing women to explore their potential free from societal pressures.Woolf's idea of a "room of one's own" goes beyond just a physical space. It symbolizes a sanctuary where one can focus, reflect, andcreate. For women in particular, this room represents a much-needed escape from the restrictions and expectations imposed by a male-dominated society. In the essay, Woolf highlights the struggles women have faced throughout history due to limited access to education and opportunities for self-expression.Throughout the essay, Woolf emphasizes the importance of economic independence for women. She argues that financial stability is necessary for women to pursue their creative aspirations without being burdened by financial constraints. This theme of financial empowerment resonates even in today's world, as gender pay gaps and limited opportunities for women still persist.Furthermore, Woolf explores the intersection of gender and education. She delves into the history of women's education, highlighting the biases and disparities that hindered women from accessing the same educational opportunities as men. Woolf argues that a lack of education not only deprives women of knowledge but also erases their contributions from the historical record. She calls for a change in the education system, one that offers equal opportunities and creates a level playing field forwomen to excel.As we delve further into the essay, we encounter Woolf's literary and historical references. She discusses the works of famous female authors such as Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters, and George Eliot. These references serve as evidence of the talent and creativity that women possess, even in times when societal norms suppressed their voices. By including these examples, Woolf seeks to challenge the prevailing notion that women are inherently inferior writers.In conclusion, "A Room of One's Own" by Virginia Woolf is a profound exploration of personal space, gender, education, and financial independence. With its thought-provoking arguments and well-researched anecdotes, this English reading material sheds light on the struggles faced by women in the pursuit of creative expression. Woolf's idea of a "room of one's own" serves as a powerful metaphor for the need for personal space, freedom, and equality. This essay, though written almost a century ago, still resonates strongly today as we strive for inclusivity andempowerment in all aspects of life.。
Full-length Research Papers should not
Acta Crystallographica Section DBiologicalCrystallographyISSN0907-4449Notes for authors20031.Scientific scopeSection D of Acta Crystallographica welcomes the submission of papers covering any aspect of structural biology,particularly structures of biological macromolecules.In addition to new structural determinations, preliminary data on unit-cell dimensions and space groups will be considered for publication,provided suitable diffraction photographs(or their equivalent),together with an estimate of resolution,are included. Also,articles on crystal growth of biological macromolecules are welcomed,and re®ne-ments of known structures may be published if the information content warrants it.For all structural papers,suf®cient evidence should be provided to convince the referees that the interpretations of the diffraction data and electron-density maps are correct,within the resolution of the analysis.2.Categories of contributions Contributions should conform to the general editorial style of the journal.2.1.Research PapersFull-length Research Papers should not normally exceed15journal pages(about 15000words).2.2.Short CommunicationsShort Communications are intended for the presentation of topics of limited scope, or for preliminary announcements of novel research®ndings.They are not intended for interim reports of work in progress,and must report results that are of scienti®c value in their own right.Short Communications should not exceed two journal pages(about1500words).A maximum of two®gures and two tables of appropriate size are permitted.2.3.Crystallization PapersThese are short papers which report the crystallization of novel,important or dif®cult-to-crystallize biological macro-molecules,or new crystallization techniques. 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Full details of the submission procedure can be found at /services/ submit.html and authors should®rst check this page to see if the service is available.nguages of publicationActa Crystallographica Section D will publish papers in English,French,German and Russian.3.4.Handling of manuscriptsAll contributions will be seen by referees (normally two)before they can be accepted for publication.The editor to whom the manuscript is assigned is responsible for choosing referees and for accepting or rejecting the paper.This responsibility includes decisions on the®nal form of the paper and interpretation of these Notes when necessary.If changes to a manuscript requested by a Section Editor,Co-editor or the editorial staff are not received within two months of transmittal to the author,the submission will automatically be withdrawn.Should the manuscript require further revision,this would normally be expected to be completed within one month of the revision having been requested.Any subsequent 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such®gures,the basic digital diffraction data should be deposited.5.1.QualityElectronic®les in the formats listed in x3.9 are essential for high-quality reproduction. The resolution of bitmap graphics should be a minimum of600d.p.i.Where electronic ®les are not available,hard-copy greyscale or colour images should be provided as glossy ser printer or photocopier output will generally be unsatisfactory for reproduction of such diagrams.5.2.SizeDiagrams should be as small as possible consistent with legibility.They will normally be sized so that the greatest width including lettering is less than the width of a column in the journal.5.3.Lettering and symbolsFine-scale details and lettering must be large enough to be clearly legible(ideally 1.5±3mm in height)after the whole diagram has been reduced to one column width. Lettering should be kept to a minimum; descriptive matter should be placed in the legend.5.4.Numbering and legendsDiagrams should be numbered in a singleseries in the order in which they are referredto in the text.A list of the legends(`®gurecaptions')should be included in the manu-script.5.5.StereofiguresAtom labelling when included should beon both left and right views in stereoperspective.Both views should be incorp-orated into a single®gure.5.6.Colour figuresFigures in colour are accepted at no costto the author provided that the editor agreesthat they improve the understanding of thepaper.At the editor's discretion,®guresprinted in black and white may appear incolour in Crystallography Journals Online.6.TablesAuthors submitting in Word should use theWord table editor to prepare tables.e of tablesExtensive numerical information isgenerally most economically presented intables.Text and diagrams should not beredundant with the tables.6.2.Design,numbering and sizeTables should be numbered in a singleseries of arabic numerals in the order inwhich they are referred to in the text.Theyshould be provided with a caption.Tables should be carefully designed tooccupy a minimum of space consistent withclarity.7.Mathematics and letter symbolsAuthors submitting in Word should use theWord equation editor to prepare displayedmathematical equations.The use of the stop(period)to denotemultiplication should be avoided except inscalar products.Generally no sign isrequired but,when one is,a multiplicationsign(Â)should be used.Vectors should be in bold type and tensorsshould be in bold-italic type.Greek letters should not be spelled out.Care should be taken not to causeconfusion by using the same letter symbol intwo different meanings.Gothic,script or other unusual letteringshould be avoided.Another typeface may besubstituted if that used by the author is notreadily available.Equations,including those in publishedAppendices,should be numbered in a singleseries.8.MultimediaMultimedia additions to a paper(e.g.time-lapse sequences,three-dimensional struc-tures)are welcomed;they will be madeavailable via Crystallography JournalsOnline.9.Nomenclature9.1.Crystallographic nomenclatureAuthors should follow the generalrecommendations produced by the IUCrCommision on Crystallographic Nomen-clature(see reports at /iucr-top/comm/cnom/).Atoms of the same chemical specieswithin an asymmetric unit should be distin-guished by an appended arabic numeral.Chemical and crystallographic numberingshould be in agreement wherever possible.When it is necessary to distinguish crystal-lographically equivalent atoms in differentasymmetric units the distinction should bemade by lower-case roman numeral super-scripts(i.e.i,ii,iii etc.)to the original atomlabels.Space groups should be designated by theHermann±Mauguin symbols.Standard cellsettings,as listed in Volume A of Interna-tional Tables for Crystallography,should beused unless objective reasons to the contraryare stated.When a non-standard setting isused,the list of equivalent positions shouldbe given.Hermann±Mauguin symbolsshould also be used for designating pointgroups and molecular symmetry.It is helpfulif the origin used is stated explicitly wherethere is a choice.The choice of axes should normally followthe recommendations of the Commission onCrystallographic Data[Kennard et al.(1967).Acta Cryst.22,445±449].A symbol such as123or hkl withoutbrackets is understood to be a re¯ection,(123)or(hkl)a plane or set of planes,[123]or[uvw]a direction,{hkl}a form and h uvw iall crystallographically equivalent directionsof the type[uvw].Other bracket notationsshould be explicitly de®ned.9.2.Nomenclature of chemical compoundsetc.Chemical formulae and nomenclatureshould conform to the rules of nomenclatureestablished by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC),the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology(IUBMB),the Interna-tional Mineralogical Association and other appropriate bodies.As far as possible the crystallographic nomenclature should correspond to the systematic name.Any accepted trivial or non-systematic name may be retained,but the corre-sponding systematic(IUPAC)name should also be given.9.3.UnitsThe International System of Units(SI)is used except that the aÊngstroÈm(symbol AÊ, de®ned as10À10m)is generally preferred to the nanometre(nm)or picometre(pm)as the appropriate unit of length.Recom-mended pre®xes of decimal multiples should be used rather than`Â10n'.10.ReferencesReferences to published work must be indicated by giving the authors'names followed immediately by the year of publi-cation,e.g.Neder&Schulz(1998)or(Neder &Schulz,1998).Where there are three or more authors the reference in the text should be indicated in the form Smith et al. (1998)or(Smith et al.,1998)etc.(all authors should be included in the full list).In the reference list,entries for journals [abbreviated in the style of Chemical Abstracts(the abbreviations Acta Cryst.,J. Appl.Cryst.and J.Synchrotron Rad.are exceptions)],books,multi-author books, computer programs,personal communica-tions and undated documents should be arranged alphabetically and conform with the following style:BruÈnger,A.T.(1992a).X-PLOR.Version3.1.A System for X-ray Crystallography and NMR. Yale University,Connecticut,USA.BruÈnger,A.T.(1992b).Nature(London),355, 472±474.Collaborative Computational Project,Number4 (1994).Acta Cryst.D50,760±763. Crowther,R.A.(1972).The Molecular Replace-ment Method,edited by M.G.Rossmann,pp. 173±178.New York:Gordon and Breach. International Union of Crystallography(1999). (IUCr)Crystallography Journals Online,http:// .International Union of Crystallography(2001). (IUCr)Structure Reports Online,http:// /e/journalhomepage.html. Sheldrick,G.M.(2003).Acta Cryst.D59.In the press.Yariv,J.(1983).Personal communication.Note that inclusive page numbers must begiven.Identi®cation of individual structures inthe paper by use of database reference(identi®cation)codes should be accom-panied by a full citation of the originalliterature in the reference list.However,intables containing more than ten such refer-ence codes,citation in the reference list isnot required.11.Evaluation criteriaThe information required in manuscripts isgiven below.11.1.Crystallization dataA list of data recommended for inclusionin Crystallization Papers can be found onthe web at /d/services/crystallization/.11.2.ResolutionThe effective resolution should bedescribed clearly.Values of the internalagreement of the data,R merge,together withthe multiplicity(i.e.the average number ofmeasurements for each re¯ection fromwhich R merge is calculated),the percentageof data with I>3'(I)and percentagecompleteness of the data are required forthe overall data set and the highest resolu-tion shell together with the limits of thatshell in AÊ.For high-quality data obtainedwith synchrotron radiation,values ofR merge<20%,completeness>93%andobservable data>70%should be achievablefor the highest resolution shell.A completetable listing the above criteria as a functionof resolution should also be submitted,butwill normally be included in the supple-mentary material,see x13.11.3.Unrefined structuresAdequate experimental details should beprovided to convince referees that theinterpretation is correct,within the resolu-tion of the analysis.If heavy-atom deriva-tives were used,suf®cient data should beprovided for evaluation of the quality ofthose derivatives.The®t of the model to theelectron-density maps used to determine thestructure should be shown or described byquantitative indicators,such as real-spaceresiduals.11.4.Refined structuresFor re®ned structures the data requireddepend on the effective resolution of theanalysis.The following should be included.A®nal Ramachandran plot is importantand should be provided for review purposes.The paper should include a brief statementof the percentage of amino acids in allowed,additionally allowed and disallowed regionsof the plot.The r.m.s.deviations in B values withineach residue's main-chain and side-chainatoms should be included.The crystallographic R index should betabulated as a function of resolution andR free should also be included.Adequate details should be providedregarding the steps followed in constructingthe model and re®ning the structure.Alsorequested are:the number of solvent atoms;solvent B values;the history and salientdetails of the re®nement methods employed,including the resolution ranges that wereused at various stages of re®nement;therestraints used;a description of how thethermal parameters were treated;and howthe solvent sites were selected and handledduring re®nement.It should be clear if vander Waals distances were restrained.Hydrogen-bonding patterns within theprotein should be described including thenumber of hydrogen-bond donors notinvolved in hydrogen bonding and anyunsatis®ed buried main-chain hydrogenbonds.Any structural features that are consid-ered somewhat unusual should be described.Examples include cis peptide bonds;unoc-cupied volume inside the protein,buriedcharge groups that are not involved in saltbridges or reasonable hydrogen-bondingenvironments;unusual locations of glycineand proline residues;unusual distributionsof polar and hydrophobic groups within themolecule;and unusual bond lengths,bondangles,planes,intra-and intermolecularcontacts.12.Small-molecule structuredeterminationsPapers that report the results of crystalstructure determinations of small moleculesmust report the associated experimentaldata as required in Notes for Authors forSection C of Acta Crystallographica.Thesedata should be supplied as a single electronic®le in CIF format.The CIF will be checkedin Chester for internal consistency.13.Supplementary publicationprocedure(deposition)13.1.Purpose and scopeParts of some papers are of interest toonly a small number of readers,and the costof printing these parts is not warranted. Arrangements have therefore been made for such material to be made available from the IUCr electronic archive via Crystallography Journals Online or to be deposited with the Protein Data Bank,the Nucleic Acid Database and the ICDD as appropriate.13.2.IUCr electronic archiveAll material for deposition in the IUCr electronic archive should be supplied elec-tronically.Non-structural information,which may include:details of the experimental procedure; details of the stages of structure re®nement; details of mathematical derivations given only in outline in the main text and in mathematical Appendices;lengthy discussion of points that are not of general interest or that do not lead to de®nite conclusions but that do have signi®cant value; and additional diagrams,should be supplied in one of the formats given in x3.9.Structural information(for small-mole-cule structures)should be supplied in CIF format;structure factors should be supplied as.fcf®les.13.3.Macromolecular structuresAuthors should follow the depositionrecommendations of the IUCr Commissionon Biological Macromolecules[Acta Cryst.(2000),D56,2].For all structural studies ofmacromolecules,coordinates and structurefactors must be deposited with the ProteinData Bank or the Nucleic Acid Database if atotal molecular structure has been reported.Authors must supply the Protein Data Bank/Nucleic Acid Database reference codesbefore the paper can be published.13.4.Crystallization dataFor Crystallization Papers,authors arerecommended to deposit their data with therelevant database.14.Powder diffraction dataAuthors of powder diffraction papers shouldconsult the notes provided at the online CIFhelp page(/c/services/cifhelp.html).For papers that present theresults of powder diffraction pro®le®tting orre®nement(Rietveld)methods,the primarydiffraction data,i.e.the numerical intensityof each measured point on the pro®le as afunction of scattering angle,will be depos-ited.15.Crystallography Journals OnlineAll IUCr journals are available on theweb via Crystallography Journals Online;/.Full details ofauthor services can be found at http:///d/services/authorservices.html.15.1.Electronic status informationAuthors may obtain information aboutthe current status of their papers at http:///services/status.html.15.2.ProofsProofs will be provided in portabledocument format(pdf).The correspondenceauthor will be noti®ed by e-mail when theproofs are ready for downloading.15.3.ReprintsAfter publication,the correspondenceauthor will be able to download the elec-tronic reprint of the published article,free ofcharge.Authors will also be able to orderprinted reprints at the proof stage.。
Chicago style referencing 芝加哥参考文献格式
Chicago Citation StyleUBC Okanagan Library The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed) provides two distinct citation styles: Humanities style (notes andbibliography) and Scientific/Social Sciences styles (parenthetical author/date references and reference list). This handout covers only the Humanities style of Chicago. The manual is available in the library at: Z 253.U69 2010.General Rules▪ When to Cite?: You need to cite all sources that you have consulted, even if you present the ideas from thesesources in your own words. “Ethics, copyright laws, and courtesy to readers require authors to identify the sources of direct quotations and of any facts or opinions not generally known or easily checked …The primary criterion of any source citation is sufficient information to lead readers directly to the sourcesconsulted…whether these are published or unpublished , in printed or electronic form.” (14.1)▪ Citation Appears in Two Places: Chicago requires that you cite sources consulted in the body of your paper (“in -text citations” or footnotes/endnotes) and in the bibliography. (14.2) If the bibliography includes all of the works cited in the notes, then the notes can be formatted in the short form , even for the first citation (14.14, 14.18). Note that discipline/professor preferences may vary and you should consult your professor with questions .▪ Spacing : Double-space the body of the paper. Single space footnotes/endnotes and bibliographies, leaving a blank line between entries.▪ Page Numbers : Every page of your paper must be assigned a page number, including blank pages,appendices, and bibliography. Use Arabic numerals centered or on the far right at the top of the page.▪Page Number Ranges : For all numbers less than 100, use all digits (Ex. 3-10; 71-71; 96-117). For 100 ormultiples of 100, use all digits (Ex. 100-104; 1100-1113). For numbers 101-109/ 201-209, use the changed part of the number only (Ex. 101-8; 808-33). For numbers 110-199, 210-299, use two digits unless more are needed to include all changed parts (Ex. 321-28; 498-532; 11564-615). (9.60)▪Spelling : Chicago recommends Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (PE 1625.W36 1993) and the abridged Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (PE 1628.M36 2003). (7.1)▪ Italics: Titles of books and journals in the body of the paper should be written in italics. (14.94; 14.177) ▪ Capitalization: Capitalize all significant words of a title and subtitle regardless of how they appear in your source.▪ Publisher Location: When more than one place of publication is listed, document the first one that appears on the title page. (14.135)▪ Block Quotes : Chicago does not provide a specific word count guideline. Long quotes or entire paragraphs should be quoted in single-spaced, indented blocks of text. (13.20-13.22) ▪ Title page : include the title, author and date. Do not include page numbers or running head. Consult your professor regarding their preference for the inclusion of course number, professor name, and other details. In-text Citations: Footnotes & Endnotes (14.38-14.43 / p. 671-676) ▪ Wherever you incorporate another person’s words, facts, or ideas, insert a footnote or endnote.▪ Footnotes are numbered citations listed at the bottom of each page within your paper.▪ Endnotes are numbered citations listed on a separate page at the end of the research paper (before the bibliography and/or any appendices).▪ Single space within footnotes and endnotes, double space between entries.▪ Indent the first line of the note (tab once to indent; a tab is 1 inch).▪ In-text Example :Jones states “‘genocide’ is one of the most powerful words in the English language.”12▪If the bibliography includes all of the works cited in the notes, then the notes can be formatted in the short form, even for the first citation. (14.14, 14.18)▪Instructions: In MS Word 2010, u nder the “References” tab, insert a footnote or endnote. MS Word will automatically make in-text citations into superscript and properly number footnotes/endnotes to correspond. In-text Citations: Shortened Citations(14.24-14.31 / p. 667-670)A.If the bibliography includes all of the works cited in the notes, then the notes can be formatted in the shortform, even for the first citation. (14.14, 14.18)B.If you do not have a bibliography or if you have only a selected bibliography, then you must provide fulldetails of the citation in the notes. (14.14)▪The first time you cite a resource, it must be cited in full with the following information: author/s, title, place of publication, name of publisher, and page number/s of the cited reference. Example:1. Adam Jones, Crimes Against Humanity: A Beginner’s Guide (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2008), 156. ▪Short form notes/ Subsequent notes may be shortened to include: author’s last name, abbreviated title, and the appropriate page number/s (14.24-14.29). Example:2. Jones, Crimes, 97.▪Ibid – If you cite the exact same resource multiple times, one immediately after the other, you can replace the normal note format with ‘Ibid’ (Ibid means: in the same place) and the page number/s. (14.29) Example:3. Ibid., 121.Bibliography (14.56-14.67 / p. 684-692) **See Sample Bibliography at end of this guide.▪The bibliography appears at the end of your paper– it is a list of all sources cited within your paper. If you have a bibliography, use the short form of the notes throughout your paper.▪List entries in alphabetical order according to the authors’ last names. If no author is provided, then use the title instead; note that the words the, a, or an are ignored.▪Single space each entry in the bibliography and double space between entries.▪Indent the second and subsequent lines of the entry (tab once to indent).▪If you have multiple entries by the same author, replace the author’s name in second and subsequent entries with a 3-em dash, followed by a period. Example:Jones, Adam. Crimes Aga inst Humanity: A Beginner’s Guide. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2008.—. Gender Inclusive: Essays on Violence, Men, and Feminist International Relations. New York: Routledge, 2009. Common Abbreviations(14.87-14.88 / p. 699-700)When books have editors, translators, or compilers, the following abbreviations are used:▪One editor – ed.▪Two or more editors – eds. ▪Translators – trans. ▪Compilers – comp.For editions of books other than the first, the edition number (or description) and the abbreviation “ed.” are placed after the book’s title in all notes and bibliogr aphic citations. (14.118-14.120)▪Second edition – 2nd ed. ▪Revised edition – rev.ed.Days and months can be spelled out or abbreviated; they must be used consistently. (10.38-10.42, 14.235) Need Citation Help?1.Ask your question at the Library Information Desk2.Call the Library Information Desk at 250-807-91283.Ask a librarian through online chat service – AskAway – linked from the Okanagan Library website4.Additional examples of Chicago Style are available at: Book – One Author / E-Book Example (Book: 14.75 / p. 695)(E-Book: 14.167 / p. 727)Note 1. Adam Jones, Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (London: Routledge, 2006), 112, ?id=54893.Short Note 1. Jones, Genocide, 112.Bibliography Jones, Adam. Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. London: Routledge, 2006.?id=54893.Comments ▪Notes: the author’s name is ordered normally: first name last name. Bibliography: the author’s name is inverted: last name, first name.▪For an E-book, the citation is includes a DOI or URL at the end of the citation. For a print book the citation is the same, except that the DOI or URL is omitted.▪If an e-book has section headings (ex. “Introduction”) rather than page numbers, replace the page number(s) with the section heading in quotations.Book – Two or Three Authors or Editors / E-Book Example (Book: 14.76 / p. 695-696) (E-Book: 14.167 / p. 727)Note 2. Heinz H. Bauschke and Patrick L. Combettes, Convex Analysis and Monotone Operator Theory in Hilbert Spaces (New York: Springer, 2011), 42, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9467-7.Short Note 2. Bauschke and Combettes, Convex Analysis and Monotone, 42.Bibliography Bauschke, Heinz H. and Patrick L. Combettes. Convex Analysis and Monotone Operator Theory in Hilbert Spaces. New York: Springer, 2011. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9467-7.Comments ▪Bibliography: if two or three authors/editors are listed, only the first author’s name is inverted.▪Select the o rder the author’s names based on how they appear on the title page.▪Use ‘and’, not an ampersand ‘&’.▪For three authors, the conjunction ‘and’ following a comma is used before the last author’s name (Example: Smith, Heather, James Hudson, and Marjorie Talbot).Book – Four to Ten Authors or Editors (14.76 / p. 695-696)Note 3. Sara Ahmed et al., eds., Uprootings/ Regroundings: Questions of Home and Migration (New York: Berg, 2003), 9.Short Note 3. Ahmed et al., Uprootings/Regroundings, 9.Bibliography Ahmed, Sara, Claudia Castañeda, Anne-Marie Fortier, and Mimi Sheller, editors. Uprootings/Regroundings: Questions of Home and Migration. New York: Berg, 2003.Comments ▪Notes: the first author’s name is listed and subsequent names are replaced by ‘et al.’.▪Bibliography: all author’s names are fully cited, unless there are more than ten.▪If more than ten authors are listed, include only the first seven in a bibliography and replace the rest of the names with ‘et al.’Book – Editor, Translator, Compiler in Addition to Author (14.88 / p. 700)Note 4. Gabriel García Márquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude, trans. Gregory Rabassa (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), 234-44.Short Note 4. Garcia Márquez, One Hundred Years, 234-44.Bibliography Garcia Márquez, Gabriel. One Hundred Years of Solitude. Translated by Gregory Rabassa. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.Comments ▪The author’s name appears firs t and the name(s) of the editor(s), compiler(s), or translator(s) appear after the title.▪The abbreviation (ex. ‘ed.’, ‘trans.’) appears in the notes, but is spelled-out in the bibliography.▪Notes: use the abbreviation ‘ed.’ not ‘eds’ and ‘comp.’ not ‘comps.’ even if there is more than one editor or compiler.Book Chapter – Anthology or Compilation (14.112 / p. 708)Note 5. Onesimo Teotonio Almeida, “Value Conflicts and Cultural Adjustment in North America,”in The Portuguese in Canada: Diasporic Challenges and Adjustment, 2nd ed., ed. Carlos Teixeira andVictor M.P. Da Rosa (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009), 257.Short Note 5. Onesimo, “Value Conflicts,” 257.Bibliography Almeida, Onesimo Teotonio. “Value Conflicts and Cultural Adjustment in North America.” In The Portuguese in Canada: Diasporic Challenges and Adjustment, 2nd ed., edited by CarlosTeixeira and Victor M.P. Da Rosa, 255-68. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009. Comments ▪Notes: Author of chapter, chapter title in quotation marks, ‘in’, title of book, editor(s), page number being cited, publication place, publisher, year published.▪Bibliography: Author of chapter, chapter title in quotation marks, period, ‘In’, title of book, editor(s), page range of chapter, place of publication, publisher, year published.Journal Article – Print and Online (14.170-14.198 / p. 728-738)Note 6. H.B. McCullough, “Critique of the Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations,” Pepperdine Law Review 29, no. 1 (2001): 16, /HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/pepplr29&id=25.7. James F. Rochlin, “Latin America's Left Turn and the New Strategic Landscape: The Case ofBolivia,” Third World Quarterly 28, no. 7 (2007): 1331-33, doi:10.1080/01436590701591838. Short Note 6. McCullough, “Critique of the Report,” 16.7. Rochlin, “Latin America’s Left Turn,” 1331-33.Bibliography McCullough, H.B. “Critique of the Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations.”Pepperdine Law Review 29, no. 1 (2001): 15-32. /HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/pepplr29&id=25.Rochlin, James F. “Latin America’s Left Turn and the New Strategic Landscape: The Case of Bolivia.”Third World Quarterly 28, no. 7 (2007): 1327-42. doi:10.1080/01436590701591838. Comments ▪If a print journal article is cited, the citation is the same as for an online article except that there will be no URL or DOI.▪In a note refer to the exact page(s) being cited. In the bibliography provide the entire page range of the article.▪If a DOI is available, it is preferable to a URL. If using a URL, look for the most stable link available, which may not be the link in your I nternet browser’s address bar.▪Chicago does not require an access date for electronic sources. However, certaindisciplines/professors may require this information. Include the access date information in thefollowing format and place it before the doi or URL: Accessed September 27, 2010. Secondary Source - “Citation within a citation” (14.273 / p. 764)Note In this example, de Beauvoir’s book is referenced in Butler’s journal article:8. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (New York: Vintage, 1974), 38, quoted in JudithButler, “Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminis tTheory,” Theatre Journal 40, no. 4 (December 1988): 519, doi:10.2307/j100575.In this example, Zukofsky’s article is referenced in Costello’s book:9. Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted inBonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1981), 78.Bibliography de Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. New York: Vintage, 1974. Quoted in Judith Butler.“Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and FeministTheory,” Theatre Journal 40, no. 4 (December 1988): 519-31. doi:10.2307/j100575.Zukofsky, Louis. “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269. Quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1981.Comments ▪Chicago generally discourages secondary citations as the author is “expected to have examined the works they cite.”▪ A short note example is not provided, as secondary sources should be cited fully in notes. Encyclopedia / Dictionary Entry – Online and Print (14.247-14.248 / p. 755-756)Note 10. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “power”, accessed May 30, 2011,/.11. Encyclopedia of Homelessness, s.v. “Canada,” by Gerald Daly, accessed November 17,2010, /ps/i.do?id=GALE|CX3452400028&v=2.1&u=ubcolumbia&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w.12. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., s.v. “beautiful.”13. Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, by Carl Cavanagh Hodge, (Westport, CT:Greenwood Press, 2008), s.v. “Dost Muhammad Khan (1793-1863).”Short Note 10. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “power.”11. Encyclopedia of Homelessness, s.v. “Canada.”Bibliography Daly, Gerald. “Canada.” In Encyclopedia of Homelessness, edited by David Levinson. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Reference, 2004. Accessed November 17, 2010. /ps/i.do?id=GALE|5DVM&v=2.1&u=ubcolumbia&it=aboutBook&p=GVRL&sw=w.Hodge, Carl Cavanagh. “Dost Muhammad Khan (1793-1863).” In Encyclopedia of the Age ofImperialism, edited by Carl Cavanagh Hodge. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008. Comments ▪Well-known reference works are usually cited only in notes and not the bibliography. In a note, the edition is specified but not the publication details (See examples: #10 and 12). Referenceworks that are not well known are cited in both places (See examples: #11 and 13).▪Online reference works are subject to continuous updates. As such, Chicago recommends always including an access date in addition to the DOI or URL.▪ A DOI is preferred for online works. If there is no DOI, include the full stable URL.▪The abbreviation ‘s.v.’(sub verbo, Latin for “under the word”) is used in works arranged by alphabetical order instead of volume or page number. Place ‘s.v’ in front of the entry/wordthat you are citing.▪In notes: the abbreviation ‘s.v.’ is placed near the beginning of an o nline citation and near the end of a print citation (See examples: #11 and #13).Magazine Article – Online and Print (14.199-14.202 / p. 738-739)Note 14. Erin Biba, “Amber Ale: Brewing Beer from 45-Million-Year-Old Yeast,” Wired Magazine, August 17, 2009, /science/discoveries/magazine/17-08/ff_primordial_yeast.15. Timothy Taylor, “Showdown on Scott Road,” The Walrus, September 2009, 30.Short Note 14. Biba, “Amber Ale.”15. Taylor, “Showdown on Scott,” 30.Bibliography Biba, Erin. “Amber Ale: Brewing Beer from 45-Million-Year-Old Yeast.” Wired Magazine, August 17, 2009. /science/discoveries/magazine/17-8/ff_primordial_yeast.Taylor, Timothy. “Showdown on Scott Road.” The Walrus, September 2009, 30-37.Comments ▪If a print magazine article is cited, the citation is the same as for an online article except that there will be no URL or DOI.▪Chicago does not require an access date for electronic sources. However, certaindisciplines/professors may require this information. See the Journal Article example in thisguide for details on where to place the access date and DOI or URL.▪Weekly or monthly magazines are cited by date only, not by volume/issue number.▪ A DOI is preferred for online works. If there is no DOI, include the full stable URL. Newspaper Article – Online and Print (14.203-14.213 / p. 739-742)Note 16. Globe and Mail, “The End of the Beginning,” August 24, 2009,/pqdweb?did=1843066511&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=6993&RQT=309&VName=PQD17. Jason Luciw, “UBCO Continues to Evolve,” Kelowna Capital News, August 23, 2009,/pqdweb?did=1843074861&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=6993&RQT=309&VName=PQD.Short Note 16. Globe and Mail, “End of the Beginning.”17. Luciw, “UBCO Continues.”Bibliography Globe and Mail. “The End of the Beginning.” August 24, 2009, /pqdweb?did=1843066511&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=6993&RQT=309&VName=PQD Luciw, Jason. “UBCO Continues to Evolve.” Kelowna Capital News, August 23, 2009./pqdweb?did=1843074861&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=6993&RQT=309&VName=PQD.Comments ▪Citations for print and online newspapers are identical except for the addition of the URL in the citation of an online paper.▪Newspapers are produced in many editions and formats and page numbers are not required.▪If no author is listed, the newspaper title should be used in its place (See example #17).▪Chicago does not require an access date for electronic sources. However, certaindisciplines/professors may require this information. Include the access date information in thefollowing format and place it before the URL: Accessed September 27, 2010.Thesis / Dissertation(14.224 / p. 746-747)Note 18. Stanley Arthur Copp, “Similkameen Archeology (1993-2004)” (PhD diss. Simon Fraser University, 2006), 302-10, ProQuest (AAT NR29354).19. Vida Yakong, “Rural Ghanaian Women's Experience of Seeking Reproductive HealthCare” (master’s thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008, 27, /2429/3805. Short Note 18. Copp, “Similkameen,” 302-10.19. Yakong, “Rural Ghanaian,” 27-29.Bibliography Copp, Stanley Arthur. “Similkameen Archeology (1993-2004).” PhD diss., Simon Fraser University, 2006. ProQuest (AAT NR29354).Yakong, Vida. “Rural Ghanaian Women's Experience of Seeking Reproductive Health Care.”Master’s thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. /2429/3805. Comments ▪For dissertations on microfilm see 14.120. For published abstracts of dissertations see 14.197. Film / Film Scene / Online Video (14.279 / p. 768-769)Note 20. “Fallacies of Hope,” Civilization, directed by Michael Gill, narrated by Kenneth Clark (London: BBC, 1996), streaming video, /view/883243.21. Genocide in Me, directed by Araz Artinian (Montreal: InformAction/Twenty Voices,2005), DVD.22. “Great Plains,” Planet Earth, narrated by David Attenborough (London: BBC, 2006), DVD.23. Hans Rosling. “Hans Rosling Shows the Best Stats You’ve Ever Seen,” TED video, 19:53,filmed February 2006, posted June 2006, /talks/hans_rosling_shows_the_best_stats_you_ve_ever_seen.html.24. “UBC Okanagan Creative Studies,” YouTube video, 3:02, posted by“TheQueenOfDiamonds,” November 4, 2008, /watch?v=GlQPvududgM. Bibliography “Fallacies of Hope.” Civilization. Directed by Michael Gill, narrated by Kenneth Clark. London: BBC, 1996. Streaming video. /view/883243.Genocide in Me. DVD. Directed by Araz Artinian. Montreal: InformAction/Twenty Voices, 2005.“Great Plains.” Planet Earth. DVD. Narrated by David Attenborough. London: BBC, 2006.Rosling, Hans. “Hans Rosling Shows the Best Stats You’ve Ever Seen.” Filmed February 2006. TED video, 19:53. Posted June 2006. /talks/hans_rosling_shows_the_best_stats_you_ve_ever_seen.html.“UBC Okanagan Creative Studies.” YouTube video, 3:02. Posted by “TheQueenOfDiamonds,”November 4, 2008. /watch?v=GlQPvududgM.Comments ▪Indexed scenes are treated as chapters and cited by title or number (See Examples #21 & 24).▪For online multimedia, if no date can be determined from the source, include the date the material was last accessed.▪If the online version is a reproduction of an original performance, include the information about the original performance as well as online access (See p. 769 for examples).▪Providing a link to an online video is not sufficient; provide as full a citation as possible.▪ A short note example is not provided, as multimedia should be cited fully in notes.Website (14.243-14.246 / p. 752-754)Note 25. “Guide to Copyrights,” Canadian Intellectual Property Office, last modified September 20, 2009, accessed May 25, 2011, http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernetinternetopic.nsf/eng/h_wr02281.html.26. Barack Obama’s Facebook page, accessed November 22, 2010,/barackobama.27. Jack Layton, “My Commitment to You: Leadership You Can Trust To Give Your Family aBreak,” New Democratic Party of Canada, accessed April 17, 2011, http://www.ndp.ca/platform. Bibliography “Guide to Copyrights.” Canadian Intellectual Property Office. Las t modified September 20, 2009.Accessed May 25, 2011. http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernetinternetopic.nsf/eng/h_wr02281.html.Barack Obama’s Facebook page. Accessed November 22, 2010. /barackobama.Layton, Jack. “My Commitment to You: Leadership You Can Trust To Give Your Family a Break.”New Democratic Party of Canada. Accessed April 17, 2011. http://www.ndp.ca/platform. Comments ▪All attempts should be made to include the following: title of webpage, author of content, owner or sponsor of website, and the URL. If available, include the publication date. If no dateis available or if content is likely to change, include the access date.▪Chicago prefers for website references to be cited in notes. Discipline/Professor preferences may vary and bibliography examples have been provided.▪Include the date the website was last modified/revised, if that is provided on the website (See example #25). If the last modified date is not provided, use the access date (See example #26).▪ A short note example is not provided, as websites should be cited fully in notes and in the bibliography if required by discipline/professor.Images / Illustrations / Figures / Tables / Artwork (14.165 / p. 726 & 14.280 / p. 768-769)Note 28. Adam Jones, “Detail of Grave of Oskar Schindler - Old City - Jerusalem - Israel,”photograph, 2011, /photos/adam_jones/5676115255/.29. “A Patagonian W igwam,” print, 1869, reprinted from The Illustrated London News, Mid-Manhattan Library, /nypldigital/id?807422.30. Salvador Dali, “The Persistence of Memory,” painting, 1931, Museum of Modern Art,.Short Note 28. Jones, “Grave of Oskar Schindler,” photograph.29. “A Patagonian Wigwam,” print.30. Dali, “The Persistence of Memory,” painting.Bibliography Jones, Adam. “Detail of Grave of Oskar Schindler - Old City - Jerusalem - Israel.” Photograph. 2011./photos/adam_jones/5676115255/.“A Patagonian Wigwam.” Print. 1869. Reprinted from The Illustrated London News. Mid-Manhattan Library. /nypldigital/id?807422. [**file under P in bibliography] Dali, Salvador. “The Persistence of Memory.” Painting. 1931. Museum of Modern Art..Comments ▪Basic elements of “image” citation: Name of performer, artist, creator, author, “Title of Work,”indication of format/medium, running time (if applicable), publication date, URL or DOI.▪Citations to works published previously should also include the original citation information.▪The following words can be used to represent various “images” – cartoon, drawing, figure, graph, map, painting, photograph, portrait, table.▪If using Google Images or a similar website, click through to the original location of the image and create your citation based on that source.▪Providing a link to an online image is not sufficient; provide as full a citation as possible.E-mail Correspondence (14.222 / p. 745-746)Note 31. Jan Gattrell, e-mail message to author, June 21, 2011.Bibliography ▪Not applicable.Comments ▪References to conversations (in person, by letter, by e-mail) are generally referenced in text and in notes and are rarely included in the bibliography. For electronic mailing lists see 14.223.9 Blog (14.246 / p. 754)Note 32. Peggy Olive, “Is There a Cancer Threat from the Oil Sands Industry?,” Suzuki Elders (blog), April 19, 2011, /blogs/suzuki-elders/Bibliography Olive, Peggy. “Is There a Cancer Threat from the Oil Sands Industry?” Suzuki Elders (blog). April 19, 2011. /blogs/suzuki-elders/Comments ▪If the word blog is not part of the title of the blog, then add (blog) in brackets after the title.▪Blogs are normally cited only in the notes and not the bibliography.▪ A short note example is not provided, as blogs should be cited fully in notes and in the bibliography if required by discipline/professor.Course Sites (Connect) (Based on 14.224-14.231 / p. 746-748)Note 33. Jim Robinson, “Power Point Pre sentation for September 30, 2011,” PHIL 221 Connect Course Web site at UBC Okanagan, accessed November 26, 2011, https://connect.ubc.ca.Short Note 33. Robinson, “Power Point for September 30, 2011.”Bibliography Robinson, Jim. “Power Point Presentation for September 30, 2011.” PHIL 221 Connect Course Web site at UBC Okanagan. Accessed November 26, 2011. https://connect.ubc.ca. Comments ▪Course sites and other similar online resources are subject to continuous updates. It is recommended to include the access date and the URL.。
物理英文专业介绍
• 4. The majority-spin and minority-spin DOS at EF, N(EF) are comparable, and conduction in both spin channels is expected. However, since we are interested in the CMR materials, where the minority carriers are localized, we discuss only the majority-spin channel. • 5. The calculations in the perovskite structure yield N↑(EF)=0.45 ev-1 and majority-spin Fermi velocity, VF↑X=4.2x107 cm/s • 6.In Fig. 2, we show the DOS of FM LaMnO3 in the relaxed structure. The distortion empties the minority states.
• 3. As was recognized early on , strong couplings between doping level, lattice distortions , magnetic order, and electronic properties are present. • 4.As LaMnO3is hole doped by substituting La3+ with divalent cations , the order becomes FM and lattice distortions change to more purely rotational in character . It is in this regime that CMR is observed. • 5. The present paper reports further calculations aimed at better understanding the role of lattice distortions in the CMR alloys La1xDxMnO3 near x=1/3.
2021年【嘉莉妹妹英文读后感】 嘉莉妹妹英文读后感100
【嘉莉妹妹英文读后感】嘉莉妹妹英文读后感100嘉莉妹妹英文读后感Theodore Dreiser, born in Terre Haute, Indiana, USA, was raised in poverty and in a Ger ___n-speaking enviro ___ent. He left home for Chicago at age 16. After a period of odd jobs and a year at the University of Indiana, he became a Midwestern newspaper reporter and, in New York after ___4, a ___gazine feature writer. In ___2, ___rried Sara White, but their ___rriage wasnt happy, so they have been separated sin ___ 1909 and never officially por ___dSister Carrie （1900）， his first and still highly regarded novel, was withheld from general distribution because of it was supposed amoral, and its mercial failure plunged him into financial distress and mental peakdown. Some reasons which caused the difficulties of publish can be seen from the social background of the society of that time. At the time, United States is experiencing a rapid social change, it was transforming from free capitali ___ transition to the monopoly capitali ___. The whole American literature was indulged in ideali ___, ___ny writerspreferred to describe the optimistic aspect of life. The novel is regarded as entertai ___ent products; works isfull of illusory ideal and covered by ro ___ntic color. The exploiter and exploitee lived a pletely different life. The ugly phenomenon in the society was not reflected in literature works. In Sister Carrie, Dreiser truthfully reveals the dark side of the social life, and thats the reason why the author constantly suffered from persecution. The novels have been classified as "banned", and can not be published in the America.Sister Carrie is about a young country girl who moves to the big city where she starts realizing her own American Dream, first as a mistress to men that she per ___ives as superior, and later being a famous actress. It has been called the "greatest of all American urban novels."The personal life of the writer has very close relationship with his work Sister Carrie. There are some similarities between the author and the ___e. First, the___e was born in a poor family just as same as the author. Thats why the author can know so clearly about thepsychological activity of the poor girl Carrie and described it in such delicate words. Second, it can be seen from the novel that the pla ___ where the girl chase her dream was Chicago. The author also has gone to the same pla ___ to fulfill his dream. So he saw what Carrie saw. For instan ___, how the rich men lived, how they enjoy their life, what was the poors life like, with such a living experien ___, the gap between the rich and the poor was so truly reflected before our eyes. Third, they all on ___ are earning meager support from menial jobs. Forth, they all have the same dream. Dreiser has admitted that he was on___ chased after the pleasure from ___terial things, but he despised it afterwards. Carries life was always surrounded by her chasing for a better ___terial life. At the beginning, she left her hometown and came for her sister. But when her sisters living couldnt attract her anymore, she went to the sales ___n Drouet, then Hursthood and at last the theater. Ex ___pt the ___e, the character Hursthood was not so happy in his ___rriage life, so was the author. Hursthood was suppressed and looking for something new, thrill and beautiful. Maybe Hursthoods mental state was just like the authors during that period.Sven Hanson, Minnie"s hu ___and, of Swedish extraction and taciturn temperament. As we all know, Dreisers father was a Swedish, a severe rigid and distant ___n. We can slightly suppose that the character of Sven Hanson was originated from his father.As for Carrie, theres such a senten ___ in the book: In Carrieas in ___ny of our worldings do they not? instinct and reason, desire and understanding, were at war for the ___stery. She followed whither her craving led. She was as yet more drawn than she drew. This seems ___s us that the currency of the society is an overwhelming power that pushes one to do something and defines the view of valuefor the people. I think this senten ___ is the perfect description for Carrie and all her stories, every choi ___s she ___de just show us how suitable this description is for her. Through the ___e, the author tries to reveal the hu___n nature nakedly before our eyes. When Sister Carrie ran out of her sisters home without any money, she met Drouet and he gave her ten soft dollar bills. On the one hand, she felt ashamed because she has been weak to take it. But on the other hand, her need was so dire, she was still glad.Thats the contradiction of her nature. After she met Hursthood, she was attracted by him. On the one hand, she felt guilty. But on another, she was longing for a better life. And its also the same situation when she left Hursthood when he became poor. As for Drouet, the book ___s us in regard to his pursuit of women, he meant them no harm, because he did not con ___ive of the relation whichhe hoped to hold with them as being harmful. He chased women not because he was a cold-blooded, dark, scheming villain, but because his inborn desire urged him to that as a chief delight. Thats the contradiction of Drouets nature.Most people say Sister Carries story is a story of her American dream es true. But I disagree with it. Carrie does have her dream e true, finally she lives a rich life and is admired by others. But what is American dream? It is a set of ideals in which ___ includes the opportunity for prosperity and suess, and an upward?socialmobility?achieved through hard work. While from the book I cant see a hardworking girl. When Carries looking for a job, she is so timid and can only see the ___terial things that workers get instead of the pain they bear. After sheget a job of ___ shoes in a factory, she does feel happy at first, but soon facing the easy money from she does want to do this work anymore. Of course, as a girl, in such a society, with such economic situation, she might not have so ___ny choi ___s. But, although Carrie did something not so good, I still can not hate this character. Because shes so real, she just follows her nature to live her life. Shes beautiful and s ___rt, if she is born in a wealthy family, then she will not depend men to live. But no one can choose where to be born; destiny seems just so unfair sometimes. The most pity thing I think is that although Carrie lives a rich life at last, but she doesnt find the true meaning of living. But the true meaning of life is always obscure; nobody knows exactly what it is. So why bother to think about it, just live our life good.模板,内容仅供参考。
BasicEconometrics
CHAPTER 22.3 A regression model can never be a completely accurate description of reality. Therefore, there is bound to be some difference between the actual values of the regressand and its values estimated from the chosen model. This difference is simply the stochastic error term, whose various forms are discussed in the chapter. The residual is the sample counterpart of the stochastic error term.2.6 Models (a), (b), (c) and (e) are linear (in the parameter) regression models. If we let α= ln β1, then model (d) is also linear.2.7 (a) Taking the natural log, we find that ln Yi = β1 + β2 Xi + ui, which becomes a linear regression model.(b) The following transformation, known as the logit transformation, makes this model a linear regression model:ln [(1- Yi)/Yi] = β1 + β2 Xi + ui(c) A linear regression model(d) A nonlinear regression model(e) A nonlinear regression model, as β2 is raised to the third power.2.9 (a) Transforming the model as (1/Yi) = β1 + β2 Xi makes it a linear regression model.(b) Writing the model as (Xi/Yi) = β1 + β2 Xi makes it a linear regression model.(c) The transformation ln[(1 - Yi)/Yi] = - β1 - β2 Xi makes it a linear regression model.Note: Thus the original models are intrinsically linear models.CHAPTER 55.5 (a) Use the t test to test the hypothesis that the true slope coefficient is one.That is obtain:821.00728.010598.1)β(1β2^2^=-=-=se t For 238 df this t value is not significant even at α=10%. The conclusion is that over the sample period, IBM was not a volatile security.(b) Since 4205.23001.07264.0==t , which is significant at the two percent level ofsignificance. But it has little economic meaning. Literally interpreted, the intercept value of about 0.73 meansthat even if the market portfolio has zero return, the security's return is 0.73 percent.5.8 (a) There is a positive association in the LFPR in 1972 and 1968, which is not surprising in view of the fact since WW II there has been a steady increase in the LFPR of women.(b) Use the one-tail t test.7542.11961.016560.0-=-=t . For 17 df, the one-tailed t value at α=5% is 1.740.Sincethe estimated t value is significant, at this level of significance, we can reject the hypothesis that the true slope coefficient is 1 or greater.(c) The mean LFPR is : 0.2033 + 0.6560 (0.58) ≈ 0.5838. To establish a 95% confidence interval for this forecast value, use the formula: 0.5838 ± 2.11(se of the mean forecast value), where 2.11 is the 5% critical t value for 17 df. To get thestandard error of the forecast value, use Eq. (5.10.2). But note that since the authors do not give the mean value of the LFPR of women in 1968, we cannot compute this standard error.CHAPTER 66.2 (a) & (b) In the first equation an intercept term is included. Since the intercept in the first model is not statistically significant, say at the 5% level, it may be dropped from the model.(c) For each model, a one percentage point increase in the monthly market rate of return lead on average to about 0.76 percentage point increase in the monthly rate of return on Texaco common stock over the sample period.6.3 (a) Since the model is linear in the parameters, it is a linear regression model. (b) Define Y* = (1/Y) and X* = (1/X) and do an OLS regression of Y* on X*. (c) As X tends to infinity, Y tends to (1/β1).(d )Perhaps this model may be appropriate to explain low consumption of a commodity when income is large, such as an inferior good.6.6 We can write the first model as:*i 2211)X ln(w αα)ln(i i u Y w ++=, that is *22211ln αln ααln ln i i i u X w Y w +++=+, using properties of the logarithms.Since the w ’s are constants, collecting terms, we can simplify this model as:)ln ln αα(ln αA α)ln ln αα(ln 1221*2*21221w w whereA u X u X w w Y ii ii i -+=++=++-+=Comparing this with the second model, you will see that except for the intercept terms, the two models are the same. Hence the estimated slope coefficients in the two models will be the same, the only difference being in the estimated intercepts. (b) The r 2values of the two models will be the same.6.11 As it stands, the model is not linear in the parameter. But consider thefollowing “trick.” First take the ratio of Y to (1-Y) and then take the natural log of the ratio. This transformation will make the model linear in the parameters. That is, run the following regrssion:i ii X Y Y 21ββ1ln +=- This model is known as the logit model, which we will discuss in the chapter on qualitative dependent variables.6.13 (a) For every tenth of a unit increase (0.10) in the Gini coefficient, we would expect to see a 3.32 unit increase in a country ’s sociopolitical instability index. Therefore, as the Gini coefficient gets higher, or a country ’s income inequality gets larger, a country becomes less sociopolitically stable.(b) To see this difference, simply assess what happens if the Gini coefficient increases by 0.3. So, 33.2 (0.3) = 9.96, indicating an increase of 9.96 in the SPI. (c) Using the standard t test, 8136.28.112.33==t for testing the null hypothesis that the slope coefficient is 0. For 38 degrees of freedom, the critical value from the table in Appendix D issomewhere between 2.021 and 2.042 (using a two-sided test), so the estimated slope is statistically significant at the 5% level.(d) Based on the regression results, we can conclude that there is a positive relationship between higher income inequality and greater political instability, although we cannot make a causal statement about the relationship.CHAPTER 77.2 Using the formulas given in the text, the regression results are as follows:7.12 (a) Rewrite Model B as:Therefore, the two models are similar.Yes, the intercepts in the models are the same.(b)The OLS estimates of the slope coefficient of X3 in the two models will be the same. (c)(d) No, because the regressands in the two models are different.7.13 (a) Using OLS, we obtain:That is, the slope in the regression of savings on income (i.e., the marginal propensity to save) is one minus the slope in the regression of consumption on income. (i.e., the marginal propensity to consume). Put differently, the sum of the two marginal propensities is 1, as it should be in view of the identity that total income is equal to total consumption expenditure and total savings. Incidentally, note that1^1^βα-=(b)Yes. The RSS for the consumption function is:and verify that the two RSS are the same.(c)No, since the two regressands are not the same.CHAPTER 88.5 (a) Let the coefficient of log K be )1β(ββ32*-+=. Test the null hypothesis that *β=0, using the usual t test. If there are indeed constant returns to scale, the t valuewill be small.(b) If we define the ratio (Y/K) as the output/capital ratio, a measure of capital productivity, and the ratio (L/K) as the labor capital ratio, then the slope coefficient in this regression gives the mean percent change in capital productivity for a percent change in the labor/capital ratio.(c) Although the analysis is symmetrical, assuming constant returnsto scale, in this case the slope coefficient gives the mean percent change in labor productivity (Y/L) for a percent change in the capital labor ratio (K/L). What distinguishes developed countriesfrom developing countries is the generally higher capital/labor ratios in such economies.8.7 Since regression (2) is a restricted form of (1), we can first calculate the F ratio given in (8..CHAPTER 99.1 (a) If the intercept is present in the model, introduce 11 dummies. If the intercept is suppressed, introduce 12 dummies.(b) If the intercept is included in the model, introduce 5 dummies, but if the intercept is suppressed (i.e., regression through the origin), introduce 6 dummies. 9.4 The results show that the average price was higher by $5.22 per barrel in 1974 than the other years in the sample. The slope coefficient, $0.30 is the same over the entire sample. The graph will resemble Fig. 9.3 b in the text, with the regression line for 1974 starting at 5.22 on the vertical axis with a slope of 0.30; for the remaining years the regression line will pass through the origin, but with the same slope.CHAPTER 10CHAPTER 1111.2 (a) As equation (1) shows, as N increases by a unit, on average, wages increase by about 0.009 dollars. If you multiply the second equation through by N, you will see that the results are quite similar to Eq. (1).(b) Apparently, the author was concerned about heteroscedasticity, since he divided the original equation by N. This amounts to assuming that the error variance is proportional to the square of N. Thus the author is using weighted least-squares in estimating Eq. (2).(c) The intercept coefficient in Eq. (1) is the slope coefficient in Eq. (2) and the slope coefficient in Eq. (1) is the intercept in Eq. (2).(d) No. The dependent variables in the two models are not the same.11.6 (a)The assumption made is that the error variance is proportional to the square of GNP, as is described in the postulation. The authors make this assumption by looking at the data over time and observing this relationship.(b) The results are essentially the same, although the standard errors for two of the coefficients are lower in the second model; this may be taken as empirical justification of the transformation for heteroscedasticity.(c) No. The R2 terms may not be directly compared, as the dependent variables in the two models are not the same.。
IET_Author_Guidelines
Submission Template for IET Research Journal PapersTitleFirst Author 1, Second Author 2*, Third Author 31 First Department, First University, Address, City, Country Name2 Second Company Department, Company Address, City, Country Name3 Third Department, Third University, Address, Country Name4 Current affiliation: Fourth Department, Fourth University, Address, Country Name*corresponding.author@Abstract: This should be informative and suitable for direct inclusion in abstracting services as a self-contained article. It should not exceed 200 words. It should summarise the general scope and also state the main results obtained, methods used, the value of the work and the conclusions drawn. No figure numbers, table numbers, references or displayed mathematical expressions should be included. The abstract should be included in both the Manuscript Central submission step (Step 1) and the submitted paper.1. 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Report[10] IET., 'Report Title' (Publisher, 2013), pp. 1-514.6. Patent[11] Brown, F.: 'The title of the patent (if available)'. British Patent 123456, July 2004[12] Smith, D., Hodges, J.: British Patent Application 98765, 192514.7. Thesis[13] Abbott, N.L.: 'The title of the thesis'. PhD thesis, XYZ University, 200514.8. Standard[14] BS1234: 'The title of the standard', 200615. AppendicesAdditional material, e.g. mathematical derivations that may interrupt the flow of your paper's argument should form a separate Appendix section. Do not, however, use appendices to lengthen your article unnecessarily. If the material can be found in another work, cite this work rather than reproduce it.。
SCI writing-高国全
Questions and responses (Cancer Letters ):
Reviewer question 1. Although the CD34 is reported to be present on vascular endothelial cells, for the identification of endothelial cells on capillaries, antibodies against CD31 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecules 1) are usually used for the immunostaining. Did authors try other antibodies such as antiCD31 or anti-von Willebrand factor instead of anti-CD34 to perform the immunohistochemical staining in their experiments? Answer: We performed the immunohistochemical staining of endothelial cells on tumor capillaries using both anti-CD34 and anti-CD31 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) in our recent experiments according to the suggestion of reviewer. The results showed that both CD31 and CD34 stained capillaries in KBP group were markedly lower than that in control group.
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in probing the structure of nucleons. In this process, the leptonic part of
the interaction can be calculated within the framework of quantum electro-
dynamics, and hence the results can be interpreted solely in terms of the
that such e ects exist also in the longitudinal channel as probed by R. How-
ever, A-dependent e ects in R are di cult to measure, as R is small at large
fer range 0:07 < Q2 < 2:2 (GeV/c)2. The cross sections will be used to perform
Rosenbluth-type separations reasonably well measured in
to extract the deep inelastic
Байду номын сангаас
were consistent with early experiments 1, 2, 3]. In more accurate later ex-
periments, scaling violations were observed at moderate values of momentum
transfer 4, 5]. These latter experiments left open the precise form of the re-
Q2. The only possibility to search for such e ects is at low Q2. Preliminary
results from the HERMES collaboration show an unexpected large A depen-
dence in the cross section ratio
nucleon, had a signi cant impact on our description of the structure of nuclei,
and spurred the application of QCD to nuclear physics. It is not inconceivable
by the HERMES collaboration for a measurement at low x and low Q2. We request
sixteen days of beam time to measure inclusive electron scattering cross sections
R
it
firsosmtiltlhoenceroofssthseecmtioonsts.pRooirslya
understood, despite numerous attempts to extract fundamental quantity which has direct bearing on
our understanding of at moderate to large
tvhaeluuensdoefrlQyi2ngruqlueaorkutstsriugcntiurceanotf
the nucleus. Existing data
A-dependent e ects in R.
However, substantial e ects are possible at low Q2 and have been recently reported
4.056 and 5.056 GeV. Scattered electrons will be detected in the High Momentum
Spectrometer (HMS) and the Short Orbit Spectrometer (SOS), utilized in simulta-
lationship between
The ratio R =
FL1=anTd oFf 2t.he
absorption cross sections relates
longitudinal and the two structure
transverse functions.
virtual photon
June 8, 1999
2 Authors Suppressed Due to Excessive Length
Abstract. We propose to measure inclusive, inelastic (3:1 < W2 < 8:5 GeV2),
Beljeocrtkroenn-sncuaclilneognvaarniadbleele(c0t:r0o2n-<nuxcl<eu0s:5s)c,aatnttdersipnagnncrinogssthseecftoiounr-smionmtehneturmegitornanos-f
R yields infor-
mation about the spin and transverse momentum of the nucleon constituents.
Measurement of the Nuclear Dependence of R = L/ T at Low Q2 3
constant, and so theoretical calculations work well. This and the point-like
nature of the electron allow for clarity and precision in the interpretation
of electron-nucleon scattering experiments; the reaction can be interpreted
unambiguously in terms of the charge and current structure of the nucleon.
The process of lepton-nucleon scattering has proven to be an e ective tool
In a model with spin-1/2 partons, R is expected to be small, and to decrease
rapidly with increasing four momentum transfer Q2. Accurate knowledge of
R is essential, however, to extract low and moderate values of Q2.
F2
and
F1
precisely
from
cross
sections
at
A well-known A-dependent e ect, termed the EMC e ect, has been ob-
served in the structure function F2 measured in lepton-nucleus scattering
from hydrogen, deuterium, carbon, aluminum, iron, and gold. The proposed data
will signi cantly expand the kinematic range of existing measurements, as well as
as a large dependence of R at x
ratio R =
scattering
L=
up
T
to
. The ratio R Q2 = 50 and
has been down to
Q2 = 1:5 (GeV/c)2 using hydrogen and deuterium targets. However, very few mea-
surements exist on nuclei. Of all the functions measured in deep inelastic scattering,
decrease the uncertainty. The experiment will utilize the existing equipment in Hall
C with electron beam energies of 2.468, 3.668, 4.868 and 6.068, and of 2.056, 3.056,
6, 7, 8, 9]. This discovery, that the structure functions (and therefore the
quark and gluon distributions) in heavy nuclei are di erent from those in the
msFotf2romudwceothlmuicprehernetopdufaimcrttahimteorneapstnreosorfbfiezeretd,htaenhnuesdcchlaaealoedsnirmsion.npdTilecehpevkerenienrdteaeemnrxecaeittniwcotofrhesiFlsta1rtsuicaocantntudtbreerFeit2nfwugnea.etcNntliaaoFirnv1gseeaFpnv1adarlatuFnoe2dns,