Conceptual Metaphor概念隐喻ppt课件
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语言学考点--隐喻(metapher)课件
隐喻和明喻的真值条件经常是不同的
张三像只大猩猩可能是真的，张三是只大猩猩 则一定是假的。这种论证依赖于真值条件意义 理论，否则就不能成立。
如果说隐喻所用的词儿另有一个〔隐含的〕意 义，那么，隐喻本身就会消失。例如我们说， the spirit of God moved upon the face of the water〔上帝的圣灵临近水面〕，如果这句话 里的face另有一个隐含的或曰扩展的意义，可 以用来述说水的表面，那么，水就有了面，水 面就不再是一个隐喻。牵涉到第二种意义的是 两可〔ambivalence〕，隐喻则并不牵涉第二 种意义，否则我们就要等隐喻死了以后才彻底 掌握这种意义。
The government still hopes to stem the tide of inflation.（隐喻）
(4a) The driver drove the bus too fast down the hill, so the brakes failed. (4b) The driver’s overrapid downhill driving of the bus caused brake failure. (4a)是一致式，(4b)通过语法隐喻把(4a) 的两个小句向下转移为两个名词性词组结构。
英国有个古诗人，John Donne，曾有这样的 句子：our blood labours to beget spirits〔我 们的血液辛勤劳作以孕育精神〕，现代人把这 视作隐喻，但原作者其实是在直陈字面的意思。
名词化
（1a）The brakes failed. (1b) brake failure (1a)为非隐喻形式，其中的the brakes是表示 参与者的名词，failed则是表示物质过程的动 词，但在(1b) 中句子转化成了名词短语。
《Metaphor隐喻》PPT课件
4. The thinking mode involved
– A IS B.
• The economy is a machine.
-- The economy is overheating.
-- to fine-tune (微调) inflation.
• The economy is a rocket / an airplane / a space craft.
• How could any man ever understand the workings of a woman’s mind?
• The coffee was perfect and by the time I was
halfway through my first cup my brain was ticking
.
9
The mind is a machine.
• He is still grinding out a solution.
• His mind isn’t operating today.
• He is a little rusty today.
• I can’t think; I am running out of steam (losing vigor).
over much more briskly.
.
10
An argument is war.
• abstract
• what we are unfamiliar with
• concrete
• what we are familiar with
-- We use a concept that we are familiar with to describe or understand another concept that we are not so familiar with.
metaphor暗喻PPT课件
此例以“肥料”(manure) 喻革命志士与暴君 之血。
.
11
2）用形象具体的事物, 比喻抽象的 事物或概念
It’s the same with Negro in America. That
shoe ... the white man’s system ... has pinched
and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it has al most destroyed him. 美国黑人的情况也是这样。白人制度这只鞋夹 紧了他的灵魂，使之受磨难, 几乎要把他毁掉 了。 用夹紧黑人的灵魂的一只“鞋子”来比喻美 国的白人制度, 这是典型的以具体事物比喻抽 象事物
.
9
1）以一种形象具体的事物去比喻
另一形象具体的事物。
The speaker, and the school master, and the thir d grown person presents, all backed a little, and
swept with their eyes the inclined plane of
.
12
History is all these things—— waves, tides and currents —— and like the sea, no matter how tranquil the surfa ce, it is never still. A sequence of events is a series of waves, one crest following upon the other; and the trick for statesmen and reporter alike, is to tell which crest is surge of the tide and which a mere accident of the wind. 历史总是这些东西——波 浪, 潮汐和水流——像海洋一样, 无论表面多么平 静, 它从未静止过, 一系列的事件是一层层的波 浪, 一个波峰接着一个波峰, 政治家与记者的技能 一样, 是告诉人们哪一个是潮汐的作用, 哪一个不 过是因风而起。 用海洋中的“波浪, 潮汐和水流” 来比喻历史, 也是用具体事物比喻抽象事物。
.
11
2）用形象具体的事物, 比喻抽象的 事物或概念
It’s the same with Negro in America. That
shoe ... the white man’s system ... has pinched
and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it has al most destroyed him. 美国黑人的情况也是这样。白人制度这只鞋夹 紧了他的灵魂，使之受磨难, 几乎要把他毁掉 了。 用夹紧黑人的灵魂的一只“鞋子”来比喻美 国的白人制度, 这是典型的以具体事物比喻抽 象事物
.
9
1）以一种形象具体的事物去比喻
另一形象具体的事物。
The speaker, and the school master, and the thir d grown person presents, all backed a little, and
swept with their eyes the inclined plane of
.
12
History is all these things—— waves, tides and currents —— and like the sea, no matter how tranquil the surfa ce, it is never still. A sequence of events is a series of waves, one crest following upon the other; and the trick for statesmen and reporter alike, is to tell which crest is surge of the tide and which a mere accident of the wind. 历史总是这些东西——波 浪, 潮汐和水流——像海洋一样, 无论表面多么平 静, 它从未静止过, 一系列的事件是一层层的波 浪, 一个波峰接着一个波峰, 政治家与记者的技能 一样, 是告诉人们哪一个是潮汐的作用, 哪一个不 过是因风而起。 用海洋中的“波浪, 潮汐和水流” 来比喻历史, 也是用具体事物比喻抽象事物。
概念隐喻ppt课件
[3]胡壮麟. 系统功能语言学概论[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社, 2005.
[4] 王寅. 语义理论与语言教学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2001.
[5] 张捷. 概念隐喻在写作中的应用[J]. 绥化学院学报, 2009(1).
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15
Thank you for listening!
“在一场舞会上，男孩子都身着黑色晚礼服，女孩子都穿着白裙，他们 相拥旋转。如果灯光转暗，那么你能看到的只有女孩子。女孩子就像那 颗可见星，而男孩子就像那个黑洞。尽管看不见男孩子，但女孩子在不 断旋转，这就有力地证明一定有什么人在相拥着她旋转。”
这段文字中， John Wheeler教授就给出了一个隐喻：把黑洞比作看不 见的男孩子，把可见星比作女孩子，他们不断旋转是天体的运行方式。
1
“哪里有文字，哪里就有隐喻。” ——Derrida
“我们的概念系统主要是隐喻性的。” ——Lakoff &
Johnson
“我们日常生活中充满了隐喻，我们的口头交际中平均每
三句话中就会出现一个隐喻。”
——I. A. Richards
“一幅画的确可以抵得上千言万语，而在脑海中能唤起一
幅画的隐喻却是具有更大的威力。它和绘画一样，能刺激
始源域(source domain)
抽象的概念
具体的概念
Time Argument
Love He
Money War
Journey Pig
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7
概念隐喻理论的主要研究对象是常规 隐喻，根据始发域的不同可分为三类：
• 空间隐喻 (Orientational Metaphors)
• 实体隐喻 (Ontological Metaphors)
[4] 王寅. 语义理论与语言教学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2001.
[5] 张捷. 概念隐喻在写作中的应用[J]. 绥化学院学报, 2009(1).
精品课件
15
Thank you for listening!
“在一场舞会上，男孩子都身着黑色晚礼服，女孩子都穿着白裙，他们 相拥旋转。如果灯光转暗，那么你能看到的只有女孩子。女孩子就像那 颗可见星，而男孩子就像那个黑洞。尽管看不见男孩子，但女孩子在不 断旋转，这就有力地证明一定有什么人在相拥着她旋转。”
这段文字中， John Wheeler教授就给出了一个隐喻：把黑洞比作看不 见的男孩子，把可见星比作女孩子，他们不断旋转是天体的运行方式。
1
“哪里有文字，哪里就有隐喻。” ——Derrida
“我们的概念系统主要是隐喻性的。” ——Lakoff &
Johnson
“我们日常生活中充满了隐喻，我们的口头交际中平均每
三句话中就会出现一个隐喻。”
——I. A. Richards
“一幅画的确可以抵得上千言万语，而在脑海中能唤起一
幅画的隐喻却是具有更大的威力。它和绘画一样，能刺激
始源域(source domain)
抽象的概念
具体的概念
Time Argument
Love He
Money War
Journey Pig
精品课件
7
概念隐喻理论的主要研究对象是常规 隐喻，根据始发域的不同可分为三类：
• 空间隐喻 (Orientational Metaphors)
• 实体隐喻 (Ontological Metaphors)
Conceptual-metaphors-and-metonymies幻灯片课件
3.1.2 Conventionalized metaphors
head
face eye
mouth lips nose neck shoulder arm
hands
of department, of state, of government, of a page, of a queue, of a flower, of a beer, of stairs, of a bed, of a tape recorder, of a syntactic construction of a mountain, of a building, of a watch of a potato, of a needle, of a hurricane, of a butterfly, in a flower, hooks and eyes of a hole, of a tunnel, of a cave, of a river of a cup, of a jug, of a crater, of a plate of an aircraft, of a tool, of a gun of land, of the woods, of a shirt, bottle-neck of a hill or mountain, of a bottle, of a road, of a jacket of a chair, of the sea, of a tree, of a coat or jacket, of a record player of a watch, of an altimeter/ speedometer
(Conventionalized metaphors of body-parts)
隐喻与认知语言学 38页PPT文档
(an effective cognitive tool for humans to know the abstract things in terms of concrete ones)
Target domain - what is actually being talked about. Source domain - the domain used as a basis for
Congnitive linguistics (认知语言学)
Definition Philosophical background Different schools Comments
Some examples:
Life is a journey.
(M)
The man has a heart of gold . (M)
实体隐喻 Ontological metaphor 结构隐喻 Structural Metaphor 方位隐喻 Orientational Metaphor
实体隐喻 Ontological metaphor
含义：人们将抽象的和模糊的思想，感情，心理活 动，事件，状态等无形的概念看做是具体的，有形 的实体，因而可以对其进行谈论，量化，识别其特 征及原因等。
Conceptual metaphor 概念隐喻
According to the cognitive approach, metaphor is not to be seen as a purely linguistic phenomenon,but a cognitive one.
The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another.
Target domain - what is actually being talked about. Source domain - the domain used as a basis for
Congnitive linguistics (认知语言学)
Definition Philosophical background Different schools Comments
Some examples:
Life is a journey.
(M)
The man has a heart of gold . (M)
实体隐喻 Ontological metaphor 结构隐喻 Structural Metaphor 方位隐喻 Orientational Metaphor
实体隐喻 Ontological metaphor
含义：人们将抽象的和模糊的思想，感情，心理活 动，事件，状态等无形的概念看做是具体的，有形 的实体，因而可以对其进行谈论，量化，识别其特 征及原因等。
Conceptual metaphor 概念隐喻
According to the cognitive approach, metaphor is not to be seen as a purely linguistic phenomenon,but a cognitive one.
The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another.
conceptual_metaphor语言学名词解释_概述及解释说明
conceptual metaphor语言学名词解释概述及解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述在语言学中，概念隐喻（Conceptual Metaphor）是一种重要的研究领域。
它探索了人类思维和语言表达之间的关系，并揭示了我们如何通过将一个概念映射到另一个概念来理解和构造语义。
通过使用隐喻，人们可以借用一个已知的经验领域来解释另一个较为抽象或不可见的概念，从而更好地理解世界。
1.2 文章结构本文将首先对Conceptual Metaphor进行定义和概述。
其次，我们将回顾Conceptual Metaphor的发展历程，了解它在语言学领域中的演变与应用。
接下来，我们将介绍概念映射理论以及隐喻与概念转喻的关系，探讨形式与意义之间的联系。
然后，我们将讨论Conceptual Metaphor在语言教育、文学创作以及跨文化交流等应用领域中的案例研究，并探索其中所面临的挑战和应对策略。
最后，在结论部分，我们将总结Conceptual Metaphor的重要性和价值，并展望未来其研究的方向和趋势。
1.3 目的本文旨在系统地介绍Conceptual Metaphor这一重要的语言学概念，从定义、概述到核心原理与观点，再到应用领域和案例研究。
通过阅读本文，读者将能够全面了解Conceptual Metaphor在语言学中的地位和作用，并认识到它对人类思维和语言表达的影响。
同时，本文也希望为未来Conceptual Metaphor研究提供有益的参考和展望。
2. Conceptual Metaphor的定义：2.1 语言学名词解释：Conceptual metaphor（概念隐喻）是一种语言现象，用于描述我们如何通过将一个概念与另一个概念进行比较而获得意义。
它是指在语言中使用一个领域的概念（称为源领域）来理解另一个领域的概念（称为目标领域）。
通过这种方式，我们可以借用源领域中的经验和知识来理解目标领域。
这种比喻性的思维结构主要存在于人类语言和思维中，并且对于我们理解世界和表达思想至关重要。
《英语文体学要略》-MetaphorPPT课件
drink like a fish 痛饮
as fresh as a rose 精神焕发
as timid as a mouse 胆小如鼠
as quiet as a lamb 像羔羊一样驯良
as sharp as a knife 像刀一样锋利
as sly as a fox
像狐狸一样狡猾
as light as a feather 轻如鸿毛2021ຫໍສະໝຸດ 3/9授课：XXX3
I wondered lonely like a cloud. (William Wordsworth)
我像一朵浮云独自漫步。 Beauty, sweet love, is like the morning dew.
(Samuel Daniel) 美丽、甜蜜的爱，犹若清晨的露珠。 My heart is like a singing bird.
2021/3/9
授课：XXX
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明喻Simile
• 英语常用的比喻词有as (如)、like (像)、seem (看起来好像)、 as if (似乎)、as though (仿佛)、such as (像……一样)等。有 时还用than (比、胜似)来做更加强调、夸张的比喻词。
• 汉语常用的比喻词有“像、如、犹如、如同、比、好比、 似乎、似的、仿佛、犹、若、一样、一般”等等。
(Edgar Allan Poe)
他的眼睛紧盯着他，一脸严肃得像石头。
2021/3/9
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"... a succession of startled substitutes had stood before them, ducked, winced and fled."
《Metaphor隐喻》PPT课件
• abstract
• what we are unfamiliar with
• concrete
• what we are familiar with
-- We use a concept that we are familiar with to describe or understand another concept that we are not so familiar with.
human beings think. • Metaphor has provided us with a better
understanding of our language.
.
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5. The classifications of metaphor -- nominal (n.) metaphor; -- verbal metaphor; -- adjective metaphor; -- adverbial metaphor;
4. The thinking mode involved
– A IS B.
• The economy is a machine.
-- The economy is overheating.
-- to fine-tune (微调) inflation.
• The economy is a rocket / an airplane / a space craft.
• Science is a vehicle.
.
19
5.3 Adjective metaphor
• This evening when my father burst in, his mood seemed even more thunderous than usual.
Conceptual Metaphor概念隐喻ppt课件
பைடு நூலகம்
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2
Metaphors and cognitive model
• Cognitive model is the knowledge experienced and stored for a certain field by individuals. • Idealized Cognitive Model, or ICM, is the phenomenon in which knowledge represented in a
1. PEOPLE ARE MACHINES
John is so efficient; he’s just a machine.
2. MACHINES ARE PEOPLE
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5
Metaphorical entailment
• In addition to the individual mappings that conceptual metaphors bring with them, they also provide additional, sometimes detailed knowledge. This is because aspects of the source domain that are not explicitly stated in the mappings can be inferred. In this way, metaphoric mappings carry entailments. For example:
Conceptual metaphor theory
— Metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally
精品ppt
2
Metaphors and cognitive model
• Cognitive model is the knowledge experienced and stored for a certain field by individuals. • Idealized Cognitive Model, or ICM, is the phenomenon in which knowledge represented in a
1. PEOPLE ARE MACHINES
John is so efficient; he’s just a machine.
2. MACHINES ARE PEOPLE
精品ppt
5
Metaphorical entailment
• In addition to the individual mappings that conceptual metaphors bring with them, they also provide additional, sometimes detailed knowledge. This is because aspects of the source domain that are not explicitly stated in the mappings can be inferred. In this way, metaphoric mappings carry entailments. For example:
Conceptual metaphor theory
— Metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally
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Metaphor
.
What is metaphor?
Comparison theory
— Metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is the other.(Kovecses,2002:vii)
Substitution theory —A metaphorical expression is used in place of an equivalent literal expression and is, therefore, completely
replaceable by its literal counterpart .(Way,1991:23)
semantic frame is often a conceptualization of experience that is not congruent with reality. • From a cognitive point of view, the crucial aspects of a metaphor are their role in the structure
Conceptual metaphor theory
— Metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. What makes it a metaphor is the conventional association of one domain with another. What makes it conceptual (rather than purely linguistic) is the idea that the motivation for the metaphor resides at the level of conceptual domains.(Lakoff& Johnson)
• AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY
a. We will proceed in a step-by-step fashion.
b. We have covered a lot of ground.
• In this metaphor, PARTICIPANTS in the argument correspond to TRAVELERS, the ARGUMENT itself corresponds to a JOURNEY and the PROGRESS of the argument corresponds to the ROUTE taken. However, in the source domain JOURNEY, travelers can get lost, they can stray from the path, they can fail to reach their destination, and so on. The association between source and target gives rise to the entailment that these events can also occur in the target domain ARGUMENT.
of an entire cognitive model. What is transferred by metaphor is the structure, the internal relations or the logic of a cognitive model. In other words, from a cognitive perspective a metaphor is a mapping of the structure of a source model onto a target model.
elements of the source and the target domain..
The unidirectionality of metaphor
•An important observation made by conceptual metaphor theorists is that conceptual metaphors are unidirectional. This means that metaphors map structure from a source domain to a target domain but not vice versa. For example: 1. PEOPLE ARE MACHINES
.
Mapping
LOVE IS A JOURNEY
Hale Waihona Puke 传统：（tenor /primary term ） （vehicle/ secondary term ）
当代： ( target domain )
(source domain)
•A mapping is the systematic set of correspondences that exist between constituent
John is so efficient; he’s just a machine.
2. MACHINES ARE PEOPLE
.
Metaphorical entailment
• In addition to the individual mappings that conceptual metaphors bring with them, they also provide additional, sometimes detailed knowledge. This is because aspects of the source domain that are not explicitly stated in the mappings can be inferred. In this way, metaphoric mappings carry entailments. For example:
.
Metaphors and cognitive model
• Cognitive model is the knowledge experienced and stored for a certain field by individuals. • Idealized Cognitive Model, or ICM, is the phenomenon in which knowledge represented in a
.
What is metaphor?
Comparison theory
— Metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is the other.(Kovecses,2002:vii)
Substitution theory —A metaphorical expression is used in place of an equivalent literal expression and is, therefore, completely
replaceable by its literal counterpart .(Way,1991:23)
semantic frame is often a conceptualization of experience that is not congruent with reality. • From a cognitive point of view, the crucial aspects of a metaphor are their role in the structure
Conceptual metaphor theory
— Metaphor is not simply a stylistic feature of language, but that thought itself is fundamentally metaphorical in nature. What makes it a metaphor is the conventional association of one domain with another. What makes it conceptual (rather than purely linguistic) is the idea that the motivation for the metaphor resides at the level of conceptual domains.(Lakoff& Johnson)
• AN ARGUMENT IS A JOURNEY
a. We will proceed in a step-by-step fashion.
b. We have covered a lot of ground.
• In this metaphor, PARTICIPANTS in the argument correspond to TRAVELERS, the ARGUMENT itself corresponds to a JOURNEY and the PROGRESS of the argument corresponds to the ROUTE taken. However, in the source domain JOURNEY, travelers can get lost, they can stray from the path, they can fail to reach their destination, and so on. The association between source and target gives rise to the entailment that these events can also occur in the target domain ARGUMENT.
of an entire cognitive model. What is transferred by metaphor is the structure, the internal relations or the logic of a cognitive model. In other words, from a cognitive perspective a metaphor is a mapping of the structure of a source model onto a target model.
elements of the source and the target domain..
The unidirectionality of metaphor
•An important observation made by conceptual metaphor theorists is that conceptual metaphors are unidirectional. This means that metaphors map structure from a source domain to a target domain but not vice versa. For example: 1. PEOPLE ARE MACHINES
.
Mapping
LOVE IS A JOURNEY
Hale Waihona Puke 传统：（tenor /primary term ） （vehicle/ secondary term ）
当代： ( target domain )
(source domain)
•A mapping is the systematic set of correspondences that exist between constituent
John is so efficient; he’s just a machine.
2. MACHINES ARE PEOPLE
.
Metaphorical entailment
• In addition to the individual mappings that conceptual metaphors bring with them, they also provide additional, sometimes detailed knowledge. This is because aspects of the source domain that are not explicitly stated in the mappings can be inferred. In this way, metaphoric mappings carry entailments. For example:
.
Metaphors and cognitive model
• Cognitive model is the knowledge experienced and stored for a certain field by individuals. • Idealized Cognitive Model, or ICM, is the phenomenon in which knowledge represented in a