comparison and contrast
Comparison and Contrast
c） The sim-diff pattern： The writer puts all the similarities between the subjects together and all the differences together. This technique is suitable for those subjects whose similarities and differences are more balanced. In an essay using this pattern to organize the body part， the whole essay will be arranged in the following way：
Comparison and Contrast
Comparison and ContrastIn a comparison/contrast essay, you explain the similarities and the differences between two items. Comparison and contrast is a very common pattern in most academic fields.Just as an athlete trains the body for competitions, a student trains the mind for final exams.An athlete trains the body for competitions; likewise, a student trains the mind for final exams.Just as the pessimist faces rejection and disappointments, the optimist endures those same hardships common to all humans.S imilarly(Likewise/In the same way), a dog run is a small fenced area that is often located within an existing park.Athens and Istanbul are similar in that they are both densely populated.There are some striking similarities between the two cities.Istanbul and Athens are equally noisy.Contrast signal words1.Concession signal words indicate that the information in one clause is not theresult you expect from the information given in the other clause.Although the pessimist and the optimist face many of the same challenges in life, they differ greatly in their actions, words, and thoughts.2.The second group of contrast signal words shows that two things are directopposites. With direct opposites, the signal word can introduce either piece of information.In contrast/On the other hand/However, a human baby needs about 12 months to learn this skill.Contrary to popular belief, large dogs are less aggressive than small dogs.Istanbul and Berlin are different in terms of population and location.Left-brained people think and learn differently from the way right-brained people do. Istanbul and Berlin differ in that the former is a big city while the latter is small. There is a big difference between the applicants in terms of experience.Left-brain and right-brain people differ in the way they think and learn.Paragraph 1 (comparison)My hometown and my college town have several things in common. First, both are small rural communities. For example, my hometown, Gridlock, has a population of only about 10,000 people. Similarly, my college town, Subnormal, consists of about 11,000 local residents. This population swells to 15,000 people when the college students are attending classes. A second way in which these two towns are similar is that they are both located in rural areas. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal lies in the center of farmland which is used to raise hogs and cattle. Thirdly, these towns are similar in that they contain college campuses. Gridlock, for example, is home to Neutron College, which is famous for its Agricultural Economics program as well as for its annual Corn-Watching Festival. Likewise, the town of Subnormal boasts the beautiful campus of Quark College, which is well known for its Agricultural Engineering department and also for its yearly Hog-Calling Contest.Paragraph 2 (comparison)Even though we come from different cultures, my wife and I are alike in several ways. For one thing, we are both thirty-two years old. In fact, our birthdays are in the same month, hers on July 10 and mine on July 20. Another similarity is that we both grew up in large cities. Helene was born and raised in Paris and I come from Yokohama. Third, our hobbies are alike too. My wife devotes a lot of her free time to playing jazz piano. In the same way, I like to spend time after work strumming my guitar. A more important similarity concerns our values. For example, Helene has strong opinions about educating our children and raising them to know right from wrong. I feel similarly. Our children should receive a good education and also have strong moral training.Paragraph 3 (comparison)In my family, personality traits are said to skip generations, so that might explain why my grandfather and I have so much in common. My grandfather arrived in the United States at sixteen, a penniless young man from Italy looking for a new life and ready to earn it. He quickly apprenticed himself to a shoe cobbler and never stopped working until he retired fifty-three years later. Similarly, when I was fourteen, I asked permission to apply for my first job as a bank teller. My parents smiled and said, “She’s just like Grandpa.” Though everyone else i n my family spends money the minute it reaches their hands, my habit of saving every penny does not seem strange to them. My grandfather also was careful with money, building his own shoe repair business out of nothing. He loved to work in his large vegetable garden and brought bags of carrots and tomatoes to our house on Saturday mornings. Like him, I enjoy the feeling of dirt on my fingers and the surprise of seedlings sprouting overnight. Though I raise zinnias instead of zucchinis, I know where I inherited a passion to make things grow. Only in opportunities, we differed. Although my grandfather’s education ended with third grade, I am fortunate to attend college—and hope that education will be my legacy to the generations that come after me.Paragraph 4 (contrast)Peter has changed a great deal in the last ten years. Although Peter had curly red hair ten years ago, he now has almost no hair at all. While he once played basketball, now he just watches sports on TV. He hated to read in school, but now he reads all the time. In high school, he wanted to be an engineer, but today he teaches history at a junior college. Most importantly, in high school, he vowed to stay single forever, yet now he is a married man with two children.Paragraph 5 (contrast)Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways. For example, the physical size of each state isdifferent. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles, whereas Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles. Another difference is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four million people living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much rainfall every year. However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of 44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline.Paragraph 6 (contrast)Now, of course, I know that it was as difficult being a girl as it was a boy, if not more so. While I stood paralyzed at one end of a dance floor trying to find the courage to ask a girl for a dance, most of the girls waited in terror at the other, afraid that no one, not even I, would ask them. And while I resented having to ask a girl for a date, wasn’t it also horrible to be the one who waited for the phone to ring? And how many of those girls who laughed at me making a fool of myself on the baseball diamond would have gladly given up their places on the sidelines for mine on the field? Paragraph 7 (contrast)Now, of course, I know that it was as difficult being a girl as it was being a boy, if not more so. I stood paralyzed at one end of the dance floor trying to find the courage to ask a girl for a dance. I also resented having to ask a girl for a date. Furthermore, I often felt foolish on the baseball diamond. On the other hand, most of the girls waited in terror at the other end of the dance floor, afraid that no one, not even I, would ask them to dance. In addition, it was a horrible situation for the girls who had to wait for the phone to ring, hoping for a date. And how many of those girls who stood on the sidelines would have gladly traded places with me on the baseball diamond?Paragraph 8 (Contrast)All young children, whatever their culture, are alike in their charm and innocence—in being a clean slate on which the wonders and ways of the world are yet to be written. But during the three years I worked in a school in Milan, I learned that American and Italian children are different in several ways. First, young American children tend to be active, enthusiastic, and inquisitive. Italian children, on the other hand, tend to be passive, quiet, and not particularly inquisitive. Second, American children show their independence while their Italian counterparts are still looking to their parents and grandparents to tell them what to do or not do. Third, and most important to those who question the influence of environment on a child, the American children generally surpass their Italian schoolmates in math, mechanical, and scientific abilities. But American children are overshadowed by their Italiancounterparts in their language, literature, art, and music courses. Perhaps the differences, which those of us at the school confirmed in an informal study, were to be expected. After all, what priority do Americans give to the technological skills? And what value do Italians—with the literature of poets and authors like Boccaccio, the works of Michelangelo, and the music of the world-famous La Scala opera at Milan—place on the cultural arts?Paragraph 9Greenline Bank suits my needs much better than Worldly Bank does. For one thing, there are not any hidden charges at Greenline. For example, customers get free checking even if they keep a low balance in their accounts. Since I do not usually have much in my checking account, this is important for me. In contrast, to get free checking at Worldly Bank, customers must have a minimum balance of $3,000. That would mean that I pay for every check I write, and I do not need that charge. Another way that Greenline Bank is better is that it offers low interest rates on loans. If I need a loan for something like a new car, for example, the bank’s rate of interest on t hat would be 9 percent. Worldly Bank would charge 17.5 percent for the same loan. Over a three-year period, the difference between 9 percent and 17.5 percent is huge. Another difference between the two banks is that Greenline Bank is a small, local bank. People know me when I walk in, and I feel that I can trust them. I also believe that giving Greenline my business helps the local economy in some small way. In contrast, Worldly Bank is huge. The people in the local office are polite in a business like way, but I do not feel as if I know them. Worldly Bank as a whole is the fourth largest bank in the country, so I know that my little account means nothing to it. Because of these differences, I am a loyal Greenline Bank customer.Comparison and Contrast EssaysSample 1My Two BrothersMost people assume that sisters and brothers have many things in common. This is not always true. Both my brothers, Nick and Joe, have the same parents and the same background, but they differ considerably in appearance and lifestyle.Nick, the younger one, has long, curly hair and a beard. He usually dresses casually in blue jeans and a T-shirt. He is a cook in a small restaurant. Because the restaurant is near his home, he rides his bicycle to work. In his free time, Nick goes to movies and plays football. He lives alone in the city in a studio apartment.My brother Joe, on the other hand, looks more conservative than Nick. He has shorter, straighter hair. He has a mustache but no beard. His clothes are also more conservative than Nick’s are. Because he is a businessman, he wears a suit and tie to work. He drives his car to his downtown office every day. In his spare time, he goes dancing and plays soccer. Joe lives in a large house in the suburbs with his wife, their children, and a cat.My friends cannot believe that Nick and Joe are brothers because they seem so different.Sample 2Two CitiesIt is difficult to imagine that a large, old city and a new, small one could be similar at all. However, anyone who has seen Paris and Washington knows that this is possible. The two cities differ in age and population, but they share many similarities.Of course, Paris is the older city. It is over 2,000 years old. Washington, in contrast, is very young. It is about 200 years old. The population of Paris (2,000,000) is also much larger than Washington’s population (638,000).Although these important differences exist, the cities are strikingly similar. First, both cities are the political centers of their countries. The president of France lives in the heart of Paris, in the Elysee Palace. Likewise, the president of the United States lives in the heart of Washington, in the White House. The French National Assembly meets in Paris, in the Palais Bourbon. The Congress of the United States has its meeting place in Washington, in the Capitol Building. Second, the two cities look similar. L’Enfant, the French engineer who designed Washington, was greatly influenced by the layout of Paris. For this reason, many of the buildings and monuments in Washington are symmetrically located in view of one another, just as they are in Paris. Both cities are also the sites of magnificent monuments; important historical landmarks; fine museums; beautiful parks; and broad, tree-lined avenues. Finally, tourism is as important for Washington as it is for Paris. Every year, millions of tourists from all over the world flock to these cities.In conclusion, Paris and Washington share numerous similarities. Besides being political and tourist centers, the cities have a similar look.E-notes From an Online LearnerThis year I attended my first U.S. history class at midnight, clad in my dancing cow pajamas and fluffy slippers. No, I was not taking part in some bizarre campus ritual. I am enrolled in two courses in the University of Houston’s Distance Education Program. Although I took classes on campus at the same college last year, my experiences in the traditional classroom and in the virtual classroom have been vastly different.Attending online courses has proved more convenient for me than traveling to regular classes each day. Because I live over an hour away from campus, I was often stalled in traffic when my 8:00 A.M. psychology lecture was beginning. Then I spent the last half hour of my afternoon English class praying that the discussion—however lively and interesting—would not go past 4:00 P.M. and make me late to pick up my son at day care. In contrast, my online classes are always convenient to attend because I set my own schedule. Lectures for my history survey course are posted to the class website, so I can log on whenever I want to read new material or review. My writing seminar is “asynchronous.” This means that students and instructors communicate at their convenience on an electronic bulletin board. I can e-mail my questions, fi lehomework, and respond to other students’ work at night or on weekends without ever leaving my apartment.Though some students miss the human energy of a real classroom, the online format actually encourages me to participate more in discussions. As a shy woman who is older than many of my peers, I used to hide in the back row to avoid having to speak. I only answered questions when called upon. On the other hand, writing online, I am more confi dent. I have time to think about what I want to say, and I know people are not judging me by anything except my ideas. Even though bulletin board discussions can be painfully slow and disjointed compared to the back-and-forth of a great classroom discussion, I like the equality in a virtual classroom. Surprisingly, there I feel freer to be the real me.The biggest difference in moving from a regular classroom to a virtual one, in my view, is learning to be self-motivated. Attending classes on campus, I was motivated by the personal involvement of my instructors. I also caught that group adrenaline rush, seeing other students hunched over their notebooks in a lecture hall or coffeehouse. While my online courses still require papers to be written each week and tests to be completed within a certain time, now no instructor is prodding me to get busy. Instead, only the soft bubbling noise of my computer’s aquarium screensaver reminds me to tap the keyboard and dive into my coursework. Fortunately, I am self-motivated and focused. As a returning student with a job and a child, I have to be. Honestly, however, I have already seen some of my online classmates post homework assignments later and later until they drop off the screen entirely.Overall, my experience with online classes has been more positive than my experience on campus, but online learning is not for everyone. So far I find online classes convenient, welcoming for self-expression, and well-suited to my particular personality, which is organized, shy, and prone to bouts of midnight energy. In fact, it’s 12:14 A.M. now as I input the final draft of this essay assignment. My son is asleep in the next room and my cat, Miss Fleason, is nuzzling my hot pink fluffy slippers.London is the financial heart of Great Britain. Similarly (Likewise/In the same way), Istanbul is the center of banking and finance in Turkey.A dog park has a fence where people and their dogs can play together.S imilarly(Likewise/In the same way), a dog run is a small fenced area that is often located within an existing park.The streets in Istanbul are similar to the ones in Athens.New York and Tokyo are similar to each other in several aspects.Athens and Istanbul are similar in that they are both densely populated.There are some striking similarities between the two cities.Istanbul and Athens are equally noisy.Not only Tokyoites but also New Yorkers dress fashionably.Both New York and Tokyo have many international restaurants.The two cities have both positive and negative features.Both PCs and Apple Macs can use Microsoft office.London is the financial heart of Great Britain. Istanbul is an important center of banking and finance, too.Tokyo is a center of fashion, and New York is, too.Laser printers and inkjet printers require good quality paper to work well.London is the financial heart of Great Britain. Istanbul is also an important center of banking and finance.The subway system in New York is the same as the one in Tokyo.Hand soap and liquid soap both work in the same way.Olive oil works in the same way as some anti-inflammatory drugs.The streets in Istanbul and Athens are alike.Like Tokyo, New York is an important center of fashion.Like a PC, a Mac is easy to use.An LCD TV is like an LCD monitor.My sister, like my cousin, wears glasses.Like my cousin, my sister wears glasses.My sister, just like my cousin, wears glasses.Just like my cousin, my sister wears glasses.Tokyo is densely populated and noisy just like New York.Athens is densely populated and noisy just as Istanbul is.Istanbul has traffic problems just a s Athens does.The new $1000 Canon 5D is comparable to $9000 professional video equipment in performance.Dogs eat a mix of raw and cooked food, but cats mostly eat raw food.Tahiti is a common destination for “extreme” sport enthusiasts. Yet Laos is actually a more suitable location.Rock music is often very fast; however, folk music is usually very slow.Although men are often considered better at “hard” science subj ects like physics andmathematics, women often graduate with higher grade point averages.Although Havana is a city which is popular with tourists, Rio is much more popular. Even though men in China smoke a higher number of cigarettes, they have lower levels of cancer than European males.Though the Pc and the Mac can both perform the same functions, the Mac is much faster.Flash discs have no moving parts, unlike hard drives.Unlike cats, dogs are social or group animals.Facilities provided in prison hospitals are not like those provided in regular hospitals. Facilities provided in state universities are not the same as those provided in private universities.Eastern and Western students are dissimilar in their expectations of university. Istanbul is completely different from Berlin.A laptop computer is different from a desktop computer because it is smaller and more compact.Istanbul and Berlin are different in terms of population and location.Left-brained people think and learn differently from the way right-brained people do. Istanbul and Berlin differ in that the former is a big city while the latter is small. There is a big difference between the applicants in terms of experience.Left-brain and right-brain people differ in the way they think and learn.In contrast to John, who is a liberal, Bill is a conservative.Microsoft Office costs about £100 in contrast to Open Office which is free.Most baby animals can walk within a few hours of birth. In contrast/On the other hand/However, a human baby needs about 12 months to learn this skill.Contrary to popular belief, large dogs are less aggressive than small dogs.London Heathrow airport is very busy compared to / with Berlin International.A laser printer is cheap to run compared to / with an inkjet.Some people like to exercise indoors, while / whereas others prefer to exercise outdoors.While / Whereas going on holiday to a beach resort offers many opportunities forrelaxation and sport, a city break offers many cultural activities.In Rugby most injuries are related to the neck; on the other hand, football injuries are most often related to the feet and legs.On the one hand, the lemon is high in fiber. O n the other hand, it is too bitter to eat.。
comparison and contrast对比与对照——商务英语课程
I. John has contempt for money; Mark has respect for money.
II. John buys without hesitation; Mark hesitates and compares prices.
III.John buys what he wants; Mark buys what he can afford.
For the same example, John and Mark, Point-by-point (Horizontal) organization requires that you first write point A about John and Mark, followed with point B about John and Mark and lastly point C about John and Mark.
Block (Vertical) organization requires that you first write about John on points a, b, and c, and then contrast Mark with John on these same points
Decide on the Organization of Comparison/Contin a book is often very different from seeing it as a film. When you read a story, you need to use your imagination. A book usually gives a lot of description about the people, places, and things in the story, so you can create pictures in your mind. In addition, the conversations between people are always written with details that describe how the people look or feel while they are talking. When you read, you use a lot of imagination to help ‘see’ the characters in the story. However, when you see a film, it is a different experience. When you watch a film, you don’t need to use your imagination. The pictures on the screen give all the details about the people, places, and things in the story. The conversations are spoken out loud, so you just listen and watch. The feelings of the people come through their faces, body movements, and voices. Although a book and a film might tell the same story, reading a book and watching a film are very different experiences.
ComparisonandContrast比较和对比
Comparison and Contrast1. A comparison explains how things are similar, and a contrast, how they are different.Principles of selection and development in writing a comparison and contrast paper:1)Only items (usually two) of the same general class can be compared/ contrasted.2)A comparison and contrast essay usually follows one of these two patterns, thesubject-by-subject pattern or the point-by-point pattern.In the former pattern, the writer discusses the various aspects of one item before going on the other; while in the latter case, the writer discusses both items under each of the various aspects compared/ contrasted.2. Mode 1: (better in short essays, where few aspects are considered, or where the writer’s interest is on the whole.)I Topic SentenceII Subject 1A characteristic 1B characteristic 2C characteristic 3,4,5…III Subject 2A characteristic 1B characteristic 2C characteristic 3,4,5…IV Concluding SentencesMode 2: (preferable in long essays where many aspects are mentioned)I Topic SentenceII Characteristic 1A Subject 1B Subject 2 (in comparison/ contrast to A Subject 1)III Characteristic 2A Subject 1B Subject 2IV Characteristic 3A Subject 1B Subject 2V Concluding Sentence3. Example 1:I IntroductionII Discussing Object A------Beijing JeepA Point 1------PriceB Point 2------Options A vailableC Point 3------Gas MileageD Point 4------Frequency of RepairIII Discussing Object B------ Shanghai SuntanaA Point 1------PriceB Point 2------Options A vailableC Point 3------Gas MileageD Point 4------Frequency of RepairIV ConclusionExample 2:I IntroductionII Point 1-------PriceA Discussing Object A------Beijing JeepB Discussing Object B------Shanghai SuntanaIII Point 2------Options A vailableA Discussing Object A------Beijing JeepB Discussing Object B------Shanghai SuntanaIV Point 3------Gas MileageA Discussing Object A------Beijing JeepB Discussing Object B------Shanghai SuntanaV Point 4------Frequency of RepairA Discussing Object A------Beijing JeepB Discussing Object B------Shanghai SuntanaVI Conclusion4. Useful Expressions in Comparison Essay:1) Both X and Y are _________.2) X and Y have/ seem to have/ seemed to have/ happen to have sth in common/ much in common/ some features in common/ many features in common/ some common features.3) X and Y are/ seem to be/ happen to be basically/ essentially/ to certain extent the same.4) In the same way X ________, Y __________.5) X corresponds to ___________.6) A comparison between X and Y demonstrates/ results in/ reveals/ suggests/ shows/ seems interesting.7) X is like Y in ____________.Useful Expressions in Contrastive Essay:1)X is different from Y.2)X differs from Y.3)X and Y differ/ seem to differ as far as the main postulates are concerned.4)There are some/ a great difference between X and Y.5)In contrast to X, Y __________.6)Unlike X, Y __________.7)Whereas/ While/ Whilst X ___________, Y ____________.8)X ___________ in contrast, Y __________.9)Y __________, while/ whereas/ whilst on the other hand, X ___________.5. Some transitions used in comparison:both, each, at the same time, similarly, like, likewise, as, too, also, compared with, etc.Some transitions used in Contrast:on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast (with/ to), instead (of), the opposite (of), unlike, although, while, whereas, but, however, yet, nevertheless, etc.6. Example: Traditional Family and Modern FamilyI Similarities (general idea)A Nuclear FamilyB The Role of FatherC The Role of MotherII DifferencesA The Man Role1.Traditional Family: Head of the household (work outside)Modern Family: Both work2.Traditional Family: Man makes big decisionModern family: Shared by couples3.Traditional Family: Man not help with houseworkModern Family: Shared by couplesB The Women’s Role1.Traditional Family: Quit for birthModern Family: Work after birth2.Traditional Family: Live on man’s incomeModern Family: Live on her own incomeC The Role of Children1.Traditional Family: Taken care by motherModern Family: Child-care centre2.Traditional Family: School-age children dependentModern Family: School-age children independent6. Exercises1)Travelling by Train and by Plane2)Chinese and Western Medicine or Food。
Unit 3 Comparison and Contrast
Task 1: Familiarizing Yourself with Comparison & Contrast
Reading 1 Electric Vehicles and Gas Vehicles
Questions: (P66) 3) What are the similarities and differences between the two subjects? Differences: c. Cost EV--$6 to $12 a week GV---$5 a gallon d. Convenience GV---many people and much energy are used to refuel EV---only need to plug and recharge it into an outlet
Task 1: Familiarizing Yourself with Comparison
& Contrast
Reading 1
Electric Vehicles and Gas Vehicles (P66)
New Words: 1) Electric vehicle=电动汽车 2) Gas vehicle=燃油汽车 3) Auto industry=汽车产业 4) Churn out=快速且大量地生产 5) Dodge Circuit EV=道奇电路电动车 (electric-powered) 6) Dodge Challenger=道奇挑战者 (gas-powered) 7) Muscle car=肌肉车 8) Bold look=狂野的外形 9) Standard feature=标准配置 10) lithium-ion battery=锂电池
Comparison and Contrast
充分地，显著地
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ 短
远远地在后面
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅴ
• There are two general kinds of steel: carbon steel and alloy steel. Carbon steel contains only iron and carbon, while alloy steel contains other elements as well, such as nickel, chromium, tungsten, etc. The properties of carbon steels, notably strength and hardness, depend on the amount of carbon they contain. Low carbon steel is relatively soft and weak; medium carbon steel is both harder and stronger than low carbon steel, while high carbon steel is the hardest and strongest.
• The additional elements of alloy steel make it not only stronger and harder than carbon steel, but resistant to rust as well. For the latter reason, alloy steel is also called stainless steel.
Comparison and Contrast（比较和对比）
• 英语科技说明文中，对事物进行分类和比较与对 比是联系很紧密的两个方面。因为，对事物进行 分类后，客观上必然要对它们进行比较与对比。 对事物进行分类时，采用的作法是，对事物分类
[英语学习]comparison_and_contrast
![[英语学习]comparison_and_contrast](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/e418b14ea45177232f60a25e.png)
keep in mind the following points
The comparison and contrast should be balanced；the two items being compared and contrasted are to be given equally A comparison and contrast shows similarities and differences in order to make a particular point.
Write Patteter 1 Character 2 Character 3 Character 4
Main sentence
Comparison and Contrast (对比与比较)
4. Tips of writing comparison and contrast
1) Only items of the same general class 2) Comparison/ contrast essay usually follows one of the two patterns mentioned above. 3) The two items being compared/ contrasted should be balanced and given equal treatment. 4) Concrete and relevant facts should be used to support the comparison/ contrast. 5) Similarities and differences are presented for a special purpose.
Unit 13
Expostion (4) Comparison and Contrast (对比与 比较)
Proverb
Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳。
2. Purpose of writing comparison and contrast
1. to show that A is better than B 2. to show differences between seemingly similar items. 3. to show similarities between seemingly different items. 4. to show both differences and similarities between two items. 5. to present similarities and differences between two items for a special purpose.
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Comparison/Contrast
Similarities:
Lincoln began his political career as a cogressman. Similarly, Kennedy also began his political career as a congressman .
The two elephants are alike/similar in many ways. For one thing, both animals have long noses…Another similarity was that, as each ship was sinking, there were acts of heroism and acts of villainy （邪恶的行为）。
….One last similarity was that….
Differences:
At the least, it explains the greater job stability in Japan, in contrast to the great job mobility in America.
First, in any approach to a problem and in any negotiations in Japan, there is the "you to you" approach, as distinguished from the Western "I to you" approach.
The difference is that Western-style decision-making proceeds mostly from top management and often does not consult middle management or the worker
while in Japan, ideas can be created at the lowest levels, travel upward through an organization and have an impact on the eventual decision.
There is also a characteristic style of communication in Japan that is different from the Western way. This places time in a different perspective. In Japan the Western deadline approach is secondary to a thorough job. Owing to this difference in emphasis, the Japanese are thorough in their meetings as well as in their production. Thus Americans are often frustrated by the many successive meetings in many Japanese businesses. But where the American is pressing for a specific decision, the Japanese is trying to devise a rather broad direction.
The African male elephant weighs between 12,000 and 14,000 pounds. In/By contrast, the average Asian male elephant weighs between 7000 and 12000 pounds.
The elephants differ in color too.
(Another difference is that…) The last big/striking difference between the two elephants is their temperament.
Alice, on the other hand, usually doesn’t wear any jewelry except a wedding ring.
Kennedy was able to attend expensive private schools. He graduated from Harvard University. Lincoln, on the other hand,had only one year of formal schooling.
Betty is single. Alice, however, is a wife and mother. Alice, unlike betty, does not like animals in the house. Kennedy was born in 1917, whereas Lincoln was born more than 100 years earlier, in 1809.
承接句型：
While we differ in many ways, such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other.
As I said before, the African and the Asian elephants are alike in many ways, but they are also quite different, too. （前面谈相似点，后面谈不同之处。
重点落在后面的不同之处。
）
In spite of these differences in Kennedy and Lincoln’s backgrounds, some interesting similarities between the two men are evident. （前面谈不同之处，后面谈相似点。
重点落在后面的相似点。
）。