英语中比较对象的一致性问题_1_

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英文写作中的比较和对比技巧

英文写作中的比较和对比技巧

英文写作中的比较和对比技巧在英文写作中,比较和对比是一种常用的表达方式,它能够帮助我们清晰地理解事物之间的差异和相似之处。

然而,在运用比较和对比技巧时,我们需要注意一些要点,以确保表达的准确性和逻辑性。

首先,我们应该选择合适的词汇和表达方式来进行比较和对比。

在英语中,有许多词汇和短语可以用来表示比较和对比,如"比较而言"(by comparison),"与此相反"(in contrast to),"与……相比"(compared to)等等。

这些词汇和短语能够帮助我们准确地引出比较和对比的对象,使读者更好地理解我们的观点。

其次,我们需要将比较和对比的对象进行合理的分类。

比较和对比需要建立在明确的比较标准之上,否则容易造成混淆。

举个例子,假设我们要比较两个城市的气候,我们可以选择温度、湿度、降雨量等方面作为比较标准。

通过合理的分类,我们能够更好地组织我们的思路,提供一个清晰的框架。

此外,我们还可以使用图表、图像和实例来支持我们的比较和对比。

图表和图像能够直观地展示事物之间的差异,使读者更好地理解我们的论点。

实例则可以提供具体的案例来支持我们的观点,增加论证的有力性。

例如,如果我们要比较两种教育制度的优劣,我们可以引用一些成功的案例来说明其中的不同之处。

此外,我们还应注意在比较和对比中保持客观和中立。

当我们描述事物的优劣时,我们需要基于客观的标准来进行评判,而非主观偏见。

这样做能够增加我们文章的可信度和说服力。

同时,我们也要尊重他人的观点,避免批判或偏见的表达方式。

最后,我们需要总结我们的比较和对比,并给出一个明确的结论。

比较和对比只是我们表达观点的一种手段,而非唯一目的。

结论是我们对比较和对比结果的总结和归纳,是整个文章的重点和亮点。

我们要注意结论的准确性和简洁性,让读者能够清晰地理解我们的观点。

总之,比较和对比在英文写作中是一种十分重要的技巧。

英语一致性的判断与应用

英语一致性的判断与应用

英语一致性的判断与应用摘要根据英语一致性的特点, 指出一致性中充当主语的成份同其形式、意义及其中心词与动词之间的距离有关, 并且随着社会、文化、方言的变化而发生一些变化。

关键词: 英语一致性; 主谓一致; 主补一致; 判断; 应用[中图分类号] H 314.. [文献标识码] A.. [文章编号] 1671- 2056 ( 2007) 02- 0113- 04英语的一致性指英语的句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系, 即一个单位成分同另一个单位成分的特征(含语义上的隐含特征) 相一致。

一致在传统英语语法中起着重要的作用, 如代词同其先行词或在上、下文之间在数、人称等方面取得一致; 限定词同名词词组中心词在数方面取得一致等等。

本文针对常见的一致性疑难, 分析其判断和应用的规则, 所涉及的一致性主要包括: ( 1) 主语与补语的一致; ( 2) 主语与谓语动词的一致; ( 3) 句子整体的一致。

一、主语与补语的判断与应用主语补语也称为表语, 具有表述功能。

选择作主语补语的名词或名词词组时, 必须使主语与主语补语的数取得一致:(1) Western art in the Middle Ages was primarily an expression ofreligion.(中世纪的西方艺术主要表现宗教信仰。

)( 2) Nobel prizes are the world.. s most prestigious honors.(诺贝尔奖是世界上最有声望的荣誉奖。

)学习者在选择上述语句时没有什么问题, 但在判断选择下列语句时, 却往往有困难, 如:( 3) a. Carrots are a vegetable.b* . Carrots are vegetables.(胡萝卜是一种蔬菜。

)( 4) a. The chief trouble was the mosqu itoes that swarmed around us.b* . The chief trouble was the mosquito that swarmed around us.(主要的烦恼是那些围着我们飞来飞去的蚊子。

一、一致性问题

一、一致性问题

一、一致性问题1.主谓一致1)What are your favourite sport?(’97)is这是对疑问句主谓一致的考查。

2)Play football not only makes us grow up tall…(’98)Playing动词原形加-ing构成动名词形式,与谓语动词makes一致。

3)Now my picture and theprize is hanging in the library.(2000)are主语为复数概念“我的照片和奖牌”。

2.时态一致1)It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home.(’96)drive连词and连接的是两个并列的动作meet和drive。

2)They offered me coffee and other drinks.We have a good time talking and laughing.(’96)had整篇文章记述过去发生的事情,用的是过去时。

3)Hello,I learn about you from my English teacher,…(’97)learned从教师那儿知道,是过去发生的行为,故须用过去时。

4)My favourite sport is football.I was a member of our school football team.(’98)am 整篇文章描述现在的情况,用的是一般现在时。

此句也应改为一般现在时。

5)…not only makes us…but also give us a sense of fair play…(’98)gives“not only…”连接的应是两个相等的成份,用第三人称单数。

6)I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot of time arguing…(’99)was此句描述的是过去的事情,且下句也是用的过去时,故要改为was。

语法要点(一致关系)

语法要点(一致关系)

2)形容词前加定冠词泛指时(the+形容词/ V-ing/ V-ed, 表示一类人或物),谓语动词用复数。 – The unemployed are leading a hard life now. ③ 其他情况 1)由and连接两个主语时,不作整体考虑,意义上也不 指同一个人或物时,谓语动词一般用复数。 – Your problem and mine are similar. 当and连接的词语作整体考虑,或在意义上指同一个 人或物时,谓语动词一般用单数。 – Bread and butter is my favorite breakfast. 当and连接的两个单数名词前面有each, every等词修 饰时,谓语动词一般用单数。 – Each actor and actress was invited. 一个单数名词前有由and连接的两个形容词修饰时, 谓语动词一般用复数。 – Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality.
其他情况1由and连接两个主语时不作整体考虑意义上也不指同一个人或物时谓语动词一般用复数
语法要点 (一致关系)
I. 一致关系 II. 历年考题精选
I.
一致关系
一致关系指句子成分之间须在人称、数、性等方面 保持一致。在英语中最主要的一致关系是主语和谓语动 词之间数的一致,即人们常说的主谓一致。其次,人称 代词和它们所指称的对象之间也要保持一致。反意疑问 句中,助动词与前一部分陈述句谓语的一致。 1. 主谓一致 在现代英语中主谓一致有以下三个基本原则: ① 语法一致原则就是根据主语的语法形式决定其谓语 动词的语法形式。主语是单数,谓语动词就用单数 形式;主语是复数,谓语动词就用复数形式。 – To treat them in that way is unfair. – Smoking cigarettes is dangerous t... or, neither ... nor, not only ... but also连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时,谓语动 词的数取决于它邻近的主语的数。 – Neither the prices nor the quality has changed. – Neither the quality nor the prices have changed. 3)集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数常取决于主语的 意义。 当主语表示整体时,谓语动词用单数;当主 语强调集体中的个体时,谓语动词用复数。 – The family is the basic until of the society. – The family have agreed among themselves to spend their vacation in Italy. 这类集体名词有:people, army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, party, police, public, staff, team等,其中people, cattle, police常用复数。

英语语法之一致关系

英语语法之一致关系

英语语法之一致关系英语的一致有三种:主谓一致,代词一致,肯定与否定一致一、主语与谓语的一致英语语法要求,主语如果是单数,谓语动词也要用单数形式;主语若是复数,谓语动词也要用复数形式例如:She likes to eat well.她好吃We all like good food.我们都喜欢好饭菜。

Everybody was happy with the decision. 人人都对这个决定感到高兴。

I am a doctor.我是个医生。

二、概念一致1. And连接的两个或多个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式His opinion and mine are different他的观点和我的是不同的。

Bob and Peter are deadly rivals. Bob和peter是死对头。

What she says and what she does are totally different. 她说的和做的完全不同。

但是如果and连接的是指一个单一概念时,谓语动词用单数。

Bread and milk has been my breakfast for years. 牛奶面包多年来一直是我的早餐。

Her lawyer and old friend is going to marry her.她的律师和老朋友要娶她。

All this effort and sacrifice has come to nothing. 所有这些努力和牺牲都白费了。

由and连接的单数主语分别有many a,ever y,each,no修饰时,动词用单数。

如:During the holidays, every train and every plane was crowded.假期期间每列火车及每架飞机都非常拥挤。

No boy and no girl has the right to refuse education. 男孩和女孩都没有拒绝教育的权利。

2英语中一致关系

2英语中一致关系

英语中的一致关系及省略和倒装的用法第一部分:语法讲解所谓一致关系就是在英语句子中各个成分之间必须在人称、性、数等方面保持一定的语法关系。

一致关系必须遵循三个原则:即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。

语法一致:主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词为复数形式。

如:The number of mistakes was surprising.错误的数量很惊人。

Jane and Mary look healthy and strong.简和玛丽看起来很健康也很强壮。

意义一致:主语形式虽为单数,意义为复数,谓语动词要用复数形式。

如:My family are having super now.我们一家人正在吃晚饭。

主语形式为复数而意义上却是单数,谓语动词要用单数形式。

如:Thirty dollars is too expensive for the dictionary.这本词典30美元太贵了。

就近一致:谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。

如:Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.不仅老师喜欢踢足球,而且学生也喜欢踢足球。

一致关系包括:主语和谓语的一致、名词和代词的一致、主语与状语逻辑主语的一致和同等成分的一致等。

一、主语和谓语的一致1. 名词作主语1)集合名词作主语时,如果表示整体概念,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中的个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。

如:The audience was enormous.观众人数很多。

The audience were enjoying every minute of it.观众们正津津有味地欣赏着它。

常见的这部分词有:family, group, staff, army, board, class, committee, crew, government等2)有些集合名词,如:cattle, folk, people, police, youth等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。

英语论文写作代词一致性检查指南

英语论文写作代词一致性检查指南代词一致性是英语论文写作中的一个重要方面,在论文撰写过程中,合理使用代词可以提高文章的可读性和连贯性。

本指南旨在帮助作者正确检查和调整代词一致性,以确保文章的准确性和流畅性。

一、单数和复数代词一致性1. 代词与单数名词的一致性当主语是单数名词时,代词应使用单数形式。

例如:- The student finished his assignment.(错误:The student finished their assignments.)- Each employee should do his best.(错误:Each employee shoulddo their best.)2. 代词与复数名词的一致性当主语是复数名词时,代词应使用复数形式。

例如:- The students handed in their assignments.(错误:The students handed in his assignments.)- Employees should do their best.(错误:Employees should do his best.)3. 代词与不可数名词的一致性不可数名词在英语中被视为单数形式,因此代词应与其保持一致。

例如:- The water in the bottle spilled.(错误:The water in the bottle spilled their contents.)- The company has its own policies.(错误:The company has their own policies.)二、主谓一致性1. 单数主语和单数动词一致单数主语应与单数动词保持一致。

例如:- The dog barks at strangers.(错误:The dog bark at strangers.)- The company invests in new technology.(错误:The company invest in new technology.)2. 复数主语和复数动词一致复数主语应与复数动词保持一致。

英语中的比较与对比结构分析

在英语中,比较和对比是常用的语言结构,用来描述两个或多个事物之间的相似之处和差异之处。

掌握这些结构可以使我们的表达更加准确、丰富,下面将从形容词、副词和从句三个方面进行分析。

首先,我们来看形容词的比较和对比结构。

当我们要比较两个事物之间的相似或差异时,可以使用比较级和最高级形式。

形容词的比较级通常在词尾加上“-er”或在前面加上“more”,最高级则在词尾加上“-est”或在前面加上“most”。

例如,“This book is longer than that book.”(这本书比那本书长。

)和“This is the most interesting movie I have ever seen.”(这是我看过的最有趣的电影。

)在对比中,我们可以使用“as...as”的结构来表示两个事物之间的相等,例如,“He is as tall as his father.”(他和他父亲一样高。

)此外,在形容词前面加上“not”可以表示相反的意思,例如,“This car is not as fast as the other one.”(这辆汽车不如另一辆快。

)形容词比较和对比结构的灵活运用可以使表达更加准确。

接下来,我们来讨论副词的比较和对比结构。

与形容词一样,副词也可以使用比较级和最高级形式来表达相似和差异。

通常情况下,词尾加上“-er”的副词形式表示比较级,加上“-est”的形式表示最高级。

例如,“She singslouder than her sister.”(她唱歌比她姐姐大声。

)和“He runs the fastest in the team.”(他在队里跑得最快。

)除了使用比较级和最高级,我们还可以使用“more”和“most”来表示副词的比较和对比。

例如,“He speaks more fluently than I do.”(他说话比我流利。

)副词的比较和对比结构可以帮助我们描述事件、行为或状态的程度。

2英语中一致关系

2英语中一致关系英语中的一致关系及省略和倒装的用法第一部分:语法讲解所谓一致关系就是在英语句子中各个成分之间必须在人称、性、数等方面保持一定的语法关系。

一致关系必须遵循三个原则:即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。

语法一致:主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词为复数形式。

如:The number of mistakes was surprising.错误的数量很惊人。

Jane and Mary look healthy and strong.简和玛丽看起来很健康也很强壮。

意义一致:主语形式虽为单数,意义为复数,谓语动词要用复数形式。

如:My family are having super now.我们一家人正在吃晚饭。

主语形式为复数而意义上却是单数,谓语动词要用单数形式。

如:Thirty dollars is too expensive for the dictionary.这本词典30美元太贵了。

就近一致:谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。

如:Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.不仅老师喜欢踢足球,而且学生也喜欢踢足球。

一致关系包括:主语和谓语的一致、名词和代词的一致、主语与状语逻辑主语的一致和同等成分的一致等。

一、主语和谓语的一致1. 名词作主语1)集合名词作主语时,如果表示整体概念,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中的个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。

如:The audience was enormous.观众人数很多。

The audience were enjoying every minute of it.观众们正津津有味地欣赏着它。

常见的这部分词有:family, group, staff, army, board, class, committee, crew, government等2)有些集合名词,如:cattle, folk, people, police, youth等,只当复数看待,谓语动词必须用复数。

英语中的一致性(讲义)

1.Agreement between Subjects and VerbsMaking subjects and verbs agree is easy in simple sentences, especially when verbs are close to their subjects. But in long and complicated sentences, it will be difficult. So we must be careful to identify what is the subject that the verb should agree with.1)Subject and verb should agree even when other words come between them.1. A catalog of courses and requirements often puzzles students.2)With compound subjects joined by and, use plural verbs. But when each or every precedesthe compound subject, use a singular verb.2. The dog, the monkey, the children and the tent were in the car.3. Every boy and girl is required to have parental permission.4. The winner and new champion was in the shower.3)With compound subjects by or or nor, make the verb agree with the subject nearer to theverb. But when all the parts are plural, the verbs take the plural form.5. At customs, every box, bag, or parcel is inspected.6. The rabbits or the chicks have eaten my vegetables.7. Maria couldn’t decide whether her two science classes or her math classwas more difficult.8. Either he or you have to leave.9. Either you or he have to leave.4)Generally, indefinite pronouns require singular verbs.10. Everyone of them was excited about the game. (anyone, no one, someone,either, neither)11. All of the members were notified. (half, part most, any, more, some)12. All of the report was helpful.5)Collective nouns take singular or plural verbs depending on how they are used.13. The company has tried to increase it investments.14. The company argue themselves about the issue.6)Nouns plural in form but singular in meaning mostly take singular verbs.15. The news is disappointing.16. Three years is a long time to wait.7) A linking verb agrees with its subject, not the subject complement.17. Tom’s sole support is his mother and father.8)The verb agrees with the subject even when the normal word order is inverted.9)Titles and name words take singular verbs.10)After the relative pronouns who, which, and that, the antecedent will decide the verb issingular or plural18. She is the only one of the members who has paid the fees.19. She is the only one of the members who have paid the fees.2.Agreement between Pronouns and Antecedents1)Antecedents joined by and usually take plural form.2)When parts of an antecedent are joined by or or nor, the pronoun agrees with the nearerpart.20. Tom or Mary should have raised her hand.21. Either the cat or the dogs will have to be returned to the shop they camefrom.3)Generally, use a singular pronoun when the antecedent is an indefinite pronoun.22. Everyone had his or her book in class.4)Collective noun antecedents take singular or plural pronouns depending on meaning.23. The committee voted to disband itself.The committee remained in their chairs.5)Make each pronoun point clearly to one antecedent.24. Tom told Mike that he should be earning more money. (incorrect)Tom told Mike, “You should be earning more money. (correct)3.Consistency in Person25. If a person works hard, you can finish a great task. (incorrect)If you work hard, you can finish a great task.4.Consistency in Number26. If a student doesn’t understand a problem, they should consult theteacher. (incorrect)If students don’t underst and a problem, they should consult the teacher.27. All the men have a good reputation. (incorrect)All the men have good reputations.5.Consistency in Tense28. As he turned the corner, he became aware that some is following him.(incorrect).As he turned the corner, he became aware that some was followinghim.6.Consistency in MoodThe mood of a word can be indicative, imperative, and subjunctive.29. Cook the mixture slowly, and you should blend it until the sugar isdissolved. (incorrect)Cook the mixture slowly, and blend it until the sugar dissolved.30. If I were a bird, I will be able to fly freely in the air. (incorrect)If I were a bird, I would be able to fly freely in the air.。

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Learning Corner学习频道18.New Oriental English ◎ 文 / 张满胜本期,我们来讨论一下英语中比较对象的一致性问题。

比较对象一致性包含两个方面:逻辑上一致与语法上一致。

下面笔者就针对这两个方面展开探讨。

比较对象逻辑上一致简单地说,逻辑上一致就是指被比较的两个对象必须属于同一范畴或同一类型。

为什么比较对象要保持逻辑上的一致呢?因为只有属于同一范畴或同一类型的两个对象才具有可比性,这样的对比才符合逻辑。

下面笔者以一道例题来详细讲解。

1. The weather of the south is warmer than ____.A. the northB. in the northC. is the northD. that of the north解析:这道题的正确答案是选项D。

很明显,这道题的题干想表达的中文意思是“南方的天气比北方更暖和”。

可能会有部分读者选A,那么为什么A选项不是正确答案呢?原因在于如果选A,句子中的比较对象在逻辑上不是一致的:一个比较对象是天气(the weather of the south),另一个比较对象是地理方位(the north)。

两者不属于同一范畴,放在一起比较在逻辑上说不通。

这句话真正的比较对象是两个地方的天气,因而than后面接的应该是the weather of the north。

为了避免重复,我们可以用that替换than后面的the weather,所以这道题的正确答案只能是选项D。

下面我们再来看两个错误的句子,看它们都错在哪里。

2. The fl owers that Jane and Jonathan ordered to be sent to their mother were less fresh and much more expensive than Carr’s Flower Shop.解析:从句子结构来分析,“that Jane and Jonathan ordered to be sent to their mother”是定语从句,因而例2的句子主干为“The flowers were less fresh and much more expensive than Carr’s Flower Shop”,显而易见,这里要比较的对象是花(the flowers),但是than后出现的比较对象却是花店(Carr’s Flower Shop),显然这两个比较对象在逻辑上不一致。

所以,than后面的Carr’s Flower Shop应改为those from Carr’s Flower Shop,这里的those 指代the flowers。

改后句子的比较对象就都是花了,此时比较对象在逻辑上才是一致的。

3. In the early songs of the Beatles, one hears plaintive blues-inspired melodies that would seem to be more a product of rural southern America than an English industrial city.解析:根据句意,这个句子的比较对象应该是两个地方的product,即a product of rural southern America与a product of an English industrial city。

但目前句中than后出现的比较对象却是城市(an English industrial city),两个比较对象不属于同一范畴,在逻辑上不一致。

那如何将其改写成正确的句子呢?我们可以将than an English industrial city改为than of an English industrial city或than that of an English industrial city。

前一种改法是为了避免重复,省略了a product,后一种改法是用that指代a product。

两种改法都避免了比较对象在逻辑上不一致。

Learning Corner学习频道New Oriental English. 19综上所述,比较对象一致性可以分为比较对象逻辑上一致与比较对象语法结构上一致两个方面。

前者关注的是比较对象内容上的可比性问题,后者关注的是造句形式上的一致性问题,两者是内在联系的,是内容与形式的统一关系。

对读者而言,比较对象语法结构上一致比逻辑上一致更难理解和掌握,这主要是受到汉语“重意思表达,轻结构形式”的特点影响。

比较对象在语法结构上一致指的是比较对象在所属分句中所充当的语法成分一致。

这就要求than/as前后的句子结构保持一致。

笔者现以下面一道题来具体阐述。

4. In China the South generally receives much less snow than ____ the North.A. doesB. it doesC. does inD. it does in 解析:对于这道题,即使在不知道正确答案的情况下,我们也能够理解题干要表达的意思:中国南方下雪比北方要少得多。

可见这个句子的比较对象是南方与北方,两者同属方位,在逻辑上是一致的,这里主要考查的是比较对象在语法结构上一致的问题,即要保证题干句子中than前后的内容在结构形式上一致。

我们看到,than前面的内容是“In China the South generally receives much less snow”,其基本结构是“主语(the South)+谓语(receives)+宾语(snow)”。

那么,than后面的句子结构也应该是“主语(the North)+谓语(receives)+宾语(snow)”,于是题干句子的完整形式应写成:“In China the South generally receives much less snow than the North receives snow .”为了避免重复出现receives snow,我们可以用does替换than 后面的receive snow,将题干句子写成:“In China the South generally receives much less snow than the North does .”又由于than后面的句子可以写成倒装形式,因而可进一步将其改写成:“In China the South generally receives much less snow than does the North .”因此,这道题的正确答案是选项A。

对于这道题,有读者会认为选项D为正确答案。

但是,如果选D的话,比较对象在语法结构上是不一致的:than前面的比较对象the south作的是主语,而than后面的比较对象in the North作的是状语。

如果than后面要用it does in the North的话,我们必须对than前面的主句进行改写,改后的完整句子应是:“In China it snows much less in the South than it does in the North.”下面再给大家举两个例子。

5. Twice as many bird species inhabit the South of China ____ the North.A. as inB. as inhabitC. than inD. than 解析:首先,从题干看,这里考查的是as … as 比较句型,由此可排除C和D。

然后,我们来分析空格前后的句子结构。

空格前的句子的基本结构是:主语(bird species)+谓语(inhabit)+宾语(the South)。

那么,根据比较句型中的比较对象应在语法结构上保持一致,空格后边的句子的基本结构也必须是:主语(bird species)+谓语(inhabit)+宾语(the North)。

据此,我们可以推断出选项B 为正确答案。

其中,选项B中的as指代bird species,在从句中充当主语,引导一个定语从句。

6. In no other historical sighting did Halley’s Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as ____.A. did its return in 1910~1911B. had its 1910~1911 returnC. in its return of 1910~1911D. its return of 1910~1911 didE. its return in 1910~1911解析:从选项来看,五个选项的意思相近,区别主要在于语法结构。

首先,我们来分析题干。

由于题干的句首出现了表示否定意义的介词短语in no other historical sighting,由此可断定题干使用了倒装结构“… did Halley’s Comet cause …”。

我们可以将题干还原成正常语序:“Halley’s Comet caused such a worldwide sensation in no other historical sighting as ____.”由题干中出现的no other (不是其他任何的)可知,这里比较的是人们看到哈雷彗星的时间,而不是要对哈雷彗星(Halley’s Comet )与它的回归(its return)进行比较,换句话说,这里是时间状语的比较,而不是主语的比较。

由此我们可以排除比较主语的选项A、B、D和E,确定选项C为正确答案。

具体来说,这里比较的是两个时间状语in no other historical sighting与in its return of 1910~1911。

题干的基本意思是:在哈雷彗星的观看史上,没有哪一次能像1910~1911年哈雷彗星的回归那样引起全球如此大的轰动。

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