电气外文文献 翻译
Circuit breaker
断路器
Compressed air circuit breaker is a mechanical switch equipment, can be i 空气压缩断路器是一种机械开关设备，能够在n normal and special conditions breaking current (such as short circuit cur 正常和特殊情况下开断电流（比如说短路电流）。
rent). For example, air circuit breaker, oil circuit breaker, interference circ 例如空气断路器、油断路器，干扰电路的导体uit conductor for the application of the safety and reliability of the circuit 干扰电路的导体因该安全可靠的应用于其中，
breaker, current in arc from is usually divided into the following grades: a 电流断路器按灭弧远离通常被分为如下等级：ir switch circuit breaker, oil circuit breaker, less oil circuit breaker, compr 空气开关断路器、油断路器、少油断路器、压缩空essed air circuit breaker, a degaussing of isolating switch, six sulfur hexaf 气断路器、具有消磁性质的隔离开关、六氟luoride circuit breaker and vacuum breaker. Their parameters of voltage, 化硫断路器和真空断路器。他们的参数有电压等级、current, insulation level of breaking capacity, instantaneous voltage off ti 开断容量的电流、绝缘等级开断时间的瞬时电压恢复和me of recovery and a bombing. Breaker plate usually include: 1 the maxi 轰炸时间。断路器的铭牌通常包括： 1.最大可承
mum tolerable current; 2 of the maximum current is interrupted; 3 largest 受电流； 2.最大中断电流； 3.最大线line voltage; 4 interrupt the cycle number. In the 60hHZ system, interrupt 路电压； 4.中断周期数量。在60hHZ的系统中，中断may last from 3- to 8 cycle, in order to quickly break up to the load curre 可能持续3-至8个周期，为了快速中断达负荷电流，
nt, we have to ensure continued to cool it, high-speed, breaking can limit 我们不得不确保它的持续冷却，高速开断能限制
on transmission line damage, it is equally important to help system to mai 对传输线路的损害，这一点是同等重要的它帮助系统
ntain stable operation at any time of the accident, the main circuit breaker 在任何事故发生时维持稳定运行，断路器主要
by operating mechanism, actuator and arc quenching chamber.
由操作机构、执行机构和灭弧室组成。
When a trigger current or voltage, spring operation mechanism of air isol 当有触发电流或者电压时，空气隔离开关的弹簧操作机构
ation switch moves quickly to reduce the contact loss, special shape and u
迅速动作以用来减少触点的烧损，主触点的特殊形se the material of main contact completely fit for the arc of contact, air is 状和使用材料完全适合电弧的接触，空气olation switch further improvement is due to the arc quenching performan 隔离开关更进一步的改进是由于灭弧性能
ce, insulating baffle plates arc shield, with arc the function of these specia 绝缘隔板组成的灭弧罩，带灭弧功能的触头等这些特殊性l properties, it is used in low voltage and DC circuit breaker.
质，所以仍被应用于低电压等级和直流断路器中。
Oil circuit breaker in around 1900, mainly to meet the new, breaking capa 多油断路器出现于1900前后，主要用来满足新的开断容量的要求，city requirements, AC switch is immersed in an oil cylinder, the oil in the 交流开关被浸入一个油缸之中，油在
arc quenching and zero set off function is very effective in the current, arc 熄灭电弧和在电流过零时建立开断功能是十分有效，
gate, nozzle, pear, a new operation mechanism and a variety of the new c 灭弧栅、喷油嘴、鸭梨锄头、新的操作机构和多种新的断路功能ircuit function in recent decades to introduce the use of oil circuit breaker 在近几十年引进使用多油断路器能够适应362kV。
can adapt to 362kV.
Types and Construction of Transformer
变压器的类型和结构
A transformer is a device that alternating current electric energy at one vo 变压器是一个通过磁场作用将一个交流电压值变成另一个电压值的ltage level into alternating current electric energy at another voltage level
设备。
through the action of a magnetic field.It consists of two or more coils wir
它由2条或更多的金属丝缠绕在e wrapped around a common ferromagnetic core.These coils are (usually) 一个核心磁铁上组成的。这些绕线（一般）不直not directly connected. The only connection between the coils is the com 接接触。绕线之间唯一的联系是它们共有的存在于磁芯mon magnectic flux presen within the core.
的磁通量。
One of the transformer windings is connected to a source of ac electric po 一组变压器绕组连接到一个交流电源上，
wer,and the second(and perhaps third) transformer winding supplies elect 同时第二组（或许第三组）变压器绕组作为电源提供给负载。ric power to loads. the transformer winding connected to the power souce
连接到电源上的变压器绕组叫做一次绕组，或者输 is called the primary winding or input winding.and the winding connecte 入绕组。连接负载的绕组叫做二次d to the loads is called the secondary winding or input winding.If there is 绕组或者输出绕组。如果电压 a third winding on the transformer,it is called the tertiary winding. Powe 器上有第三绕组，它叫做三次绕组。电力变r transformer are constructed on one of two types of cores.one type of con
压器由一两种磁芯中的一种构成。一种构造是由struction consists of a simple rectangular laminated piece of steel with the 一种简单的变压器绕组缠绕在矩形两边的矩形薄钢片组成。
transformer windings wrapped around two sides of the rectangle.This typ
这种构e of construction is know as coreform .The other type consists of three-le 造类型被认为是核心形式。另一种类型是由绕组缠绕在中心gged laminated core with the windings wrapped around the center leg .Th 引脚的3引脚叠片铁心构成。
is type of construction is know as shell form.In either case,the core is con 这种构造类型贝壳形式。其中任意一种类型，磁心都structed of thin laminations electrically isolated form each other in order i 是由排列整齐的彼此之间电气隔离的薄迭片构成，n order to reduce eddy currents to a minimum.
The primary and secondary windings in a physical transformer are wrapp 一个物理变压器的一次绕组和二次绕组被缠绕成一个在内部的另一ed one on top of the other with the low-voltage winding innermost.Such a 个低压绕组的上面。这样安n arrangement severs two purposes: 1.It simplifies the problem of insulati 排达到了两个目的： 1.它简化了从磁芯到高压绕组的绝ng the high- voltage winding from the core.2.It results in much less leaka 缘问题。 2. 与过去将两个绕组在磁心上
ge flux than would be the two windings were separated by a distance on t 隔离一定距离比起来，它导致更少的漏通量。
he core.
Power transformer are given a variety of different names, depending on th 电力变压器被赋予了很多不同的名字，取决于它们在eir use in power systems.Atransformer connected to the output of a gener 当前系统中的作用。一变压器连接到一个发电机的输出端，
ator and used to step its voltage up to transformer levels is sometimes call 并且用于步调它的电压达到变压器值有时被叫做单位变压器。ed unit transformer. The transformer ai the other end of the transformer li
变压器一个排在另一个后面——将电压从传送值ne,which steps the voltage down from transmission levls to distribution le 步降到分布值，
vels,is called a substation transformer.Finally,the transformer that takes th 被叫做变电站。最后，变压器将分布电压和步幅e distribution voltage and steps is down to the final voltage ai which the p 降到最后的实际使用的电能被叫做发送变压器。
ower is actually used is called a distribution transformer.All these devices
所有这些设备本 are essentially the same-the only difference among them is their intended 质上都是相同的——它们之间唯一不同的是它们的特定用途。
use.
In addition to the various power transformer, two special-purpose trans 除了各种电力变压器两个专用变压器使用电formers are used with electric machinery and power systems.The first of t 动机械和电力系统这些特殊hese special transformers is a device specially designed to sample a high 变压器中的第一个是一个专门简化高电压产生较低的二次电压而设voltage and produce a low secondary voltage directly proportional to it.S 计的装置
uch a transformer is called a potential transformer.A power transformer al 例如一个变压器叫做电压互感器一个电力变压器也产so produces a secondary voltage directly proportional to its primary volta 生二次电压直接与它的初级电压成正比
ge;the difference between a potential transformer and a power transforme 之间差异的一个潜在功率变压器和一个变压器，是潜在的变压器r is that the potential transformer is designed to handle only a very small c 是设计来处理只有一个很电流。
urrent.The second type of special transformer is a device designed to prov 在第二种类型的变压器是一个特殊装置设计为提供一个二次侧ide a secondary current.much smaller than but directly proportional to its 电流。多小但比比例对其直接初级电流。
primary current.This device is called a current transformer.
这个装置叫做电流互感器
Lingting protection
防雷保护
The thunder and lightning protects to connect the ground; Connect the gr 雷电保护接地是避雷技术最重要的环节，不管是直击雷、ound to avoid the thunder the most important link of the technique, ignore 感应雷或其他形式的雷，避
is a shot thunder, respond the thunder of the thunder or other form, and a 雷工作的最终都是把雷电流送入大地。
void the thunder work most all of send into the earth the thunder electric current. Store the thunder energy to behave the type to build the , current t 储存雷能量为人类造福，目前科技echnology to still reach to not arrive, and therefore have no the reasonabl 还达不到，因此没有合理而良好的接地装置是不可能谈及防雷的。
e but good connect the ground equip to is impossible to speak about to de fend the thunder.Therefore say the design, the construction is very high st 所以说设计、施工好高标准的接地系统是防雷工作andard to connect the ground system is a heavy inside that defend thunder 的重中之重。
's work it heavy. High electric potential that For long time, people have an
长期以来，人们有一个错 illusion, and think that connect the ground electric resistance more small
觉，认为接地电阻越小避雷效果就越好，被保护的对象就安全。 avoid the thunder result and then more like, quilt object that protect safet y. Certainly the electric resistance is more the small is more quick, strike 当然电阻越小散流越快，雷击的by lightning to reserve time more short, the risk is more small, electric vo 高电位保留时间越短，危险性越小，其跨步电压、ltage of its stride, get in touch with the the electric voltage produce the m 接触电压产生的机遇也就越小。
achine too the more the ?But, construction that the fulfillment proof of ne
但是，近十几年来的实践证明，
ar and more than ten in the last yearses, with its say that connect the wort
与其说接地电阻值重要，
h importance of ground electric resistance, not equal to say that connect t
不如说接地装置的结构更合he ground to equip more reasonable, importance electricity equipments, d 理、重要。
emand variety that now's city, there is lots of in a building inside not the c 现在的城市，在一座建筑物内有许多不同性质的电气设ongeniality connect the ground device, if avoid the thunder to connect the 备，需要多种接地装置，如避雷接地、电气安全接地、交 ground, electricity the safety to connect the ground, AC power the work t 流电源工作接地、通信及计算机系统接地，
o connect the ground, correspondence and calculator system to connect th e ground, according to the fulfillment proof, totally use to connect the gro
根据实践证明，共用接地是应用最为广泛的und is an application most for extensive connect the local type. 接地方式。
That A, the independence connect the ground: As above part for demand 一、独立接地：如上面所谈到的需要接for speak ofing connecting the ground of, all distinguish to independently 地的部分，都分别独立地建立自己的
establish the own to connect the ground system, and this kind of connect 接地系统，这种接地方式称为独立接地。
the local type to call the independence to connect the ground. Its advantag
它的好处是e is each system and can't result in the mutual interference, and this is part 各系统之间不会造成互相干扰，这对通信系统尤其重要。
icularly important to correspondences systems.But the adoption independ
但网络容易被雷击坏，ence that network easily were strike by lightninged is bad, so besides hav
故除有防爆炸e to defend to explode the dangerous environment requesting to must wan 要求的危险环境必须要采用独立的避雷方式外，
t the adoption the independence of avoid the thunder method generally no
一般不主张采用独立接地的方式。
t lay claim to the way to connect the ground. Two, totally use to connect t
二、共用接地：
he ground: Also call unify to connect the ground.The each system that it c 也叫统一接地。它是把需要接地的各onnect the ground the demand unifies to receive a connect the ground to e 个系统统一接到一个接地装置上，
quip top, or is originally each system of connect the ground device to pass 或者把各系统原来的接地装置通过地下或者地上用金属导 the underground to perhaps and up link, make them the electricity for bec 体连接起来，使它们之间成为畅通的电气接oming of its to connect the ground to unify the ground net with metals co 地统一地网，这样的接地方式为共用接地。
nductor, like this of connect the local type is to totally use to connect the ground. it is current to use to connect the ground totally applied the most 共用接地是目前应用最广泛的接地方式。
extensive connect the local type. Each system that Three, conn
三、一点接地：
ect the ground 1:00: Method that connecting the ground line to receive to 把各系统的接地线接到接地母线同一点或同一金属平面上，connect the same point or same metals flat surface of line of ground moth
er of each system is up, like this call" connect the ground 1:00" method.
这样的方法叫"一点接地"法。
Connect 1:00 the ground method can resolve the etc. Electric potential to 一点接地法能解决各系统接地线的等电位问题，所以能够降低各系connect the ground line the problem, can therefore lower of each system c 统之间的干扰程度，
an cancellation of top of interference fundamental for of interference degr ee, particularly is 50 HZ work signal to system, and connect the ground m 尤其是50HZ工频信号对系统的干扰基本上得以消除，
ethod on the engineering to get the extensive application therefore and 1: 所以一点接地法在工程上得到广泛应用。
00. Four, the many point connect the ground:The ground line o
四、多点接地：各系统的接地线
f connectin
g of eac
h system adopt many pointses short on-line connect th 采用多点短连线的接地方式，称作多点接地。
e local type, and call to much order to connect the ground. Five mix with to connect the ground: Metals line that so- called admixture con 五、混合接地：所谓混合接地是在一部设备内的各电路板以最短的nect the ground to is at an each circuit board in equipments to connect, or 导线与机壳连接，
related and a few equipmentses of signal electric circuits, with the most s 或者信号电路相关的几部设备，以最短的导线与
hort line with the same of metals to link to connect the ground with the m 同一个金属体连接接地，
ost short line and machine hull, then the equipments of many sets use resp
然后多台设备分别用金属线接到地网ectively the same point top to receive the ground net. Six, the wreath for 的同一点上。六、环形接地多用m connect the ground to much used for the ground net, be connect the gro 于地网，就是把接地体沿und to round along building surroundings a shut to match the wreath. like 建筑物周围围成一个闭合环。
this of connect the electric field that ground net can make the interface in 这样的接地网可以使到界面以内的电场分布比较均匀，
cluding distribute even, reduce the stride electric voltage to bane person,
减少跨步电压对人的危害，
and also reduce the indoors while suffering strike by lightning, because o 也减少室内在受雷击时，由于地面f the ground electric potential the steps degree is big but produce the dang 电位梯度大而产生对设备高压反击的危险。
er to counter-attack to equipments high pressure. Seven, the foundation c
七、基础接地体：onnect the ground:Make use of the reinforcing bar in the building foundat 利用建筑物基础内的钢筋，
ion, and press" norm" the request the conjunction to create of connect the 按"规范"要求连接制作的接地体称为基础接地体。
ground to call the foundation to connect the ground.
论文外文文献翻译3000字左右
南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月
Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.
电气外文文献-翻译
Circuit breaker 断路器 Compressed air circuit breaker is a mechanical switch equipm ent, can be i 空气压缩断路器是一种机械开关设备，能够在n normal and special conditions breaking current (such as sho rt circuit cur 正常和特殊情况下开断电流（比如说短路电流）。 rent). For example, air circuit breaker, oil circuit breaker, interf erence circ 例如空气断路器、油断路器，干扰电路的导体uit conductor for the application of the safety and reliability o f the circuit 干扰电路的导体因该安全可靠的应用于其中， breaker, current in arc from is usually divided into the followin g grades: a 电流断路器按灭弧远离通常被分为如下等级：ir switch circuit breaker, oil circuit breaker, less oil circuit break er, compr 空气开关断路器、油断路器、少油断路器、压缩空essed air circuit breaker, a degaussing of isolating switch, six s ulfur hexaf
快速外文文献翻译
快速外文文献翻译 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.360docs.net/doc/262634845.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.360docs.net/doc/262634845.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.360docs.net/doc/262634845.html, 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：https://www.360docs.net/doc/262634845.html,/6946901637944806 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大
土木工程外文文献及翻译
本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源：国道数据库 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2008.3.25 院（部）：土木工程学院 专业：土木工程 班级：土木辅修091 姓名：武建伟 学号：2008121008 指导教师：周学军、李相云 翻译日期： 20012.6.1
外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文原文 Mechanical Design Abstract: A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers. Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design Process The Design Process Designing starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
土木工程外文文献翻译
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面
1、 外文原文 A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer Th e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t o f t he d ig it al co m pu te r an d th e i n te gr at ed c i rc ui t a rg ua bl y t h e to w m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1]. Th es e t ow ty pe s of ar ch it ec tu re a re fo un d i n s in g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he spl i t pr og ra m/da ta m e mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A -1, o th ers fo ll ow t he p h il os op hy , wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al -p ur po se co m pu te rs a nd m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng n o log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m an d d at a m e mo ry a s i n t he P r in ce to n ar ch ite c tu re , sh ow n i n F ig.3-5A-2. In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e -chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s c h ar ac te ri ze d b y t h e i nc or po ra ti on o f a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce , as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A -3. Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type Program memory Data memory CPU Input& Output unit memory CPU Input& Output unit
外文文献翻译助手
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.360docs.net/doc/262634845.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.360docs.net/doc/262634845.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.360docs.net/doc/262634845.html, 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：https://www.360docs.net/doc/262634845.html,/6946901637944806 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。 具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面） 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔
土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译
PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,
电气工程外文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：电气信息学院 专业：电气工程及其自动化 姓名：郭骥翔 学号： 081001227 外文出处： Adaptive torque control of variable speed wind turbines 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日(用外文写)
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 多种风力涡轮机的适应性转矩控制 4.5 使用SymDyn进行仿真 所有先前所描述的模拟是使用SimInt来演示的，其中，如前所述，包括唯一的转子角速度自由度，与复杂的仿真工具比，如SymDyn和FAST，他能够更快的运行。然而，为了确认目的，与其他更流行的仿真工具比较SimInt在适应运行上的增益是很有价值的。适应性的增加并不是期望它能够同等的适应每一个仿真工具，因为每个仿真工具都有其独到的涡轮机模型。但是如果每个涡轮机的造型都相同，如同本例，那么在SimInt 和SymDyn中则有着基本相似的适应性增益(CART)。在数据4-10中，这种相似性被明显的显示出来。 SimInt和SymDyn仿真工具都是由零时刻开始，而且大多数参数初值都相同，如M，角速度等。然而，尽管这两个涡轮机模型都设立了最佳转矩控制M*，但是CP表面却有着不同程度的峰值。因此为了使初始过程大致相同，初始Pfavg值应有相同的最大比例，而不是相同的绝对值。在显示标准化M值4-10的上图中，显示了合理的类似数据。但在30到60小时后，仿真工具的适应性增益开始出现分歧。但在此之后，他们再次互相接近，在从模拟开始100小时到模拟结束这段时间，他们保持基本重合。从下图中也可以清楚的观察出，每个仿真工具都在调整他们的增益M，并采集最大输出功率。 尽管SimInt仿真速度差不多是SymDyn仿真速度的五倍，在图4-10中所显示的SymDyn 数据是唯一一个可以验证适应性增益法则的模拟工具。在这个展示了两个模拟工具合理