style and stylistics 文体与文体学
(最新整理)Stylistics(英语文体学)
II. What is style?
style as rhetoric — Gorgias（风格即 修辞）;
style as form — Aristotle（风格即形 式）;
style as eloquence — Cicero (风格即 雄辩术);
proper words in proper places —
2021/7/26
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Langue(语言)(Longman Dictionary P382)
The French word for “language”. The
term was used by the linguist Saussure
to mean the system of a language, that is the arrangement of sounds and
interpretation of the text; or in order to
relate literary effects to linguistic
‘causes’ where these are felt to be
relevant…. Stylisticians want to avoid
situationally-distinctive uses of
language, with particular reference to
literary language, and tries to establish
principles capable of accounting for the
saying the right thing in the most effective way — Enkvist（以最有效 的方式讲恰当的事情） ;
文体翻译
7.文体学研究采用什么方法？
采用描写、比较、频率统计三个方法。 （1）描写：从语言、修辞、语义、语用角度 对各种文体进行分析。 （2）比较：不同文体或同一文体的不同文献 品种和体裁之间进行对比，找出它们之间 的对应关系、共同来源和发展趋向，了解 不同语篇结构的个性和共性。
(3)适切：根据实用语篇的功能和目的，译文要进行调整， 适合译入国的规范。 伴随着改革开放的脚步，21幼儿园走过了13年的发展历程， 经过全体职工的努力，他们连续7年被评为区级教育工作 和全面工作管理优秀单位；1997-1999年市先进单位。 The 21st Kindergarten has been a success since it was set up 13 years ago. For 7 consecutive years, it has been given various honorary titles by Hedong Disitrct. From 1997 to 1999 it was commended by the municipal government for its hygienic conditions.（李欣译） 评：原文套话多，“优秀单位”、“先进单位”很难定义， 如果照直翻译，显得臃肿，英语读者不解。
(2)商业经济英语： A.学术英语：经济学、会计学、经贸 B.职业英语：秘书、会计、外销员 (3)社科英语： A.学术英语：新闻、法律、图书馆学 B.职业英语：法官、记者、图书管理员
9.文体的功能特征是什么？ (1)信息性： The world's largest economy expanded at a 3.5pc annual pace in the third quarter of the year, marking the end of a recession that has cost 7.2 million American jobs and prompted the most radical Government response since the Depression of the 1930s. The figure topped the prediction of Wall Street analysts who had pencilled in growth of 3.2pc. 世界最大的经济体美国今年第三季度经济增长3.5%， 此为经济衰退结束的信号。本次危机使美国失去720万工 作岗位，美国政府采取了1930年来代以来最为激进的措施。 该数据比华尔街分析师的预测3.2%要高。
Stylistics
西方古代的文体学研究
古希腊时期
智者派(The Sophists, 500 - 300 B.C.) Oratory–Persuasion in public - Verbal Artistry– Embellishment
–Probability - Neutrality in Truth and Virtue – Logos and Pathos 柏拉图(Plato,427-347 B.C.)
Criticism of style over substance – Emphasis on ethical
application in training of rhetoric (or style)
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西塞罗和昆提良的文体层次说
High or grand style：calling for strong emotions and elevated
However, in Linguistic Criticism, Roger Fowler makes the point that, in non-theoretical usage, the word stylistics makes sense and is useful in referring to an enormous range of literary contexts, such as John Milton‟s „grand style‟, the „prose style‟ of Henry James, the „epic‟ and „ballad style‟ of classical Greek literature, etc. (Fowler, 1996: 185).
文体与文体学讲义(+怎样分析英诗)
文体与文体学讲义第一章文体与文体学In this chapter, two major concerns will be presented, one is the definition, the origin, goal, and procedure of stylistics, another the definition of style, which is a heated discussion in academic areas.Part I Stylistics1 Definition of StylisticsStylistics in simple terms means the study of style.Widdowson (1975:3), “By stylistics, I mean the study of literary discourse from a linguistics orientation and I shall take the view that what distinguishes stylistics from literary criticism on the one hand and linguistics on the other hand is that it is essentially a means of linking the two.”Leech, holds a similar view. He defines stylistics as “the study of the use of language in literature”(1969:1), and considers stylistics a “meeting-ground of linguistics and literary study”(1969:2) From what Widdowson and Leech say, we can see that stylistics is an area of study which straddle two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics.It takes literary discourse (text) as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end. Now stylistics has developed into an interdisciplinary area of study with explicit aims and effective techniques, and promises to offer useful insights into literary criticism and the teaching of literature.English stylistics has developed on the basis of traditional rhetoric which may be traced back to Aristole’s time. Nevertheless, it was the ‘three revolutions’ in social science that brought it to the right track and brought it about its present status.One of the revolutions is the modernist movement in art and literature, lasting from 1890 to the beginning of World War II. To a great extent, the revolution was a break with tradition in the ways it influenced both the content and language of literature. From this movement onwards, creative writers exercise no restraints on the sort of language they use in their writing. In modernist literature, readers could find much to surprise them in respect to content as well as language.Another revolution is the one in literature criticism which has had a profound and radical influence on stylistics. In the 1930’s, the critical theorist, I.A. Richards, expressed his dissatisfaction with those critics of his age. In his opinion, they seemed to be too much preoccupied with literature’s role in educating the readers morally and emotionally. He called for a more objective approach to literary texts. in his famous book, Practical criticism, he established an approach to poetry which depend on close reading of the text. He was joined by scholars such as Willian Empson whose work Seven Types of Ambiguity had a wide influence and promoted the concept of ambiguity as a defining linguistic characteristic of poetry. Their insistence on close reading of the text and analysis of language of the text coincides with the starting point of stylistics, thus greatly facilitating its development.The third revolution took place in linguistic science starting in the late 1950. It was initiated by the work of Noam Chomsky and Michael Halliday whose thoughts were directly or indirectly influenced by the linguistic theory of F. de Sassure, the founder of modern linguistics. Chomsky’s transformational-generative grammar revealed a system of surface structure and deep structure in English syntax. It also brought about a new awareness of how the human mind is innately able to systematize reality by the use of language. Halliday’s systemic grammar has offered many insights into the methods of text analysis, particularly in respect of cohesion between sentences in discourse. The work done in the field of linguistics in the last three decades has provided the stylistician with effective and completely new tools for investigating language in use in both literature and other types of discourse. The above mentioned revolutions, in their own ways, have played a fundamental role in shaping stylistics into the important interdisciplinary field of academic study that it is today.1.2 The origin of stylistics and its research school文体学首先来自于古代的修辞学，来自于亚里斯多得的修辞论。
第8章 文体学批评
2，文体作为变异
• 变异说是目前一种非常流行的文体观，认为文体 就是对常规的偏离。
• （1）语音变异。指诗歌语言在重读、押韵、平仄等方 面的非常规变化； • （2）书写变异。有两种情况：一是发音变异在书写上 的体现，二是在排版、标点以及打印等方面的变异。
• （3）词汇变异。主要是指新造词，在文学作品中主要 是为特定语境来服务；
中国古代文体学批评的主要内容
• 一、对语言或修辞的研究 • 二、文体辨析 • 1、文体类别辨析 • 2、文体风格辨析 • 3、文体源流辨析
中国古代文体学批评的特色
• 1、与泛文化的文学观念相联系，中国古代 文体学中既有狭义文体的讨论，也有广义文 体的讨论，内容极为丰富；
中国古代文体学批评的特色
王世贞论文体
首尾开阖，繁简奇正，各极其度， 篇法也：抑扬顿挫，长短节奏，各极 其致，句法也；点缀关键，金石绮彩， 各极其造。字法也。篇有百尺之锦， 句有千钧之驽，字有百炼之金。
--徐师曾：《文体明辨序说·文章纲领》
夫文章之有体裁，犹宫室之有制度， 器皿之有法式也。 ---（明）徐师曾 文章之有体也，此陶冶之型范，而方 圆之规矩也。 ---（明）顾尔行
• 2、具有一定的整体性和开放性，注重文体 的文化功能和语言风格的必要联系，注重文 体研究在语体、风格、体裁多个层面的展开；
中国古代文体学批评的特色
• 3、更侧重于写作层面的讨论。与当下文体 学批评侧重阅读和批评的视野之间正可以达 成某种互为补充的作用。中国古代文体学的 珍贵遗产值得我们不断深入研究和总结。
• 文体学
• 是研究各种文体中语言的表达方式和表 达效果的一门学科。广义研究各种问题 的语言表达；狭义则集中研究文学文体 的语言。
韦勒克、沃伦《文学理论》论“文体学”
Lecture 1 Style and Stylistics(2)
5) Style Related to Functions of Texts (why is sth expressed)
• Different texts have different functions, e.g. to transfer information, to call upon people’s action, to express writer’s feeling, etc. To achieve these function may require different forms/styles in writing. • e.g. [1.16] on P9
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4) Style Related to Occasion (when and where is sth expressed)
• The same meaning can be expressed in different wordings depending on the specific occasions/contexts given. Hence, different styles are created. • See [1.1], [1.2] on P2 • a). My beloved father has joined the heavenly choir. • B) My dear father has passed away. • C) My father has died. • D) My old man has kicked the bucket.
Lecture One
Style and Stylistics
1
Outline of Content
• • • • • • Introduction 1.1. Factors Deciding Style 1.2. Definitions of Style 1.3. Stylistics 1.4. The Needs for Stylistics 1.5. Procedure & Principles of Stylistic Analysis
文体学课件Chapter1分析
of language on which most linguists agree.
And in which aspects of language does stylistics focus on?
The language of a participant in a social activity reflects his social characteristics (such as his status, ethnic group, age and sex), his awareness of the various factors of a social situation, etc.
English Stylistics: A New Course Book
Instructed by Zhuying
Course related Questions
Questions
Who
– Who is the founder of stylistics?
What
– What does stylistics study? – What is style and stylistics?
Why
– Why do we study stylistics?
How
– How do we make stylistic analysis?
Who is the founder of stylistics?
The founder of stylistics: Charles Bally, the student of Saussure, is the most influential linguist in the first generation in Geneva School which was founded by Saussure.
文体学
7)registers:field of discourse is the subject matter,mode of discourse is the linguistic reflection of the relationship that the language user has to the medium of communication,tenor of discourse is the linguistic reflection of the personal relationships between speaker/writer and hearer/reader--called personal tenor.Registers are distinctive varieties of language used in different types of situation.
8)Aims at providing a methodology of analysis--a clear technique of description which, ideally, will allow any persons to cope with any text they want to study, a procedure that can ensure that no items of stylistic significance is overlooked.ordered approach:take the object of study-a text, work through the text carefully, note down its stylistic features, and discuss them in terms of a number of levels of language--substantial,formal and situational.
文体学
• 定义3: David Crystal • Investigating English Style • There are four commonly occurring senses of the term STYLE: • 1)some or all the language habits(i.e. speech and writing habits) of one person: Shakespeare, James Joyce, Hemingway.
• Familiarize yourself with different figures of speech, such as • oxymoron, paradox, synecdoche, metonymy, metaphor, irony, ambiguity, over/understatement, alliteration, rhyme, assonace, consonace, onomatopoeia, repetition, parallelism etc.
• • • • • • • •
Part Four: Some Practical Varieties 1. Coversation 2. Public speaking 3. English for Science and Technology 4. Journalese 5. Advertising 6. Literary English 7. Legal documents
• • • • •
Part Three: Situational Varieties 1 Varieties in relation to regions 2 Varieties in relation to media 3 Varieties in relation to attitude 4 Varieties in relation to social factors
英语翻译
Introduction to the Course of Translation Theories and PracticeHuang MinSchool of Foreign StudiesCUMTQuestions for discussion1. What is translation?2. How many categories do you think translation can be divided into, and what are they?3. What are the characteristics of translation? Describe it in detail, please.4. What is style and stylistics? What is the relationship between style and translation?5. What are we going to learn in this course?6. What is translation theory and what are translation techniques? What is the relationship between them?7. As a translator, what competence should you have? Can you describe it in detail?8. How can we learn the course well?·Translation is as old as a language itself , probably starting from thousands years ago . It has been used as an indispensable means of mediation , a useful aid to preaching and teaching , and to the social and culture , and commercial exchanges and mutual understanding between different peoples and different countries . It has become part of human life.Definitions of translation1) Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体.2) The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).翻译可作如下界定：用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（出发语）的文本材料.3) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.Definitions of translation译文应完全复写出原作的思想。