(最终稿)从芭芭拉____史密斯的黑人女性主义批评视角看《宠儿》的弑婴母题
南京晓庄学院本科生学士学位论文从芭芭拉·史密斯的黑人女性主义批评视角看《宠儿》的弑婴母题ON THE MOTIF OF INFANTICIDE IN BELOVED FROM PERSPECTIVE OF BARBARA SMITH’SBLACK FEMINIST CRITICISM所在院（系）：行知学院学生：张林枫指导老师：陈永研究起止日期：2010年6月至2011年4月二○一一年四月Abstract and Key WordsAbstract:Beloved by Toni Morrison is taken as the best of Morrison’s works. Based on the real story of Margaret Garner, a black woman, Morrison has presented a full picture of the miserable situation ofthe black women under the oppression of slavery. The present thesis attempts to make a tentative study on infanticide from perspective of Babara Smith’s black feminism theory. It mainly analyzes Sethe’s infanticide and presents what prompts her to kill her baby. Sethe is constantly exposed to the traumas under the oppression of slavery, racism and sexism, and her infanticide indicates her self-consciousness and resistance to these oppressions.Key words: infanticide; black feminism; Sethe摘要：托尼·莫里森的《宠儿》被誉为莫里森的最杰出的著作。
小说的原型来源于玛格丽特·加纳，一个女黑奴的真实经历。
本文试图从芭芭拉史密斯的黑人女性主义理论角度探究这部小说的弑婴主题。
本文着重分析塞丝的弑婴经历，并剖析其原因。
在奴隶制、种族主义以及性别歧视三重压迫下，塞丝身心遭受巨大的折磨。
塞丝的弑婴意味着她的觉醒和反抗。
关键词：弑婴；黑人女性主义；塞丝CONTENTS1. Introduction.................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
1.1 Introduction to Beloved1.2 Introduction to Toni Morrison and Black Feminism1.3 Literature Review2. Analysis of Infanticide in Beloved from the Feminist Perspective 错误！未定义书签。
2.1 Sethe’s Suffering fr om Slavery, Racism and Sexism2.2 Sethe’s Awakening of Self-consciousness2.3 Sethe’s Infanticide3. Conclusion (6)Bibliography (7)Acknowledgements (8)On the Motif of Infanticide in Beloved from the Perspective of Barbara Smith’s Black Feminist Criticism1. Introduction1.1 Introduction to Beloved and Toni MorrisonBeloved presents the truths that even history sometimes fails to deliver. Morrison dedicates the novel to “Sixty Million and More” slaves and acknowledges the freedom that all the slaves yearned for (Therese, 2001). The publication of Belove d in 1987 shakes the American literary world, and is heralded as a milestone in American literary history.Set in the Reconstruction era (1870-90) after the Civil War and emancipation, the novel revolves around a child murder case committed by a desperate slave mother in Cincinnati, Ohio for protecting her daughter from the potential sufferings of slavery. It is inspired by a true story of Margaret Garner, an escaped slave from Kentucky who chose death for herself and her children rather than suffering from the misery and indignity of slavery. However, she succeeded only in killing one and the rest were recaptured and sold. Morrison transplants the true story into the novel and creates the mother infanticide Sethe, and the dead baby Beloved (Andrews, 1999). This novel penetrates deeply into the hearts of black women and reveals their agonies and distorted maternal love under the multiple oppressions of sexism, racism and class prejudices imposed on black women.Toni Morison is the first black female writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. She is hailed as a remarkable representative of black female writers. She believes that she is a “black woman novelist”, as she says, “As a black and a woman, I have access to a range of emotions and perceptions that were unavailable to p eople who were neither.” (Caldwell, 1994: 243)Throughout her life, Toni Morrison has contributed to the study and development of black and women literature. In addition to Beloved, she has written even more novels. As a matter of fact, Morrison’s novels are closely associated with two notions: “black” and “female”. Seven out of her eight novels are drawn from women’s unique experiences. In her writings, Morrison is dedicated to breaking the stereotyped black female figures portrayed in the canon of American literature,vividly creates a wide range of new images of black women, and presents the black women’s subjectivity. Besides, Morrison is also engaged in the description of black men and their relationship with women. Morrison’s great concern over the i ssues of black men exerts profound influence on other black women writers and stimulates the shift of the focus in black feminist criticism. Toni Morrison clearlyknows her responsibility as an American black woman writer. She takes presenting the American social realities and destinies of common Americans as her major tasks. In Toni Morrison’s works, it is easy to perceive her sensitive insight, elegant language, talented writing and her honesty and outspokenness, with which she is able to reexamine the bl ack people’s experiences, especially the black women’s struggling against sexism, racism and classism.1.2 Introduction to Black FeminismBlack feminism is deep-rooted in the struggles of black women for generations. The introduction of black feminism into literature is of great importance. Among the black feminism critics, Barbara Smith is a forerunner. In her landmark essay “Toward a Black Feminist Criticism” published in 1977, Barbara Smith names black feminist criticism and explicitly states the three points: first, feminist criticism must recognize the long literary history of black women because “black women writers constitute an identifiable literary tradition which parallels the tradition of Black men and white women”.(Showalter, 1985:174) Second, black feminist critics should “look first for precedents and insights in interpretation within works of other Black women.” (Showalter, 1985:175) Third, the politics of sex and the politics of race and gender are critically interlocked in the writings of Black women writers. Beloved reveals Barbara Smith’s two basic principles that black feminist criticism is expected to follow. Morrison agrees with the notion that “the politics of sex as well as the politics of race and class are crucially interlocking fac tors” (Showalter, 1985:170). Therefore, she makes an intensive analysis of how complexities of class, race, and sex affect black women and the whole Afro-American ethnic group.1.3 Literature ReviewEver since its publication, Beloved has drawn attention from critics and scholars, who attempt to interpret it from as many different perspectives as possible.Some critics take the novel as an expression of ideology. Some critics focus on mothering and motherhood. To Margaret Atwood, the focus is on Sethe. Beloved should be interpreted as a tale of thick maternal love seeking for an ultimate way out for liberation of the black women. Jan Furman takes the novel as a song for Sethe’s maternal love and sacrifice. Stephanie A. Demetrakopoulous explores how slav ery denies Sethe’s maternal love and twists it into a terrible infanticide. Ashraf H. A. Rushdy, based on Sigmund Freud’s theory, analyzes the characters from perspective of psychology. Feminists attempt to interpret the novel from a feminist perspective b y analyzing the nature of woman slave’s oppression (Tian Wei, 2008).In China, the critical studies of Beloved mainly focus on the analysis of the novel’s narrative characteristics, theme, mother-daughter relationship,symbolism and imagery.Zhao Na (2006) interprets the main characters in the novel and how they suffer from the traumas based on Freud’s psychological theory. She concludes in her MA thesis, based on history, represents the history of the black’s being oppressed and seeking for identity. Hao Xianfeng (2010) explores the hardships that Sethe experiences in the journey of gaining freedom and liberation. According to Hao, it is the genuine love that overthrows the cruel slavery. Zhao Yan (2010) explores the employment of symbolism in the novel. He points out that the employment of symbolism plays an important role in presenting human beings’ mentality, promoting the development of plot, deepening the theme of the novel and expanding the readers’ imagination.The findings of critics indicate that Beloved is loaded with implications. Although these studies have touched upon infanticide, no intensive study has been made on the topic from the feminist perspective. The introduction of feminist criticism into literature actually provides us with a totally new perspective to interpret the novel.2. Analysis of Infanticide in Beloved from the Feminist PerspectiveThe woman protagonist, Sethe, is a typical American black woman slave in a society controlled by slavery. She constantly rebels against the traditional mold imposed on black women and explores freedom and independence. Therefore, she stands far apart from other Negroes. Despite her resolution and boldness, Sethe leads an unhappy life as she is haunted by the past experience of infanticide.2.1 Sethe’s Suffering from Slavery, Racism and SexismSlavery, racism and sexism are the common themes in black literature. In Beloved, Morrison explores the issues through portraying a series of female characters. Description of Sethe best manifests the themes. Sethe lives under the triple oppressions of slavery, racism and sexism.The formation of slavery is based on the notion that slaves are the legal property of slave owners, which indicates that the slaves are not treated as human beings but objects. Under the slavery system, black women are suffering from the poor economic conditions;thus, they have to work outside their homes, which makes it hardly possible for them to offer proper care to their children. The slavery system not only erodes the black physically, but also destroys them spiritually. Slavery fetters them in that the slaves cannot lift themselves out of their miserable life. In Beloved, Sethe, as a capable black woman and mother, is suffering from loss of motherhood under slavery. She cannot protect her children from being persecuted by slavery in a normal way.Thus, she unwillingly kills her daughter. When the ghost of the killed baby returns, Sethe feels obliged to provide Beloved, whether her daughter or not, “a bed to sleep in and som ebody there not worrying you to death about what you gotto do each day to deserve it” (Morrison, 2000: 67- 68). The slavery once leads to the loss if motherhood, as Kubitschek notes, “On the plantations...black women’s nurturance—from the physical (nursing milk) to the metaphysical (energy and patience)—is used up primarily in working fields and tending white children” (1998:166). Therefore, when the ghost returns, Sethe has her responsibility as a mother. But for Sethe, who was able to have her children w ith her, “the major means of protecting children from slavery is to value them” (Kubitschek, 1998: 166). All in all, slave women are worthless unless they have the capacity of producing children like animals.Persecuted by racism, Africans were forced to abandon their African language and culture. Instead, they were forced to accept a new language and culture of whites. In Beloved, Morrison displays the picture of Sethe’s childhood in a manner similar to montage. In the picture, Black men and women sing songs and dance. Sethe recalls her childhood back in Africa. “sometimes they danced the antelope. The men as well as the ma’ams, one of whom was certainly her own. They shifted shapes and became something other. Some unchained, demanding others whose feet knew her pulse better than she did” (Morrison, 2000: 31). When she is at early age, Sethe could understand the language, but several years later she cannot remember or recall her native language. The imposition of language and culture displays how deliberately a ruling group of white people maintains a social hierarchy to retain their own privileges, to exploit black people and to ultimately put them at the maximum disadvantage.Besides, sexism is another shackle imposed on the black woman. The black women are taken as a “natural thing” to provide labor and to give birth to new laborers. Their basic emotion of love is suppressed and ignored, and they are even deprived of the right to be a wife and woman. “Slaves not supposed to have pleasure feelings on their own; their bodies not supposed to be like that, but they have to have as many children as they can to please whoever owned them” (Morrison, 2000: 209). Sethe comes to Sweet Home simply because Baby Sugg is too old to work For Sethe, she is deprived of the maternal love. She has a vague memory of her mother. Nor does Sethe can remember what language her mother speaks. Besides, Sethe suffers from loss of names. Naming is a critical means of keeping track of identity, place of origin and family bloodline. In an interview with Thomas LeClair (1994), Morrison states the significance of names and naming: “If you come from Africa, your name is gone. It is particularly problematic because it is not just your name but your family, your tribe. When you die, how can y ou connect with your ancestors if you have lost your name? That’s a huge psychological scar” (cited in Peach, 1998: 57). Sethe has no idea of what her original American name is. As a result, she suffers from a serious identity crisis and the distorted mentality. As a salve woman, she has nothing. Sethe is nothing but a subhuman. She once believes that she has “animal characteristics.”2.2 Sethe’s Awakening of Self-consciousnessSethe is a victim to slavery. Living in a society rampant with racism and sexual discrimination, she is forced to lose the self-hood but accept the existing social order and patriarchal ideas. As Sethe was born to a slave mother, she is doomed to have the doomed identity---a slave. The deprivation of her mother’s love makes Sethe completely live in a world with shackles. It is impossible for a black child like Sethe to gain self-identity.Seth lives in Sweet Home, where the owner Mr. Garner claims that he treats his slaves as human beings. The men of Sweet Home have the rights of “buy [ing] a mother, choose a horse or a wife, handle guns, even learn reading if they wanted to” (Morrison 125), they were allowed to do so only as Garners’ property and within th e bounds of his property. During the time when Mr. Garner is in charge of the Sweet Home, Sethe has the fantasy for something unrealistic-living as the precocious child of benevolent white parents has. When Halle asks her to be his wife, Sethe happily agrees and then at a loss as to what to do next. Therefore, she turns to Mrs. Garner for help as she regards. Mrs. Garner as her loving parent. When Mr. Garner’s brother-in-law, the schoolteacher, takes over Sweet Home after Mr. Garner’s death, Sweet Home chan ges to a horrible black slave community. Schoolteacher attempts to instill into the pupils’ minds that the black are properties and animals. The school teacher’s teaching wakens Sethe, who gains the strength to plan an escape. Early, Sethe and other slaves plan to escape under the guidance of two men, because “only Sixo, who has been stealing away to see his woman, and Halle, who has been hired away for years, know what lies outside Sweet Home and how to get there (Morrison, 2000: 223).” However, their plan fails. Without men’s help and guidance, the six-month pregnant Sethe manages her harsh escape owing to her strong desire for life and freedom. “I did it. 1 got us all out. Without Halle too. Up till then it was the only thing I ever did on my own. Decided. And it came off right, like it was supposed to…” (Morrison, 2000: 162).The journey of escape indicates Sethe’s awakening of self-consciousness. Having been persecuted for a long period of time, Sethe is finally awakened that she should bravely struggle for freedom and identity. Sethe’s successful escape is kindled by her strong desire for maternal right and the bright future of her children. For the first time, she comes to realize that it is important to reclaim for maternal love and self-identity by freeing her from the slavery oppression.2.3 Sethe’s InfanticideThe event of infanticide runs throughout the novel. What is noteworthy is that the white people have nothing to do with the death of the baby, but that it is caused by the black and by the baby’s mother, a black woman. The elaboration on the infanticide helps reveal the forceful destruction that slavery has brought about to the black people both physically and spiritually.Sethe’s struggle for identity is highlighted when she kills her baby. When her milk for the baby is taken away, she decides to send her children away to construct the new identity for herself and herchildren as well.To protect her children from the cruel slavery, she courageously ends their lives. She will never allow her children to be persecuted by slavery and sexism. “And though she and the others lived through and got over it, she could never let it happen to her own. The best thing she was, was her children. Whites might dirty her all right, but not her best thing, her beautiful, magical best thing-the part of her that was clean.” (Morrison, 2000:251) She herself has suffered from the loss of her own mother and deprivation of the maternal love. Therefore, she knows well that her children would never belong to her as she is a slave mother. However, as a free woman, she believes that she has the right to love her children, so Sethe tries to “hurt the hurter” (Morrison, 2000:234) in the form of a handsaw. It is morally wrong. However, she should not be blamed for the deed. As a slave mother, she has no choice. The black women’s killing their infants can be justified when we take an in-depth look into what Elizabeth Fox-Genovese explains. For Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, children are the properties of their owners;thus, some slave women hold that “by killing an infant they loved, they would be in some wav reclaiming it as their own” (Fox-Genovese, 1998: 324). Infanticide is cruel, an action that human beings are ashamed of. However, it is the most consummate way to resist the notorious slavery in the most helpless situation. This extreme behavior to resist slavery clearly reveals she has realized that self-identity is inviolable. However, after an eighteen-year reflection on infanticide, Sethe gradually realizes that it is better to find an active way to protect children and her dignity as a human being.Infanticide is immoral and kind of crime. By presenting the miserable experiences of a slave mother, Morrison intends to arouse sympathy for Sethe. However, Morrison does not advocate infanticide as the act runs counter to the traditional African principle of survival. In Morrison’s mind, infanticide is “absolutely the right thing to do ...but also the thing you have no right to do” (Peach, 1998: 17). By describing Sethe, Morrison demonstrates the racial oppression poses threat to the humanity of both the oppressors and the oppressed.3. ConclusionToni Morrison, as the first black woman writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, makes immeasurable contributions to the contemporary literature, especially black women literature. The present thesis has made a tentative study on Sethe’s infanticide in her novel Beloved from the feminist perspective. Sethe is constantly exposed to the traumas as a result of slavery, racism and sexism, and her infanticide indicates her self-consciousness and resistance to the oppressions. The vivid portrait of Sethe makes Beloved become the manifesto of black feminism. Although Morrison breaks the stereotyped mother images---- all-nurturing, caring and devoted Great Mothers, the mother image represented by Sethe is more real. Although Sethe immorally kills her baby, she does that for helping her children gain freedom. It is expected that this study has contributed to Feminist studies and African A merican studies,and will help deepen readers’ understanding of the female protagonist in the novel.Bibliography[1] Andrews, William L.& Nellie Y Mckay. Toni Morrison’s Beloved: A Casebook [M]. New York: Oxford UniversityPress. 1999.[2] Caldwell, Gail. Author Toni Morrison Discusses Her Latest Novel Beloved [A], in Dandle Peach, [3] Fox-Genovese,Elizabeth. Within the Plantation Household [M]. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,1988.[4] Linden. Toni Morrison [M]. Palgrave Macmillan, 1998.[5] Morrison, Toni. Beloved [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.[6] Kubitschek, Missy Gehn. Toni Morrison: a Critical Companion[M]. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press,1998.[7] Showalter, Elaine, eds. The New Feminist Criticism: Essays on Women, Literature, and Theory[M]. New York:Random House, 1985.[8]Taylor-Guthrie (eds) Conversation with Toni Morrison [C]. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1994.[9] Therese, E. Higgins. Studies in African American History [M]. New York: Routledge, 2001.[10] 郝险峰. 《宠儿》黑人农奴制最后的复仇与解体[J]. 长城.2010 (6).[11] 田巍. 破茧重生—对《宠儿》的女性哥特解读[D]. 华北电力大学硕士学位论文, 2008.[12] 赵娜. 伤痛与愈合: 托尼莫里森小说《宠儿》中癔症的精神分析研究[D]. 西北大学硕士学位论文, 2006.[13] 赵燕. 《宠儿》中象征意蕴的多重解读[J]. 考试周刊, 2010 (43).。
《挣脱双重桎梏,重建精彩人生—后殖民女性主义解读《宠儿》》范文
《挣脱双重桎梏，重建精彩人生—后殖民女性主义解读《宠儿》》篇一一、引言托妮·莫里森的《宠儿》是一部深入探讨美国南方种族与性别压迫的经典作品。
这部小说以独特的后殖民女性主义视角，揭示了黑人女性在历史与现实中的挣扎与抗争。
本文旨在运用后殖民女性主义理论，对《宠儿》进行深入解读，探讨主人公如何挣脱双重桎梏，重建精彩人生。
二、双重桎梏：种族与性别的压迫在《宠儿》中，主人公塞丝所面临的双重桎梏主要表现在种族与性别的压迫上。
作为黑人女性，她在白人至上的社会中饱受歧视与压迫。
在种族问题上，黑人被剥夺了尊严与权利，被视为低人一等。
在性别问题上，女性则长期处于从属地位，缺乏自主权与话语权。
塞丝所面临的正是这种种族与性别双重压迫的困境。
三、后殖民女性主义的解读后殖民女性主义理论认为，种族与性别的压迫是相互交织、相互影响的。
在《宠儿》中，这种理论得到了充分体现。
塞丝在遭受白人奴隶主的压迫的同时，还要面对社会对黑人女性的刻板印象与偏见。
后殖民女性主义强调女性的主体性与自我认同，认为女性应该摆脱种族与性别的束缚，争取自身的尊严与权利。
四、挣脱桎梏，重建精彩人生面对种族与性别的双重压迫，塞丝选择了勇敢地抗争。
她通过自我救赎与帮助他人来摆脱桎梏，逐渐找回自我价值与尊严。
在小说中，塞丝的成长与变化成为了一个重要的主题。
她从最初的无奈与屈服，到后来的勇敢与坚强，最终实现了对自我的认同与重塑。
此外，她还通过与其他黑人女性的团结与合作，共同抵抗种族与性别的压迫，为黑人女性争取了更多的权利与尊严。
五、结论通过对《宠儿》的后殖民女性主义解读，我们可以看到黑人女性在历史与现实中的挣扎与抗争。
在种族与性别的双重压迫下，她们不断寻求自我救赎与自我认同。
而塞丝的成长与变化正是这种努力的体现。
她通过勇敢地抗争，逐渐摆脱了桎梏，实现了对自我的重塑与认同。
同时，她也为我们展示了黑人女性如何通过团结与合作，共同抵抗压迫，为自身争取更多的权利与尊严。
（最终稿）从芭芭拉____史密斯的黑人女性主义批评视角看《宠儿》的弑婴母题
（最终稿）从芭芭拉____史密斯的黑人女性主义批评视角看《宠儿》的弑婴母题南京晓庄学院本科生学士学位论文从芭芭拉·史密斯的黑人女性主义批评视角看《宠儿》的弑婴母题ON THE MOTIF OF INFANTICIDE IN BELOVED FROM PERSPECTIVE OF BARBARA SMITH’SBLACK FEMINIST CRITICISM所在院（系）：行知学院学生：张林枫指导老师：陈永研究起止日期：2010年6月至2011年4月二○一一年四月Abstract and Key WordsAbstract:Beloved by Toni Morrison is taken as the best of Morrison’s works. Based on the real story of Margaret Garner, a black woman, Morrison has presented a full picture of the miserable situation ofthe black women under the oppression of slavery. The present thesis attempts to make a tentative study on infanticide from perspective of Babara Smith’s black feminism theory. It mainly analyzes Sethe’s infanticide and presents what prompts her to kill her baby. Sethe is constantly exposed to the traumas under the oppression of slavery, racism and sexism, and her infanticide indicates her self-consciousness and resistance to these oppressions.Key words: infanticide; black feminism; Sethe摘要：托尼·莫里森的《宠儿》被誉为莫里森的最杰出的著作。
英美文化论文：浅论《宠儿》中美国黑人女性独立人格的价值分析
浅论《宠儿》中美国黑人女性独立人格的价值分析一、介绍莫里森为《宠儿》一书所选取的场景是辛辛那提城郊的蓝石路124 号凶宅。
虽然奴隶制已被废除 10 年了，但被杀婴儿---"宠儿"的冤魂一直在家中肆虐，家人中死的死，精神崩溃的精神奔溃。
最后，是成长起来的另一个女儿丹芙和黑人民众一起帮助她摆脱了宠儿，开始面对新生活。
《宠儿》是一部旨在揭示奴隶制精神贻害的小说，主人公赛丝通过自己的顽强斗志，逃离了控制其人身自由，迫害其身心的农场。
而这些男性黑奴们却没能做到。
为了不被奴隶主抓回，她万般无奈下亲手杀死自己的女儿。
虽然这种行为在白人眼里应该受到道义上的谴责，但赛丝暴烈的母爱将这种行为中的否定奴隶制倾向发挥到极致，其实是顺理成章的结果，其意义在于，一个奴隶第一次真正成为自己生命的主宰，她身上人性的高贵、丰盈和美丽全系于那挑战历史必然的非理性方式。
二、逃亡在美国历史上，奴隶制是人们不想再提及，刻意去遗忘的一段黑暗历史。
奴隶是奴隶主的合法财产，这就是奴隶制形成的基础。
换句话说，奴隶没有人权，所以可以被随意买卖，为奴隶主赚取利益。
在奴隶体制中，任何家庭中的孩子都可能随时被卖出，远离父母。
像其他孩子一样，小赛丝由一个叫做南的独臂奴隶妇女抚养。
她的生母只抚养她一个月的时间。
当她长到 13 岁时，她被卖给了加纳先生。
赛丝非常幸运，能在"甜蜜之家"中度过了"six years of happy marriage".加纳夫妇是最仁慈的奴隶主的典型代表。
莫里森试图唤醒奴隶，因为他们错误地认为奴隶主是仁慈的，有同情心的。
莫里森通过本书告知读者，所有奴隶主对奴隶的所作所为比起加纳夫妇对赛丝的所作所为有过之而无不及，进而揭露奴隶制的罪恶本性。
赛丝所生活的农场---"甜蜜之家",是一个半乌托邦的农场。
在奴隶制下，它不可能成为一个真正的家。
在农场的男性奴隶有权利"buy a mother, choose a horse, ora wife, handle guns, even learn reading if they wanted to". 但还是加纳夫妇的财产。
女性主义视野下的《宠儿》中的黑人女性角色浅析
魔鬼 ，因此她被邻居孤 立 ，她 的住 所常受 困扰 。 “要 么是爱 ，要 么不
１．２ 宠儿 的剧 情介 绍
是 ，淡 的爱根木就不是爱 。”这句 出自一个女黑奴中的话 ，这 句决绝而
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
《宠儿 》 讲述 了这 样一 个故 事 ：１８５５年 ，女 黑 奴塞 丝怀 有身 孕 又母性的话 ，不 能不说 ，莫里森 的这种写法 让阅读者感 到无 比的沉 重
的讲 述 ，这对 莫 里 森 的世 界 观 影 响 很 大 。长 大 后 ，她 的生 活 、教 女人 ，她 渴望 自由和 理 想 的 生活 。她 也 很 勇 敢 ，为 了 自由 。怀 着
育 、以及 工作 经 历 都 让 她 有 意识 的关 注 黑 人 女 性 的 思 想 和 生 活 ， 身孕 ，逃 离 了 “甜蜜之 家 ”，只身前 往 “１２４”。当她 预料 到 女儿 长
塞 丝 的生 活 ，他 赶 走 了 鬼 魂 ，与 塞 泛 同 居 。不 久 ，宠 儿 以 肉身 还 表 美 国黑人女 性历 史 的宠儿 与 自己血 肉相 连 ，视 其 为 亲 密姐 妹 和
魂 ，进 入这 个家 庭 讨 还 爱 债 。为 了独 占母 亲 塞 丝 ，她 以身 体 引诱 玩 伴 ；另一方 面 ，当看 到 宠 儿 膨胀 的贪 欲几 乎 要 吞 噬 了 塞丝 整 个
从 肯 塔基 州 的 “甜蜜 之 家 ” 农 庄逃 亡 到 俄 亥 俄州 辛 辛 那 提 ，投 奔 又无 比的叹息 ，沉重的是爱 ，叹息的是 历史 。这个名 为宠 儿 的女 孩得
婆婆 贝 比 ·萨 格 斯 。奴 隶 主带 人 追 踪 而 至 ，为 了 不让 孩 子 成 为 奴 到 的最 大 的宠爱竟 然 是被母 亲毫 不 留情 的杀 害 。
《宠儿》中弑婴主题和母亲身份的建构
《宠儿》中弑婴主题和母亲身份的建构摘要：美国黑人女作家托尼·莫里森的小说《宠儿》取材于一个女黑奴因不愿孩子重复自己奴隶命运而杀死孩子的真实历史事件。
塞丝的弑婴行为包含了很多因素，有出于保护的心理，也有一种无知的反抗。
当她成为母亲后，她没有如何做好母亲的信息，她只知道她能给予孩子的爱就是不让孩子重复自己的悲惨命运。
可惜她骨子里对母性的无知还是让她选择了错误的反抗方式。
这时，宠儿魂灵的出现正好填补了她想要补偿过错的心理。
小说中多处暗示这个魂灵既有宠儿的姿态，又有塞丝母亲的影子，使塞丝在身为母亲和女儿这两种角色的交织中不断消耗自己，体现出塞丝在弑婴行为前后作为母亲的种种无奈。
关键词：《宠儿》弑婴主题母亲身份引言美国黑人女作家托尼·莫里森一直致力于黑人文学的研究与创作，因此，她的小说手法及情节往往摒弃了以往白人惯用的描述黑人的成分，独具黑人的历史特色。
她获普利策小说奖的小说《宠儿》就取材于一个真实的黑人历史事件，作家在进行故事改编时亦保留了那个让人唏嘘不已的故事情节，即女主人公在被奴隶主追踪时，亲手杀死了自己的女儿。
这段情节在小说中既是故事的一个高潮点，也是小说故事前后发展的连接线。
如何看待塞丝的弑婴行为，还要放在塞丝生活的特定环境下。
本文就将以塞丝自己的母性教育为出发点，探究塞丝自己的母性来源，从而分析塞丝的弑婴行为动机。
最后，回归到母亲本性上，了解塞丝对待宠儿万般宠爱的心理因素。
1弑婴行为之影响因素分析从塞丝的独白中，读者看到的并不是一个冷血的母亲，实际上她甚至是一个愿意为孩子无条件付出的高尚的母亲形象，所以她18年前亲手杀死自己的孩子却有着错综复杂的前因后果，而并非是她人性中的凶残所致。
这当中，既有当时社会存在的奴隶制这样一个不平等的制度因素，也有塞丝成长中人为影响的因素。
1.1社会制度的背景下在奴隶制下生活的黑人们往往有很多身不由己的无奈，他们被奴隶主无情的压迫、鞭打，他们并没有为自己生活的自由。
探索黑人女性心灵世界的重构——评莫里森小说《宠儿》
文学WEN XUE2017.07《宠儿》是美国著名作家托尼·莫里森创作的一部享誉世界的作品。
莫里森以其高超的写作手法，将当时环境下黑人女性受到种族和性别歧视及心灵创伤而导致的扭曲情感表现得淋漓尽致。
莫里森详尽地描写了在社会环境的压迫下黑人女性的内心世界，将这种矛盾、渴求自由的痛苦和艰辛展现得十分透彻。
笔者从女性主义角度对莫里森《宠儿》中黑人女性的刻画展开深刻思考，分析主人公的悲惨遭遇及其受到创伤的内心世界，探索黑人女性心灵世界的重构。
一、《宠儿》的创作背景和主题思想小说《宠儿》取材于历史上一个真实故事。
1873年，在美国俄亥俄州的辛辛那提小镇，一名叫玛格丽特·加纳的女性黑奴带着儿女从位于肯塔基的奴隶庄园逃亡到此，她曾经的主人带着下属跟来抓捕她，为了不再让自己的孩子遭遇与自己相同的悲惨命运，玛格丽特·加纳在极度绝望的痛苦之下杀死了自己的女儿。
莫里森在小说中将玛格丽特·加纳化名为“塞丝”，将她夭折的女儿称为“宠儿”，以其别具一格的写作手法和对生活的敏锐观察，通过黑人文学独特的语言表达形式，使用多种写作手法还原了这个故事，向世人讲述一位美国黑人母亲悲惨的、引人深思的经历。
在这部作品中，莫里森不仅描写了母爱和对自我价值的追寻，也侧面展现出黑人在长期奴隶制度压迫下心灵发生的变化。
《宠儿》这部作品中体现出典型的女性主义思想，以黑人女性在奴隶制度迫害下为追求自由、追寻自我所做的努力，打破了黑人女性在历史中“隐形人”的静默地位。
莫里森以《宠儿》中黑人女性心灵态度的转变昭告世界，即使这段历史带来的只有痛苦和屈辱的记忆，也绝不能遗忘。
二、女性主义的呼吁和宣扬在《宠儿》中，莫里森所刻画的三位黑人女主人公正是十分典型的黑人女性。
托尼·莫里森通过对塞丝、塞丝的婆婆贝比·萨格斯和小女儿丹芙这三位黑人女性的内心描写，展现出了奴隶制度下黑人女性不断追寻自我和社会认同、努力建立属于自身的主体意识的过程。
论托妮·莫里森小说《宠儿》中的杀婴主题
涡中心， 自 实行 救的这一主题。 关键词 : 《 宠儿》 杀婴 心理动机 女性主义
一、 引言
在国别文学研究中， 通常是本土文学享有中心话语权。 而黑人文学能在以白人为中心的美国文学界 占有重要的地 位， 产生深远的影响， 这足以引起评论界广泛的关注。莫里
森通过其代表作《 宠儿》 (Beloved)创作了一部凸显种族、 性 别和文化的典型， 并进而确立了自己在美国文学中的地位。 近年来， 虽然越来越多的学者将此作品作为研究对象， 但多
65
婴” 的心理学层面的研究。因而‘ ， 从心理学的层面对一个处
于边缘身份的黑人母亲的杀婴行为的深人研究似乎更具有
探讨的价值。
传 统 文学 作 品 中 . “ 亲 ” 往 是 圣 洁 、 良、 母 往 善 美好 的
解 读 文 学苏 盐城 224002 )
摘 要 : 莫里森的长篇小说《 宠儿》 描述 了美国社会 中 黑人的生存困境， 凸显了 性别、 种族和文化的问题。近年来，
形象。在西方基督教传统中， 母亲是女神和圣母的表征。 然而 ， 宠儿》 “ 在《 中，母亲” 这一主题却被异化了， 杀婴母
亲 以和天使母亲截然相反 的面 目出现。为了不让 自己孩
虽然越来越多的学者将此作品作为研究对象 但多停留在对 ，
作品内容细节的解释上，而从跨 学科或跨文化的角度时其 进行研究的文章则不多见。 以杀婴为基点， 从心理学和女性 主义角度关照黑奴母亲杀婴现象，深入分析这一现象背后 潜在的黑人文化与白人文化排斥与融合的历史现 实性 ， 并
进而阐释 黑人女性是如何走 出父权制和 白人女性主义的漩
黑人妇女以自 毁的极端行为来维护自己及其亲人的尊严， 充分表现和证实了她们作为主体人的不可侵犯性，使黑人
浅析《宠儿》中黑人女性的悲剧与觉醒三稿
吉林工商学院毕业论文题目名称：浅析《宠儿》中黑人女性的悲剧与觉醒院系：外国语学院英语系专业：英语专业学生姓名：单琪学号：421009401003指导教师：金艳丽年月日毕业论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交毕业论文，是本人在指导教师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。
除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。
对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。
本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。
论文作者签名：年月日浅析《宠儿》中黑人女性的悲剧与觉醒摘要：托妮·莫里森是美国历史上唯一一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的非裔美国女性作家。
她的作品总会带有浓郁的悲剧色彩，作为黑人作家，她对种族歧视有着独到的个人见解。
《宠儿》是托妮·莫里森最震撼人心，最成熟的代表作。
本篇论文就《宠儿》中三代黑人女性不同的成长经历进行论述，充分展现了处于弱势地位的黑人妇女在种族歧视和性别主义双重压迫下的心路历程。
尽管成长的道路坎坷异常，但黑人女性们任然依靠着自己坚强的意志力和不断地努力，走出悲剧的命运，获得自我意识的觉醒。
关键字：黑人女性；种族歧视；性别主义；悲剧；觉醒Abstract：Toni Morrison is the only Afro-American women writer who wins the Nobel Prize for literature in American history. A deep sense of tragedy always immerse in her works. As a black writer, she has deep personal views on the racial discrimination. Beloved is the most vocal and mature masterpiece of Toni Morrison. This paper mainly argues that the different growing experiences of three generations of black women in Beloved, and reveals the humble position of the black women and their difficult process of the growth under the oppression of racial discrimination and sexism. Despite the path of growth is full of thorns, black women still get rid of the tragic fate and gain awakening of self-consciousness depending on their strong willpower and continuous efforts.Keywords:black women；racial discrimination；sexism；tragic；awakening目录引言 (1)一、以贝比.萨格斯为代表的第一代女黑奴的悲剧 (1)（一）黑人女性的生存苦难 (1)（二）自我意识的初步觉醒 (2)二、以赛丝为代表的第二代女黑奴的成长 (3)（一）几经波折的反抗命运 (3)（二）自我意识的不断成长 (4)三、以丹芙为代表的第三代女黑奴的抗争 (4)（一）踏上自我救赎的道路 (5)（二）摆脱不被认同的命运 (5)结语 (6)参考文献 (7)致谢 (8)引言托妮·莫里森是唯一一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的非裔女性作家，是美国历史上最有影响力的作家之一。
从女性主义视角出发分析《宠儿》的碎片叙事方法
从女性主义视角出发分析《宠儿》的碎片叙事方法作者：丁晓红来源：《昆明民族干部学院学报》2017年第04期【摘要】非裔作家莫里森的《宠儿》讲述了女主角所遭受的精神创伤问题。
本文以碎片化叙事摹仿精神创伤的内在表现与存在形式为支撑，外化为创伤的表现形式，使不可言说的创伤体验变得可以理解，旨在鼓励沉默于社会边缘地带的弱势群体发出真实的呐喊。
【关键词】美国少数族裔；女性主义；碎片叙事引言笔者选择非裔女作家莫里森的《宠儿》作为分析对象，《宠儿》讲述的是蓄奴制下的黑人母亲为避免女儿再受奴役折磨之苦，亲手弑婴的悲惨故事，作者从女性视角出发，以母题为基调，向读者描画了这位母亲不断受到精神创伤侵扰的内心世界及复杂矛盾的母女关系，通过碎片化叙事策略呼吁对于个体以及集体的创伤关注。
1.碎片化叙事方法碎片叙事相对于小说内容前后衔接而言，是作者有意而为之的陌生化文学效果。
罗西奥·戴维斯对于美国亚裔文学批评的见解值得考究，“身份政治、民族主义、种族差异和类同等方面存在着过高的关注……文学的形式和文类方面的问题却有着被忽视或被归入次要位置的倾向。
”笔者从创伤叙事策略-——碎片化叙事入手，聚焦非裔少数族裔女作家的创伤作品，通过记录真实的历史创伤事件为提升美国少数族裔文学地位奠定基础。
碎片化叙事是“不可言说之物的见证者”。
弗雷德里克·杰姆逊（Fredric Jameson）将“非连续性、碎片性”看作是“历史的本真状态。
”碎片打破整体化一的世界，消解文本的完整度，进而结构、情节都可以任由作者随意拼贴。
碎片消解文本中的潜在意义，将那些隐藏着的不可言说的事情以曲折形式公之于众。
2.叙事结构碎片化《宠儿》将故事碎片化，采用多人物视角叙事，以第三人称叙事为主，第一人称叙事为辅，多声部讲述黑奴们在蓄奴制下血雨腥风的暴力抗争生活。
闪回，延宕与重复是精神创伤的三大癔症。
闪回使受害者思绪反复亲历创伤现场，陷入惊恐之中无法自拔；延宕则使受害者无法控制闪回的反复路径；一次次的创伤重复折磨着受害者的身心，局限他们的言行。
浅析《宠儿》中弑婴的非偶然性
浅析《宠儿》中弒婴的非偶然性作者：肖颖来源：《文学教育·中旬版》2016年第01期内容摘要：本文通过介绍美国著名的黑人女作家托尼·莫里斯的长篇小说《宠儿》、主要人物塞丝的成长环境及她对孩子们深深的“爱”，来分析塞丝弒婴非偶然性的原因。
关键词：《宠儿》塞丝母爱弒婴《宠儿》以碎片和倒叙回忆的方式来展开情节。
小说中的主人翁黑奴塞丝因无法忍受“学校老师”（奴隶主的代表人物）惨无人道的折磨，不顾有孕在身从肯塔基州的奴隶农庄逃亡到该处，投奔婆婆贝比萨格斯，并在那度过了甜蜜的二十八天。
但是，好景不长，二十八天后，“学校老师”带着刽子手追来，塞丝和她孩子们宁静的生活被打破了。
为了不让自己的孩子重新回到奴隶主家做牛做马，她最终以一种残忍而变态的方式来解决问题。
在学校老师的逼迫下，塞丝毅然决定残忍的锯断了年仅一岁的女儿的喉咙，亲手杀死了自己的三女儿。
下葬时，她给女儿取名“宠儿”。
一.塞丝的成长幼年的塞丝由一位独臂女奴养育，在她支离破碎的记忆中，她的母亲喂养过他两三周的奶，但她只能吃白人孩子吃剩下的奶水。
她的母亲没日没夜的在庄园里劳作。
小时候，塞丝亲眼目睹自己的母亲造人凌辱，被买卖，最后被吊死。
塞丝长大以后，“甜蜜之家”的奴隶主加纳夫妇的较为民主的管理，使她没有意识到自己作为奴隶的事实，所以她暂时性的没有反抗苦难的奴隶生活。
并和男黑奴黑尔结婚生子继续在“甜蜜之家”做奴隶。
然而，自从“甜蜜之家”被“学校老师”接管后，她的奶水被“学校老师”的侄子抢走，这种行为剥夺了她做母亲的权利。
这些都为塞丝的逃走奠定了基础。
最后，在她悲苦的生活中慢慢意识到了，作为奴隶的她和她的家人，只有离开“甜蜜之家”，才能让她和她的孩子们结束奴隶生活。
二.塞丝的母爱《宠儿》中塞丝的原型是一位名叫玛格丽特·加纳的女黑奴带着自己的孩子们从肯塔基州的奴隶庄园逃往俄亥俄州的辛辛那提。
当奴隶主追上他们，玛格丽特·加纳用一把斧子砍死了自己的女儿。