新编英美概况许鲁之

Chapter 1 Geographical Features and Natural
Resources
1.Choose the correct answer
1-8 CDBACBBB
2.fill in the blanks
1.Canada\Mexico\the Cuff of Mexico\Atlantic Ocean\the Pacific
Ocean
2.The Atlantic seacoast west to the Appalachains\The Mississippi
River Basin\The Rockies west to the Pacific
3.most densely\flat\fertile
4.productive\fruits\vegetables
5.Louisiana\Texas\Texas\Oklahoma\California\insufficient\40%
6.little\fresh\12%\richest\productive
Chapter 2 American Population
1.Choose the correct answer
1-8 CBDACDCB
2.fill in the blanks
1.third\250
2.1875\permanent residence\morality\race\national
origin\national
origin\skilled\relatives\270,000\700,000\675,000
3.indentured servants\slaves\1863
4.South\poverty line
5.industrious\intelligent\modle minority\twice
3.Question for discussion
1.Why is the US known as a "melting pot"?
Answer:The United States is known as a "melting pot",meaning that it is
composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world.
3.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?
Answer:The widespread use of automobiles and the construction of express
highways made it possible for people to live farther away from their
jobs.The telephone reduces the need for them to work or live in close
proximity to one another.Besides these economic and techonological
changes, important social factors were involved.Subruban areas offered
more living space than cities,lower crime rates,less pollution,and
superior schools.It is generally believed that they are a better place
for rising children.
Indian Reservation
Answer:Ever since the discocery of the New World in 1492, the Indians have
been cruelly treated. They were driven to barren desert regions, the
so-called "Indian Reservations".
The reservations usually lack adequate health care facilities,
educational opportunities,decent housing,and jobs.
Hispanics
Answer:They are the Spanish-speaking immigrants from Latin American
countries. The majority traces their roots to Mexico, Pueto Rico,or Cuba.

Chapter3 Discovery and Colonization of the New

World
1.Choose the correct answer
1-8 DABBBCDC
2.fill in the blanks
1.Portuguese\the Cape of Good Hope\Spain\Atlantic\the
Cartbbean\West Indians
2.Amerigo Vespueci\America
3.the Virginia Coast\pilgrims\Mayflower Compact
4.appoined by the English King\under proprietors who themselves
chose the governors\select governors under self-governing
charters
5.fishing\shipbuilding\breadbasket\wheat\potatoes\plantation\
tobacco\cotton
3.Question for discussion
4.What was the social structure of the 13 colonies?
Answer:Society in the 13 colonies was like a pytamid.The top was made up
of merchants and landlords.The base was made up of refugees from Europe,
black slaves from Africa,
and native Indians.
5.Why did not the American Indians become slaves during the
colonies days?
Answer:They could not put up with slaves. If an Indian was enslaved, his
fellow tribe menbers would fight to free him.So the colonialists soon gave
up the attempt to use them
as slave labor.Instead they seized the land of the Indians
and drove them away or killed them.
Mayflower Compact
Answer:It is signed by the pilgrims, establishing a form of
local government in which the colonists agree to stick together,to abide
by majority rule,to have the right to choose their leader and cooperate
for the general good for the colony. The Compact sets the precedent for
other colonies as they set up governments.This was the beginning
of the US democracy.
Thanks-giving day
Answer:In 1620,the puritans in the Mayflower came the Rocky coast of what
is now Massachusetts.They suffered the first cold winter.Later with the
help and advice of the native Indians,the Pilgrim Fathers planted corn
and other crops.They reaped a good harvest the following year, and in
October,1621,to celebrate this good harvest, the Pilgrims held a feast
which featured wild turkey.They called this their Thanks-giving Day.It
falls on the 4th Thursday of November.

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新编英美概况美国教育英文PPT..

Average tuition for parochial school students was about $2,600, and for nondenominational school students at least $5,000 per year in the mid1990s . The average teacher salary in private schools was $27,300 in 2007-2008 , a fraction of the $43,650 earned by public schools teachers . And male teachers earned substantially more than their female counterparts in both public and private schools .
In the United States elementary education begins at the age of six . In some school systems ,elementary school includes grades from years are called high school . In other school systems, there are three divisions : elementary school ( grades one to six ) ,junior high school ( grades seven to nine ) , and senior high school ( grades ten to twelve ) .
The federal government can give financial help but not orders in education . Schools are provided and managed by local community boards of education , whose members are elected . Most schools are run on taxes by local districts and states

“后方法”时代下的英美概况课程教学策略

聂庆娟霍兴花英美概况是一门文化基础课，主要讲授英美两个国家地理、历史、政治、经济、社会、文化、生活等方面的知识。

面向非英语专业学生开设英美概况有助于促进对英美两国社会与文化的了解，提高跨文化交际能力。

然而信息量大、内容繁杂的课程特点致使该课程主要以讲授法为主，填鸭式教学严重影响了学生的学习积极性，最终陷入了教师费力不讨好、学生想学没兴趣的尴尬境地。

为缓解这种困境，有些教师尝试采用任务型教学，忽略了课程特点和课程目的，导致课程教学华而不实。

追根溯源，长久以来中国外语教学工作者盲目照搬西方教学方法，忽略了本国国情以及教学方法实施过程中的多样化情境而采用单一的教学方法，最终徘徊在“以教师为中心”和“以学生为中心”的两个极端。

中国的外语教学虽历经百年，却始终面临“大投入”和“低产出”的困境。

为彻底摆脱“聋子英语”、“哑巴英语”的窘境，中国外语教育工作者先后尝试过多种西式教学方法，如语法翻译法、交际法、任务型教学（陈小苹，2011），然而照搬照抄的拿来主义最终达不到满意的效果。

就文化基础课英美概况课程而言，如何结合课程特点有效提高课堂教学效果成为摆在所有课程教学者面前的一项艰巨任务。

一、后方法理念的内涵后方法（post-method）是由Kumaravadivelu在1994 年率先提出的，认为“后方法使教师能够构建针课堂教学的实践理论”并“使教师能产生符合具体情境和针课堂教学的改革实践”（Kumaravadivelu，1994）。

他认为，外语教学是一个开放、灵活、动态的过程，设计有效的教学方法和实施步骤需考虑特殊性、实用性和可能性三个参数。

换言之，没有一成不变的、放之四海而皆准的万能教学法。

教师必须以辩证的观点反思各种教学法的利弊，融各家之长，根据具体教学环境和条件设计个性教学，创造出满足学生实际需要的教学方法，以取得最满意的教学效果。

二、对英美概况课程教学问卷调查的思考为了突破制约英美概况课堂教学的瓶颈，笔者在选课学生中做了一个问卷调查。

《英美概况》教案3共56页文档PPT58页

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《英美概况》教ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้3共 56页文档
6、纪律是自由的第一条件。——黑格尔 7、纪律是集体的面貌，集体的声音，集体的动作，集体的表情，集体的信念。 ——马卡连柯
8、我们现在必须完全保持党的纪律，否则一切都会陷入污泥中。 ——马克思 9、学校没有纪律便如磨坊没有水。— —夸美纽斯
10、一个人应该：活泼而守纪律，天真而不幼稚，勇敢而鲁莽，倔强而有原则，热情而不冲动，乐观而不盲目。 ——马克思
16、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。——华盛顿 17、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。——罗素·贝克 18、最大的挑战和突破在于用人，而用人最大的突破在于信任人。——马云 19、自己活着，就是为了使别人过得更美好。——雷锋 20、要掌握书，莫被书掌握；要为生而读，莫为读而生。——布尔沃

英美概况(第二版)USA chapter 8 Literature and Arts_OK

ry of the slow emergence of native elements and national c
haracteristics.
12
Culture
B The Revolutionary Period (1775-17
The Colonial A Period (1607-1 775)
• — Science is completely amoral. • coincidental: adj. happening by chance; not planned 巧合；碰巧；
非计划之中的 • — The similarity between these two essays is too great to be coin
cidental.
11
Introduction—
• Like other national literatures, American literature was sha ped by the history of the country that produced it.
• For almost a century and a half, America was merely a gro up of colonies. The colonial writings could not count as A merican literature but merely a branch of British literature.
or Literature for voicing “man’s exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts.”
• 1987 - Joseph Brodsky (1940-1996) • Russian/American writer. Received the 1987 Nobel Prize

新编英美概况——名词解释（美国部分）

新编英美概况——名词解释（美国部分）国家概况1.From “a Melting Pot” to “a Salad Bowl”Though the days of mass immigration are probably over, the influence of the movement will never be erased. Americans have adopted many of the customs and ideas of the immigrants as their own; each wave of immigration left its impact and distinctive contribution to the building of the nation and the evolution of American life. While at the same time each ethic group keeps its own religious and cultural institutions; teach their own language, customs as well and observe their own festivals. They have never been “melted”in the real sense but have kept the feature of “A Salad Bowl” which means many different elements are combined intoa whole, meanwhile each ingredient retains its individual identity.2.The New DealThe Definition:Between 1933 and 1938, innovative measures were taken in the U.S. to deal with the Great Depression, to protect the American capital system and to save the US democracy. The economic and social policies of the Roosevelt Administration were collectively known as “the New Deal”.The Detailed Contents (Just for reference):One part of the program was to promote recovery from the depression.Another was to supply relief to the needy.A third part was to stabilize the national economy to prevent severe economic crisis in the future.The Significance:Only after the outbreak of World War II was the economic crisis totally solved for the war triggered the huge needs for industrial and agricultural productivity. However, the New Deal helped to limit the impact of later recessions and the United States has experienced no return to the national nightmare of Great Depression since the New Deal.3.The Welfare StateIn order to relieve poverty, cut unemployment, and speed economic recovery during the Great Depression, Congress in 1935 enacted the Social Security Act, which contained three major programs: a retirement fund, unemployment insurance, and welfare grants for mothers, children, elders, and the disabled.Roosevelt declared that the day of great private fortunes was ended. Instead , wealth must be better distributed. Every citizen must be guaranteed “a proper security, a reasonable leisure, and a decent livin g throughout life.” These programs began what is now referred to as a welfare state.4.Separation of powersSeparation of powers means constitutional divisional of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. In America, this means more than allocating legislative power to Congress, executive power to President and judicial power to the Super Court. It also means giving each branch constitutional and political in dependence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branches a sufficient role in the actions of the others so that no one branch may dominate the others. The branches must work together if government business is to be performed.5.America Dream:The term means different thing to different people. It is usually associated with the aspiration of most people: peace, prosperity, personal ownership of property, personal liberty, and the belief that individuals are free to achieve any goals, to accumulate material wealth, to live any lifestyle, central to America dream is the notion that America is the land of opportunity for the enterprising. Any competitive, practical go-getter can make a fortune, or build a dream home. its focus is primarily self-centered, materialistic , pragmatic, and individualistic.6.Mayflower CompactIn 1620 a tiny ship called the"Mayflower" sailed from England for the New World.About half of the members of the ship were Pilgrims who were the first group of Puritans to settle in North America. During the trip, they were far away Virginia and the Pilgrims decided to set up their own government. They wrote a now famous agreement called the "Mayflower Compact". In this compact they agreed to stick together to abide by majority rule, and to have a right to choose their own leader. This was the beginning of the US democracy.7.The Tea ActIn 1773,in order to help the British East India Company out of its financial embarrassment, the T ea Act began.It relieved the company of the necessary of paying duties on its tea exported to America, which was believed as a monopoly by American colonists. They therefore decided to take action against the Act. On the evening of December, in Boston, a group of angry colonists, known as the Boston Tea Party, dressed themselves up as Indians and boarded the three company ships and dumped all the tea into the harbor. The British Parliament took immediateaction to punish the American colonists who were unified to resist the government. That finally triggered the outbreak of American Revolution.8.Monroe DoctrineAfter James Monroe was elected as the 5th US president in 1816, he bought Florida from Spain in 1819, peacefully resolved the problem of the admission of Missouri to the Union as a slave state. His popularity survived mainly for his foreign policy usually known as the Monroe Doctrine. The Doctrine, announced in 1823, included four points. First, the United States would not interfere in the affairs of the colonies still owned by European nations in the New World. Second, any effort on the part of European nations to extend their system to the portion of theWestern Hemisphere would be regarded as dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States. Third, European nations would not intervene in the affairs of independent nations of the New World. Fourth, American continents are henceforth not to be considered subjects for future colonization by any European powers. The essence of the Doctrine was "America for Americans",which later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy. As the New world developed in the years ahead this Doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.9.FederalismThe division of powers by a constitution between the central government and state government is called federalism. According to the US Constitution, neither the central nor the state government receives its powers from the other. Both derive them from a common source, the Constitution. The nationalgovernment has only those powers delegated to it by the Constitution. The states have the powers not delegated to the central government except those denied to them by the Constitution and the constitutions of their states. It should be observed that federalism operates only on two levels. Unites of government within a state enjoy no independent existence.10.Roaring TwentiesFor nearly 10 years after the First World War the United States enjoyed prosperous times marked by high wages and increased production and consumption of goods, which was known as “Roarin g Twenties” or the “Jazz Age”. That was a time of carefree prosperity, isolation from the world’s pr oblems, bewildering social change and a feverish pursuit of pleasure. It gave women the right to v ote. Also, it was a time of rapid urbanization. Many of the young began casting off the personal a nd social restraints of the past for freedom of thought, religion, and sexual relation, which resulte d in the rise of American “Lost Generation” and the tone of materialism of the era.11.Gettysburg addressGettysburg Address is aspeech by Lincoln on Nov.19, 1863 after the northern victory at Gettysburg. The speech was considered unimportant at the time, but has come to be viewed by the Americans as one of the most significant expressions of American democracy. In his speech Lincoln stated that the aim of civil war was to make possible “a new birth of freedom…that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”12、The Cold WarAfter World War II, the hope that a new and better world would emerge was soon broken by the conflict of the twosuperpowers: the USSR and the US. In the post war period the difference between the two powers increased and later led to a new kind of war, a war without fighting which was called the Cold War. In general, the Cold War was marked by international tension and hostility arising from various military, diplomatic, social, propagandistic and economic pressures employed by one side against the other to gain advantage economically in terms of security, or in terms of opinion. During the Cold War, there were two hot issues: the Korean War and the Vietnam War from 1959 to 1975 and two policies: the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan. Also, in 1949, President Truman helped to create a military alliance: the North Atlantic TreatyOrganization, known as NATO. In retaliation, the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact. The symbol of the Cold War was the Berlin Wall, a barricade begun in 1961. And the Cold War was ended with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, which was symbolized by the destruction of the Berlin Wall on Nov. 9, 1989.。

2022牡丹江师范学院英语语言文学考研真题考研经验考研参考书

牡丹江师范学院英语语言文学考研真题经验参考书目录第一章考前知识浏览1.1牡丹江师范学院招生简章......................1.2牡丹江师范学院专业目录........................1.3牡丹江师范学院英语语言文学专业历年报录比....... 1.4牡丹江师范学院英语语言文学初试科目解析......第二章英语语言文学专业就业前景解读2.1牡丹江师范学院专业综合介绍.................2.2牡丹江师范学院专业就业解析.................2.3牡丹江师范学院各方向对比分析.......第三章牡丹江师范学院英语语言文学专业内部信息传递3.1报考数据分析..............3.2复试信息分析..............3.3导师信息了解........第四章牡丹江师范学院英语语言文学初试专业课考研知识点4.1参考书目分析..........4.2真题分析................4.3重点知识点汇总分析（大纲）....第五章牡丹江师范学院英语语言文学初试复习计划分享5.1政治英语复习技巧5.2专业课复习全程详细攻略5.3时间管理策略及习题使用第六章牡丹江师范学院英语语言文学复试6.1复试公共部分的注意事项6.2复试专业课部分的小Tips【学校简介】牡丹江师范学院（Mudanjiang Normal University），简称牡师院（MNU），坐落在国家级优秀旅游城市——牡丹江市。

是黑龙江省东南部地区教师教育研究中心、基础教育研究中心和继续教育培训中心。

是中国政府奖学金生委托培养院校，是教育部中俄大学生交流基地，是全国首批学士学位授予单位，学校具有硕士、学士两级学位授权体系。

学校建校于1958年；2001年10月，学校顺利通过教育部本科教学工作合格评估；2006年1月，获得硕士学位授予权；2009年1月，被教育部评为“高等学校本科教学工作水平评估优秀单位”。

新编英美概况教程周叔麟Chapter 1

Part 6
Chapter 1 Geography of the United Kingdom
Part 1
Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5
Geographic History
1. The UK’s natural resources were created during the shifting dance of the earth’s plates, the solid matter that floated on the liquid magma. 2. Because the region that now the UK lies on the continental shelf, when the ocean levels rose, much of the land was covered by water. 3. When the glaciers advanced and retreated over much of northern and mountainous Britain, they smoothed the mountains and dropped debris in the valleys. 4. The rising waters after the last ice age have slowly separated the Britain Isles from the European Continent.
Part 6
Chapter 1 Geography of the United Kingdom
Part 1
Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5
Water: the Key Geographic Feature

新编英美概况课程设计

新编英美概况课程设计课程背景随着全球化的发展，学生们需要更好地了解世界各国的历史、文化和社会制度，以更好地适应未来的挑战。

英美作为世界上最具代表性的两个发达国家，其政治、经济、文化等方面的特点也影响到了全球的发展。

因此，新编英美概况课程旨在帮助学生们更好地了解英美的发展历程和特点，以及其对全球化进程的影响。

课程设计课程目标本课程旨在帮助学生：1.了解英美的历史和文化2.掌握英美政治体制的特点和演变过程3.分析英美经济的发展情况和特点4.了解英美的社会制度和文化5.探究英美对全球发展的影响及其现状课程安排第一讲：英美的历史和文化本讲将介绍英美的历史和文化，包括其发展过程、重要事件和人物，以及对全球文化的贡献。

第二讲：英美政治体制的特点和演变过程本讲将介绍英美政治体制的演变历程和特点，包括宪政、议会制度、选举制度等，以及与其他国家政治体制的比较分析。

第三讲：英美经济的发展情况和特点本讲将介绍英美经济的发展历程、特点和优劣，包括工业革命、金融业、国际贸易等，以及与其他国家经济的比较分析。

第四讲：英美的社会制度和文化本讲将介绍英美社会制度和文化，包括教育、医疗、福利、宗教等方面，以及与其他国家的比较分析。

第五讲：英美对全球发展的影响及其现状本讲将介绍英美对全球发展的影响，包括科技、文化、经济、政治等方面，以及对全球化进程的影响和现状的分析。

课程评估1.课堂考试：考核学生对于课程知识的掌握情况。

2.课堂讨论：鼓励学生进行课堂互动和合作，并对学生的表现进行评估。

3.课程论文：要求学生对课程内容进行深入研究和分析，完成一篇课程论文。

4.课堂作业：布置课堂作业，帮助学生巩固所学知识，加深对课程的理解。

参考资料1.美国史话（第四版，潘金菊）2.英国通史（第六版，韩爱晶）3.进入全球世界：新世界经济发展史（戈登·布朗, 丹尼斯·博夫金,亨利·罗斯伯）4.全球化与文化研究（第二版，李亚力）以上就是新编英美概况课程的设计和安排。

新编《英美概况》名词解释

《英美概况》名词解释1.backbone of England : It refers to the Pennines in England. The Pennines extend from north to south, from upland to Derbyshire.2.the act of 1801: In the year of 1801, the parliament passed the act to agree that Ireland joined the kingdom. From then on, Britain got the name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Britain includes England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.3.the Bank of England: It is the center of the British financial system. It was founded in 1694 and nationalized in 1946.4.Invisible Trade: It refers to a kind of unseen and unobvious trade. It includes the profits, dividend and capital investment.5.Black country: It refers to the industrial area in the west midland and Birmingham is the center. The area is very rich but is heavily polluted.6.Hadrian’s Wall: In 122AD, the Romans built a wall in order to defend Picts and Scots. The wall is very long, from Solway to Tyne; we call it Hadrian’s Wall.7.Julius Caesar：The king of Rome. In 55-54BC, he led his army invaded Britain twice.8. King Alfred: He is the king of Wessex in Britain. In the 8th century, he led the British people defeated the Danes and Vikings, and he was considered the first national hero. He wrote Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. (盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史)9. William the Conqueror: One the Christmas Day of 1066, French man William defeated the British King Harold at Hastings. In Westminster Abbey, he was crowned the King of Britain, so the Norman Conquest began. He established a strong monarchy in England, and unified the country. In 1086, he and his officials made a book about the survey of Britain, which is called Doomsday Book.10. Battle of Hastings: One the Christmas Day of 1066, at Hastings, French man William defeated the British King Harold, and Harold was killed. The battle was called Battle of Hastings. The battle of Hastings paved a way for the Norman Conquest.11. Henry II: In the year of 1154, Henry II built the Plantagenet and when he was a king, he made the monarchy stronger than before. He made a set of reformation and in the year of 1181, he issued the Assize of Arms. He died in 1189.12. the Assize of Arms: In the year of 1181, Henry II issued the Assize of Arms. According to the law, every freeman in England should be provided with arms, and they can only use the arms when they are called to fight for the King.13.the Great Charter: It is also called Magna Carter. In the year of 1215, King John signed the Great Charter. According to the charter, the king can’t freely change the law, the king can’t freely tax, and if the king violates the Charter, the vassals may rebel by the civil war. It is a feudal charter, but it gave the people trade freedom and self government.14. all estates parliament ：The parliament in 1265 is called all estates parliament, and it is considered the beginning of Parliament.15. model parliament :. In 1295, in order to collect more money on the war again Wales, King Edward opened the “all estates parliament”. The parliament included more than 400 members and was considered the most successful parliament. In the history, it is called model parliament.16. Heptarchy : From 7th century to 9th century, England was divided into 7 small kingdoms, they fought each other. Later, the King Wessex, Egbert, united England and he was considered the first King. And this is called Heptarchy.17. Black Death: It is a kind of plague in 14th century and so many people died from it. The Hundred Year’s War stopped for some time because of the Black Death.18 the Lollards: It refers to John Wycliffe and his followers. They made some ideological(思想上的) preparation for the labour movement and peasant uprising.19. enclosure movement：In 15th century, the industry of woolen cloth was the source of wealth and export. So more wool was needed, and more sheep were needed. So some landlords began to enclose some “common lands” into pasture, and then some nobles and business men do so. As a result, farmers lost land and went to the cities to be the cheap workers. This is called enclosure movement.20. Francis Drake: He was one of the most famous navigators in England. He set a sail around the world in 1577.21. the East India Company: It is one of the most famous trade companies in England. It was founded in the year of 1600 and was a tool of exploiting(剥削) Indian people.22. Henry VII : He became the King in the year of 1485. He did a lot of things to make his crown stronger, for example: he confined Edward in the London Tower, he increased the income of government, he encouraged the education, but he didn’t deal with the Church problem.23. Charles I: The second king of Stuart. He quarreled with the Parliament and dismissed the Parliament for a long time. He killed the Puritans. In 1649, he was killed.24. O’liver Cromwell: He is a famous man in the British history. During the civil war, he and his “New Model Army” defeated the King’s army. In 1649, he killed Charles I. In 1653, he became Lord Protector and later compressed the Diggers.25. new model army: It is the new kind of army led by Oliver Cromwell in the civil war. The army includes farmers, craftsman, undermasters (学徒) etc.26.the Treaty of Paris in 1763: The treaty is between England and France. It includes four points. According to the treaty, France gave up many colonies, for example, it gave up the controlling on India, and Britain became the chief/leading colonial power.27. the House of Hanover: George began the House of Hanover in the year of 1714, and the Cabinet System was established and monarch was controlled by the Parliament.28.28. the Treaty of Paris in 1783 : The treaty is between Britain and America. In the treaty the Britain admitted the independence of America.29. the Corn Laws: It refers to a set of laws to regulate the corn trade, for example: to increase the price of corn imported in 1815. The Corn Laws were cancelled in 1848.30. the Peterloo Massacre: In August 1819, a organization was founded in Manchester to demand universal suffrage, and yearly Parliament and the cancellation of Corn Laws. The government suppressed it and 11 died with so many people wounded. This is called the Peterloo Massacre.31. the Reform Bill: The Bill was brought up by Whig in 1832. It made 3 changes in election system. (1) many “rotten boroughs” are cancelled （2）many new seats (席位) were given to the most populous (人口稠密的) countries. (3) the total electorates increased to 217000. But working class still didn’t have to right to vote. 32. the Chartist Movement: 1839-1848, the working class in Britain had a movement to realize the “people’s charter” , in fact , they wanted to have the universal suffrage. The chartist had two groups : moral force and physical force. At last, the Chartist Movement failed, but the working class entered the history stage for the first as an independent political force.33. the Opium War: In 1840, the Chinese government issued a law to stop the importing opium from Britain, to the Britain launched a war. The Qing Government surrendered (投降) to the Britain and signed the unequal Treaty :Nanjing Treaty in 1842.34. the Fabian Society ：It was founded in 1883-1884. It included the famous men such as G.B.Shaw andH.G.Wells, who played an important role in 20th century labour party.35.the Statute of Westminster: It was passed in 1931 and it gave the legislative recognition to the relation between British Kingdom her dominions. The dominions are independent in all aspects except the name.36. NATO: It is the acronym for North Atlantic Treaty Organization, it is founded in 1949.37. Margaret Thatcher: She was the first woman Prime Minister in British history. She was in power from 1979-1990. She was called “iron lady”because she controlled Britain’s money policy tightly. She made Britain prosperous in the 1980s.38.Downing Street Declaration: It is a document between Britain and Ireland in 1993. According to the Downing Street Declaration, the future of Northern Ireland shold depend on the wished of majority.39.BBC: Its full name is British Broadcast Co-operation. It was established in 1922, it has 4 radio channels, and the programs are broadcasted in 39 languages. There is no advertisement in BBC programs, the money is from the people who watch the TV.40.GCE: Its full name is General Certificate Education. It refers to the exam of the secondary middle school, if the students can pass the exam, he can get the GCE.41.Reuters: Ruters is one of the 4 news agencies in the West, it was founded in 1851, it has 11000 employees and 1300 photographers and reporters in more than 80 countries.42. the Royal Society: It is a British organization to study science and one of the most famous scientific organizations in the world. It was founded in 1660 and Issac Newton was its president for 23 years.43. Whitehall: It is the most important street in London, some of the government offices are in Whitehall, such as: Home Office, Finance Office, etc.44. St. Paul’s Cathedral: the biggest and most well-known church in London , a typical(典型的) building of Renaissance(文艺复兴).45.Westminster Abbey: It is a national shrine. Many famous literary persons or scientific persons are buried here. In 1066, William the Conqueror crowned himself in the Westminster Abbey.46.John Bull: the nickname of England or a typical English man.47.Speaker: the presiding officer(leader) of the House of Commons in British.48.Hollidays:(1) Christmas Day: It is on 25th, Dec to celebrate the birth of Jesus. On Christmas Day, people will go home from far places, eat Turkey with families, and children will get the present from Christmas Father.(2) Boxing Day: It is on the first weekday after Christmas. It is a public holiday in England, Wale and Northern Ireland. On Boxing Day, household employees or other service workers can receive some gifts.(3) Guy Fawkes Day: It is a day to celebrate a event in English history. A man Guy Fawkes wanted to blow up(炸平) the parliament in 5th , Nov and he was caught in the House of Commons.(4) Armistice Day: The day is also called Remembrance Day. It is a patriotic day on 11th, Nov, to remember the British or foreigners who died in World War Two.49. Protestantism: a main group of Christianity, separated from the Roman Catholic Church by the Reformation in 1534.50.Salvation Army: one of the main nonconformist denominations, founded in London in 1865,They preach the story of Jesus Christ, and do social work to help the poor and sick. They are almost military.51. Parliament : It refers to the legislature(立法机构) in Britain. The parliament has 3 parts: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.52. House of Lords: It is the oldest part in Parliament which comes from the Great Council. The House of Lords doesn’t have real power. Normally speaking, the House of Lords can stop the law passing into thelegislation, but after 1949, the House of Lords can not can stop the law passing into the legislation.53. the House of Commons: The House of Commons has 650 seats. The members of it are not pointed but are elected.. It has the real power. Strong part of the House Commons forms the government, the weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. The leader of the House of Commons is called Speaker/President of Chamber.54. Opposition: The weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. They criticize the government or government’s policy, and give their new policies.55.Scotland Yard: It is the headquarters(总部) of Criminal Investigation Department in London. It has a history of 150 years. It does criminal detection, police training etc.55.the Mississippi River :It is the longest and most important river in the USA, and one of the greatest river in the world. It has two branches: Missouri and Ohio. It is 6262 km long.56.the five Great Lakes: the five Great Lakes are in the place between America and Canada. They are: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.57.the Niagara Falls: It refers to the Falls between Erie and Ontario in North America, 1240m wide, and 49m deep. Every year, thousands of visitors come here to enjoy it.58.Yellow Stone National Park: It is located in the northwest of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world. A great number of wildlife live there.59.Grand Canyon: Grand Canyon lies in Arizonan, it is the one of the wonders（奇迹）in the world. Its wall has many layers, which tells you the story of the earth formation.60.Old Faithful: It is the most famous geyser（火山）in Yellow Stone National Park. It erupts more than 100 feet in the air every 73min.61. Pearl Harbor: It is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the USA, near the city Honolulu in Hawaii.62. Microsoft: It is the most famous computer company founded in 1975 by Bill Gates. Now, it plays animportant role in the world.63. Christopher Columbus: He was an Italian; he believed that the earth is round. In 1492, he discoveredAmerica and in 1498 he discovered the main land of South America.64. The Stamp Act: When Britain controlled the America, it issued a law: the stamp paper must be used forlegal documents. It was passed in 1765 and stopped in 1766.65. the Boston Massacre: In 1770, a little boy in Boston threw a small stone to the British soldiers, and Britishsoldiers fired at the people, with 4 died and many wounded. After it, the American people united together to fight against the British army.mittees of Correspondence: In 1772, the Boston town meeting appointed “Committees ofCorrespondence”to call people to unite together to fight against the British army.67. the Boston Tea Act: When Britain controlled America, according to the“Tea Act”, East Indian Companyexported tea to America to make money. In 1773, some Boston men got on the English ship and poured the tea into the sea. The Boston Tea Act showed the fighting spirit of Americans.68. the First Continental Congress: It was held in 1714 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreed thatthey wouldn’t buy any goods from England until the objectional law was stopped.69. the Second Continental Congress: It was held in 1715 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreedto sent army around Boston and made George Washington as the commander.70. the Articles of the Confederation: At the end of the Independent War, the people meet a question. How theUnited States should be governed? So a constitution（the Articles of the Confederation）was made. In 1781, it was accepted by all the states.71. the Sedition Act: It was made by John Adam, any one shouldn’t stir up the hatred to the government. It wasopposed by Republican Party, and was stopped by Jefferson in 1800.72. Monroe Doctrine: It was made by President Monroe in 1823. “America is American’s America”.According to the doctrine, European countries shouldn’t open any colony in North America or South America, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in America. And America shouldn’t open any colony in Europe, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in Europe.73. Westward Movement: In the early time of 19th century, more Europeans immigrated to America to find abetter life, but in the northeast, they found themselves still poor. So the farmers without land and workers without work went to the west part. Now, the west part is developed and wild land is farmed.74. Douglas’ Bill: It is a bill made by Douglas, a person in senate. According to the bill, the slavery is possiblein some states, e.g.: Kentucky or Nebraska.75. Republican Party: The Party was founded in 1854; the members of this party were against the slavery.Lincoln is the famous leader from this party.76. Abraham Lincoln: In 1860, Lincoln was elected president. He played an important role in the Civil Warand made two important documents: Homestead Bill, and Emancipation Proclamation. In 1864, he was elected for the second time. He was killed in 1865.77. the Confederate Union: After Lincoln was elected as president in 1860, the seven southern states, set up acountry “the Confederate Union”. They wanted to keep the slavery in it.78. Homestead Bill: It is one of the documents by Lincoln, according to the bill, the farmers and settlers gotenough land. So Lincoln got their support and the agriculture in the South developed.79. “Open Door Policy”: It is the policy which is made by Theodore Roosevelt in Chinese-American relation.By the policy, American invaded China by force and culture.80. the American Federation of Labor : the first national union in America .81. the League of Nations: According to Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the League of Nations is set up to keep theworld peace. But it is controlled by England and France.82. the Washington Conference : In 1921,China , America and other countries held a meeting in Washington,and this is called the Washington Conference. The Washington Conference strengthened the power of Far East and Pacific Area.83. the Great Depression: It happened 1929-1933. In 1929, the New York Stock Market failed, many factoriesclosed down, many workers lost jobs, many products found no markets. Many extra goods were destroyed.84. the New Deal: It was made by Franklin∙D∙Roosevelt in 1932. According to the deal, in the country, manypublic projects were made to increase the employment; at broad, American strengthened the old market and found new market.85. Franklin·D·Roosevelt：He was a member of Democratic Party and was the 32nd president in America.During 1929-1933, he made a New Deal, and made many contributions in WWII.86.the Battle of Midway Island: In the Battle of Midway Island, America defeated the Japanese United Fleet.This is the turning point of the Pacific War.87. NATO: The full name is North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was set up in 1949. the main purpose was toform a political cooperation to fight against Russia.88. the Warsaw Pact: It was set up in 1955, the main purpose was to form a political cooperation to fightagainst NATO.89. the United Nations: In 1945, 48 countries had a meeting in San Francisco, they agreed to set up aorganization to keep the world peace. So the United Nations was founded.90.Trueman Doctrine: The Doctrine was made by President Truman in 1947. The purpose of the Doctrine was :①expand the influence of America ②suppress the struggle of the different countries.91.the Eisenhower Doctrine(重点) : It was the foreign policy carried by the Eisenhower Government. The doctrine contains the point of instant and massive retaliation(迅速的大量的复仇), and avoid the frustrating war(阻碍发展的战争)，such as the Korean War.92. the Marshall Plan (此题去年考过): The plan was suggested by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947.The plan offered a great deal of money and machines to European countries to help them to recover their economy.93. the Cold War: It refers to the severe struggle between the America and other opposed political systems. TheCold War is not friendly, but didn’t use weapon.94. the sit-in(静坐): It is the way which is used by the Black men to fight against the racial segregation in1960s ( 它是1960年代黑人反抗种族隔离而采用的方式)95. Martin Luther King: He was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in 1950s-1960s. Hewas a clergyman. He organized the Montgomery blacks and changed it into Montgomery Improvement Association. He led the famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the V oting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed.96. the Civil Right Movement : In 1950s-1960s, the American black men made the Civil Right Movement tofight against segregation. Martin Luther King was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in 1950s-1960s. He was a clergyman. He organized the Montgomery blacks and changed it into Montgomery Improvement Association. He led the famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the V oting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed.97．Desert Storm(沙漠风暴行动) : American military attacked Iraq because Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991. The air attack lasted for 6 weeks, and Iraq was forced to leave Kuwait. The war costs 61billion dollars.98. NASA It refers to National Astronautics and Space Administration.99. double dating : Two young people go out together to have a dance, to see a football game, or to have apicnic before the marriage.100.drive-in : a kind of informal eating place which is surrounded by the parking lots, by a busy road.101. a cafeteria : a kind of informal eating place in which you can buy some quick and cheap meal. You can select the food as you are going along.102. diner: It refers to the little restaurant just like a railway car. The diver is very convenient and the price is very low. Drivers , students and other people like it very much..103.Quakers: The other name of this group is Society of Friends. It is a small group with 100000 members.They are not interested in Politics and they often go out to help others without any reward. People respect them very much.104.The People’s Temple: It is a small group which was founded by Jones, Jones used superstition to control people’s spirit, once people joined this group, he couldn’t come out. In 1978, 914people（including Jones and his wife）committed suicide.105.New morality: In the 1960’s-1970’s, the young people showed their new morality. They lived together before the marriage and had the sexual action.106. the city of Heroin : it refers to New York, many people take heroin in New York.107. Chief Justice : the head of the Supreme Court in the USA.108.white collar workers: it refers to the mental labor workers. They have a higher social position and social fame than blue collar workers , but their pay is lower than blue collar workers.109. the separation of powers: In USA, the government has 3 branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.Each branch has its own power and its power is limited by others.110. The Republican Party: It came into being in 1854. It is made up of northern capitalists who opposed the slavery.111.The Democratic Party: It came out of “Anti-Federalists”in 1787. It was founded in 1828, and the leader is Thomas Jefferson.112.St.V alentine’s Day: It is on 14th, Feb. On the day, the boys and girls in love will come out to have a date, send red roses or chocolate. The symbol of St.Valentine’s Day is a picture of a Heart and Cupid, Cupid hasa bow and arrow.113.Easter Day : It is on the first Sunday after the full moon, in March.. People , in this day , will celebrate the rebirth of Jesus. Children will dye the eggs and adults will kill lamb to eat.114 Halloween Day: It is on 31st, Oct. It is a night-time festival, which is held by children. On the Halloween Day children will wear a mask to frighten the parents and ask money from their parents. In 1950s, child sent the money to the poor countries’ children. The Halloween Day got Noble Peace Prize in 1965.115.Independence Day : It is the national day of the USA，on 4th, July.。