专业英语八级英译汉(散文类)强化练习试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级英译汉（散文类）强化练习试卷1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 5. TRANSLATIONPART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN)SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESEDirections: Translate the following text into Chinese.1．For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the last twenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sun rise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, in which to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded with happiness. I’m lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lonely sometimes when I come back home after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brim with experience that needs to be sorted out. Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding. It has to be recaptured slowly by watering the plants and perhaps, by looking again at each one as though it were a person. It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains, but the moment comes when the world falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconscious, bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood.正确答案：只有在我过于劳累的时候，在我长时间不间断工作的时候，或是在我感到内心空虚、需要充实的时候，我才会感到孤独。
此外，当我巡回演讲完回到家中，或见过许多人讲过许多话后，心中满是纷乱的感受需要整理时，我偶尔也会感到孤独。
于是就有那么一小会儿，我感觉房子又大又空，而我不知道自己藏匿何处了。
于是，我只有给花草浇浇水，挨个儿瞅瞅，仿佛它们是活生生的人一样，之后我才慢慢找回自我。
找回自我需要一些时间。
当我看着水浪如喷泉般喷涌而出，身边的世界逐渐消逝时，那一刻才会到来，自我再次从迷茫的无意识中浮现，最近经历的种种也都随之而来，以待我去探究和慢慢领会。
解析：1．第二段中作者用了几个并列的排比句来描述自己在什么时候会感到孤独，翻译时可采用顺译法，使译文体现出这一修辞手法。
2．第二段中的第一句“…for the time being I feel empty and need filling up．”中，for the time being 译为“一时，眼下”，feel empty指“感到内心空虚”，need filling up指“需要充实”，即“需要有所慰藉”。
3．第二段第二句“And I am lonely…after a lecture trip，…that needs to be sorted out．”中，and可译为“此外”，a lecture trip的意思是“巡回演讲”。
to sort out是“整理，梳理”的意思。
4．第二段第二句中，be full to the brim，指“作者的经历太多，以至于感到心里有太多的东西快要放不下了”。
brim 意为“边，边缘”。
5．第三段第一句中，for a while意为“一时间，一会儿”，thehouse feels huge and empty表现作者当时的心境，即“感到房子又大又空”。
6．第三段第二句中“It has to be recaptured slowly by…it were a person”第一个代词it 指myself，即自我，第二个it指植物，即作者把一株一株植物当做有思想的人来看待，与它们交流，来排遣自己的孤独。
be recaptured意为“再捕捉回来，再现”。
7．最后一段是个很长的复合句，主干结构为：It take…，but…and…，可用顺泽法进行翻译。
8．fall away意为“消失”，the deep unconscious意为“高度无意识”，to be explored意为“探索，探究”。
知识模块：英译汉（散文）2．It is simple enough to say that since books have classes—fiction, biography, poetry—we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve and criticise at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.正确答案：然而，很少有人要求从书籍中能得到些什么。
我们读书常常带着模糊不清、互相抵触的观念，要求小说为真，诗歌为假，传记为誉，史书佐证己见。
我们读书时若能抛弃所有这些先人之见，那么读书将会是一个极好的开端。
不要对作者发号施令，而应该试着站在作者的角度，成为他的同伴和合作者。
如果读书伊始便固步自封、处处设防，甚至批评挑剔，那么你就无法尽可能多地从阅读中获得最大的价值。
但是如果你能尽量敞开心扉，那么书中那些极细微的精妙之处和暗示都会从开头曲折婉转的语句中显现出来，由此。
一个与众不同的人物形象将跃然呈现于你面前。
解析：1．第二句“Most commonly we come to…our own prejudices．”中有几个并列结构，即ask of的四个宾语成分，可采用顺译法，按照原文的结构进行翻译就可以了。
2．divided的本义表示“分开的，有区别的”，但根据文章后面的描述，指的是对所读书籍的矛盾看法，在此译为“相互抵触的”。
3．flattering的意思是“谄媚的，讨人喜欢的”，在文中应指传记的内容应该讨好所写对象，可译为“讨人欢心的，唱赞歌的”。
4．false的本义为“假的，虚伪的”，在文中是指“虚构的”。
5．第四句“Do not dictate to your author；try to become him．”中的dictate to someone是“对某人发号施令”的意思，文中指读者要求作者按照自己的要求去写；try to become him是指读者看书时要站在作者的角度去读。
6．第五句“Be his fellow worker and accomplice．”中accomplice的本义是“同谋者，帮凶”，文中指读者在读书时能够与作者站在同一立场，理解作者的思想。
7．第六句“If you hang back，and reserve…what you read．”中hang back和reserve都指在读书时对书中内容或作者的观点持有不同意见，从而会产生偏见。
专业英语八级汉译英(散文类)强化练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级汉译英（散文类）强化练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 5. TRANSLATIONPART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN)SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISHDirections: Translate the following text into English.1．现时有两种不知爱“今”的人：一种是厌“今”的人，一种是乐“今”的人。
厌“今”的人也有两派。
一派是对于“现在”一切现象都不满足，因起一种回顾“过去”的感想。
他们觉得“冷”的总是不好，古的都是好。
政治、法律、道德、风俗，全是“今”不如古。
此派人唯一的希望在复古。
他们的心力全于复古的运动。
一派是对于“理在”一切现象都不满足，与复古的厌“今”派全同。
但是他们不想“过去”，但盼“将来”。
盼“将来”的结果，往往流于梦想，把许多“现在”可以努力的事业都放弃不做，单是耽溺于虚无缥缈的空玄缝界。
这两都派人都是不能助益进化，并且很足阻滞进化的。
正确答案：Among those who are sick of the present, some are so dissatisfied with everything of today that they become nostalgic about yesterday. To them, things of present, including politics, law, morality and social customs, are all inferior to those in the past. They place their only hope on turning the clock back to the old days. They throw themselves heart and soul into the back-to-the-ancient campaign. Some, though also dissatisfied with everything of today like those mentioned above, long for the future instead of the past, so much so that they abandon themselves to dreams and fantasies and even give up many things that can be achieved right now through their own efforts. People of these two categories hinder social progress instead of furthering it.解析：1．第一句“厌‘今’的人也有两派”较短，可将其与第二句合为一句，用含定语从句的介词短语的形式表达，Among those who are sick of the present，更能体现英语的句式变化，增加译文亮点。
专业八级英语翻译练习题及解析
专业八级英语翻译练习题及解析2018年专业八级英语翻译练习题及解析A good appetite is a good sauce.以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的2018年专业八级英语翻译练习题及解析，希望能给大家带来帮助!英文原文：Britain Loses Half Of Its MillionairesSuddenly everyone is talking about disappearing millionaires.Tuesday there was The Wall Street Journal talking about the vanishing Maryland millionaires. Now comes word that Britain has lost about half its millionaires.The reason isn't emigration or tax revolts. It is personal finances.As I have been writing for the past year, the rich have been hammered by this crisis, largely because of the plunge in the value of their investments and real estate. As a result, the millionaire population (especially the lower end) is taking a dive.参考译文：英国百万富翁人数减少近半突然之间，人人都在谈论不断消失的百万富翁们。
周二，《华尔街日报》有篇文章谈到了美国马里兰州百万富翁越来越少。
现在有消息说，英国的百万富翁人数减少了约一半。
这并不是因为富翁们移民或是避税去了，而是个人财务状况出了问题。
专业英语八级(哲理类英译汉)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（哲理类英译汉）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 5. TRANSLATIONPART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN)SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESEDirections: Translate the following text into Chinese.1．Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the verge of despair. I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy —ecstasy so great that I would have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness —that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what —at last —I have found.正确答案：我一生有三个愿望，简单却极其强烈：一是对爱的渴望，二是对知识的探索，三是对人类痛苦的无限悲悯。
专业英语八级(其他类英译汉)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（其他类英译汉）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.08 billion-worth of goods to North Korea last year, 35% more than in 2004 and 122% more than in 1995, according to Chinese statistics. More than half of all trade in 2005 was handled by Dandong. Less promisingly for North Korea, exports to China fell by 14.8% to $499 million.正确答案：友谊与贸易中国与朝鲜之间的重要交通线——一座横跨鸭绿江的狭窄的公路、铁路两用桥——并不表示江对岸有多少生意可做。
在这条全长不到1公里(约半英里)的单车道上，仅稀稀拉拉地行驶着几辆卡车。
几个小时里都没有一列火车通过。
朝鲜几年前曾希望在它们那头建成一个繁忙的投资区，但它们现在拥有的只是一座满是停产工厂的破旧城市。
到了晚上，这里到处都是漆黑一片，只有零星的几点灯光。
但是现在鸭绿江两岸的贸易却有了起色。
驶过这座友谊桥(1943年由日本人建造，朝鲜战争中被美军炸毁)的中国卡车满载的不再仅仅是生活必需品。
中国统计数字表明，去年中国向朝鲜出口额达到10．8亿美元，较2004年增长35％，比1995年增长122％。
2005年全年超过一半的贸易是在丹东完成的。
朝鲜的情况则不太妙，对中国的出口额减少了14．8％，仅为4．99亿美元。
解析：这篇文章节选自《经济学人》(The Economist)杂志，语言生动简练，描述了中朝边境的贸易状况及两国贸易再现生机。
1． a narrow road-and-rail bridge across the Yalu river：一座横跨鸭绿江的狭窄的公路、铁路两用桥。
英语专业八级翻译练习及答案
英语专业八级翻译练习及答案英语专业八级翻译练习及答案（通用5篇）大家在英语学习的过程当中都会接触到英语翻译，这对于一个英语专业的学生很重要，下面是店铺给大家整理的关于英语专业八级翻译练习及答案，欢迎大家阅读！英语专业八级翻译练习及答案 1近代的上海，十里洋场，自开埠以来，固然有许多辛酸的不平等的血泪史，固然有许多污泥浊水，这里被称为是"冒险家的乐园"，这里有鸦片，有荡妇，有赌棍，使人纸醉金迷，乃至使人堕落。
可是，上海这座近代大城市却更有它的另一面，它有活力、它聪慧、革新、进取，它敢于担风险，有竞争意识及机制，这种城市意识或风格，使人奋发，跟上时代，走向进步。
(参考译文)In the contemporary period, Shanghai as a metropolis infested by foreign adventurers has indeed recorded, since the opening of its commercial port, a bitter, blood-and-tear history of many miseries and inequalities. Referred to as the Paradise of Adventurers, Shanghai was indeed home to "human sludge and filth" where one could find opium, dissolute women and gamblers. It was a place that made people indulge in luxury and dissipation and given to sensuous pleasures, even inducing people to become degenerate. However, there is a different and more important picture of Shanghai as a modern metropolis. It has been full of vitality and vigor, displaying its unique intelligence and wisdom, characterized by an innovative and enterprising spirit. It has the courage to assume risks and is in possession of both the awareness and the mechanism of competition. Such a metropolitan mentality or style inspires its residents, encouraging them to keep abreast with the changingepochs and to make efforts toward greater progress.英语专业八级翻译练习及答案 2（原文）wnauy徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。
专业英语八级英译汉(散文类)强化练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级英译汉（散文类）强化练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 5. TRANSLATIONPART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN)SECTION B ENGLISH TO CHINESEDirections: Translate the following text into Chinese.1．Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind. It is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees. It is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep spring of life. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exits in a man of 60, more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows merely by the number of years; we grow old by deserting our ideas. Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust. Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station; so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from infinite, so long as you are young.正确答案：青春不全是生命的一段时光，而是一种心境；青春不是玫瑰般的脸颊、红润的嘴唇以及灵活的膝盖；青春是坚强的意志，美好的憧憬，炽热的情感；青春是生命清新的源泉。
英语专业八级考试翻译部分历届试题及参考答案
1995年英语专业八级考试简.奥斯丁的小说都是三五户人家居家度日，婚恋嫁娶的小事。
因此不少中国读者不理解她何以在西方享有那么高的声誉。
但一部小说开掘得深不深，艺术和思想是否有过人之处，的确不在题材大小。
有人把奥斯丁的作品比作越咀嚼越有味道的橄榄。
这不仅因为她的语言精彩，并曾对小说艺术的发展有创造性的贡献，也因为她的轻快活泼的叙述实际上并不那么浅白，那么透明。
史密斯夫人说过，女作家常常试图修正现存的价值秩序，改变人们对“重要”和“不重要”的看法。
也许奥斯丁的小说能教我们学会转换眼光和角度，明察到“小事”的叙述所涉及的那些不小的问题。
参考译文：颜林海Jane Austin’s novels tell about such things unimportant as life, love and marriage in a few families that many Chinese readers do not understand why she has enjoyed such a high reputation in the western countries. But subject matter is indeed not the decisive factor by which we can judge whether or not a novel has its depth, or whether or not it has something superior to others in its artistic appeal and ideological content. Some people compare Austin’s works to olives: the more you chew them, the tastier you feel them. It is not only because of her wonderful language as well as her creative contribution to the development of novel writing as an art, but also because of something that her light and lively narrative hides——something implicit and opaque. Mrs Smith once said, women writers often tried to rectify the existing value orders, and to change people’s opinions on “what’s important or not”. Maybe Austin’s novels can teach us how to change our perspective and vision, really to dig those things important through the narrative of the ones unimportant.E-C原文I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacks of street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I am rated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do es the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring values more central to the good life? For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense of self?I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in small places that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.”Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions of one-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are, sadly, more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us.比较而言，我住在在收费不菲的城市公寓里，步行去工作还得经过恶臭的街头圾袋，向我一向讨厌的地方政府和州政府缴纳高利贷式税收，竟然还被认定为中产阶级。
专业英语八级(翻译)模拟试卷160(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（翻译）模拟试卷160(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 4. TRANSLATIONPART IV TRANSLATION1．我喜爱湖。
湖是大地的眼睛，湖是一种流动的深情，湖是生活中没有被剥夺的一点奇妙。
早在幼年时候，一见到北海公园的太液池，我就眼睛一亮。
在贫穷和危险的旧社会，太液池是一个意外的惊喜，是一种奇异的温柔，是一种孩提式的敞露与清流。
我常常认为，大地与人之间有一种奇妙的契合。
山是沉重的责任与名节的矜持；海是浩渺的遐思与变易的丰富；沙漠是希望与失望交织的庄严的等待；河流是一种寻求、一种机智、一种被辖制的自由……正确答案：I love lakes. For they are the eyes of the mother earth: they are the flowing deep love: and they are the wonders surviving in our life. As early as I was still a kid, I was always lit up at the sight of Lake of Taiye in Beihai Park. In the society stricken by poverty and full of danger, Lake of Taiye was an unexpected surprise, a kind of fantastic tenderness as well as a kind of childlike openness and purity. I often think that the land bears a marvelously harmonious relationship with us people: mountains stand for the great responsibility and the reserved reputation and integrity: seas for the illimitable thoughts and inexhaustible changes: deserts for the solemn expectation interweaved with hope and despair: and rivers for the spirit of pursuit, wisdom and restricted freedom...解析：这段材料选自著名作家王蒙的散文《湖》。
专业英语八级历年翻译真题试题及答案
专业英语八级历年翻译真题试题及答案一、问答题（共10题，共100分）1.汉译英;但是正如其他许多已经发生过的事情一样，当他们最终结婚后，发现最憧憬的生活变得再实际不过了。
他们非但没有分担各自原先的责任--- 正如那些学生们所说 " 一半一半 " ，相反却发现生活的重担加倍了。
这使得我们那两个结婚的朋友时常觉得沮丧;他们突然发现自己并没有过着天堂般的生活而是仍实实在在地生活在地球上，而且成为了新规则和新约束的奴隶。
生活并没有比以前更自由、更幸福，因为他们要去承担新的责任。
既然成立了一个新的家庭，那就无论如何也要尽一点家庭的义务。
他们深情地回想起订婚的那段时光，曾经如此地渴望拥有彼此而忘掉这个世界，然而现在最深切的感受却是自己仍是这个世界的一份子。
2.汉译英;我想不起来哪一个熟人没有手机。
今天没有手机的人是奇怪的，这种人才需要解释。
我们的所有社会关系都储存在手机的电话本里，可以随时调出使用。
古代只有巫师才能拥有这种法宝。
3.汉译英：流逝，表现了南国人对时间最早的感觉。
“子在川上曰，逝者如斯夫。
”他们发现无论是潺潺小溪，还是浩荡大河，都一去不复返，流逝之际青年变成了老翁而绿草转眼就枯黄，很自然有错阴的紧迫感。
流逝也许是缓慢的，但无论如何缓慢，对流逝的恐惧使人们必须用“流逝”这个词来时时警戒后人，必须急匆匆地行动，给这个词灌注一种紧张感。
4.汉译英：茶花(camellia)的自然花期在 12 月至翌年 4 月，以红色系为主，另有黄色系和白色系等，花色艳丽。
本届花展充分展示了茶花的品种资源和科研水平，是近三年来本市规模最大的一届茶花展。
为了使广大植物爱好者有更多与茶花亲密接触的机会，本届茶花展的布展范围延伸至整个园区，为赏花游客带来便利。
此次茶花展历时2个月，展期内 200 多个茶花品种将陆续亮相。
5.汉译英：生活就像一杯红酒，热爱生活的人会从其中品出无穷无尽的美妙。
将它握在手中仔细观察，它的暗红色中有血的感觉，那正是生命的痕迹。
2017年专业英语八级真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2017年专业英语八级真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. READING COMPREHENSION 3. LANGUAGE USAGE 4. TRANSLATION 5. WRITINGPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.听力原文：The Modes of Language Good morning, everyone! In our last lecture, I was talking about language as part of our semiotic system, and today I am going to move onto another topic. That is, the modes of language. As you may know, messages are transmitted in human language most frequently through two primary modes: speech and writing. Well, you know that there is also a third mode, which is not that frequently used as speech and writing. The third mode is called signing, which is used by deaf people. But in today’s lecture we will just focus on speech and writing, and specific features of these two modes. In linguistics, it is commonly noted that speech is primary and writing secondary. Linguists take this position because all languages are spoken, except those dead languages such as Latin, which is only existing in written form All children will naturally acquire the spoken version of a language if they are exposed to it They acquire the spoken form of their mother tongue during the formative period of language acquisition. However, to become literate, a child will need some kind of formal schooling in reading and writing. In many respects, we may call speech “primary” and writing “secondary”. It implies that writing has a second-class status when compared with speech. In fact, it is more accurate to view the two modes as having different but complementary roles. For instance, in most legal systems, while an oral contract is legally binding, a written contract is preferred. The reason is simple: unlike speech, writing provides a permanent record of the contract. Thus, if the terms of the contract are disputed, the written record of the contract can be consulted and interpreted. Disputes over an oral contract will involve one person’s recollection of the contract versus another person’s. While, writing may be the preferred mode for a contract, in many other contexts, speech will be more appropriate. Because the most common type of speech —face-to-face conversations —is highly interactive, this mode is well suited to many social contexts: such as casual conversations over lunch, business transactions in a grocery store, discussions between students and teachers in a classroom. And in these contexts, interactive dialogues have many advantages over writing. For instance, individuals engaged in conversation can ask for immediate clarification if there is aquestion about something said: in a letter to a friend, in contrast, such immediacy is lacking. When speaking to one another, speakers are face to face and can therefore see how individuals react to what is said. On the other hand, writing creates distance between writer and reader, preventing the writer from getting any immediate reaction from the reader. Speech is oral, thus making it possible to use intonation to emphasize words or phrases and express emotion. Of course, one might say that writing has punctuation: well, it can express only a small proportion of the features that intonation has. Because speech is created “on-line,” it is produced quickly and easily. This may result in many “ungrammatical”constructions, but rarely do these rough sentences cause miscommunications. You know, if there is a misunderstanding, it can be easily corrected. On the contrary, writing is much more deliberate. It requires planning, editing and thus taking much more time to produce on the part of the writer. Because of all of these characteristics of writing, if an individual desires a casual, intimate encounter with a friend, he or she is more likely to meet personally than write a letter. In this case, writing a letter to a friend might turn out to be too formal. Of course, in today’s world, the highly developed technology has made such encounters possible with “instant messaging”, over a computer or a smartphone. And if someone wishes to have such an encounter with a friend living many miles away, then this kind of on-line written “chat”can mimic a face-to-face conversation. But because such conversations are a hybrid of speech and writing, they still lack the intimacy and immediacy of a face-to-face conversation. While speech and writing are often viewed as discrete modes, it is important for us to note that there is a continuum between speech and writing. While speech is in general more interactive than writing, various kinds of spoken and written English display various degrees of interactivity. For instance, various linguistic markers of interactive discourse such as first and second person pronouns, contractions, and private verbs such as think and feel, occurred very frequently in telephone and face-to-face conversations but less frequently in spontaneous speeches, interviews, and broadcasts. In addition, some kinds of writing, such as academic prose and official documents, exhibited few markers of interactive discourse, but other kinds of written texts, particularly personal letters, ranked higher on the scale of interactivity than many of the spoken texts. In other words, how language is structured depends less on whether it is spoken or written but more on how it is being used. For example, a personal letter, even though it is written, will contain linguistic features marking interactivity because the writer of a letter wishes to interact with the receiver of the letter. On the other hand, in an interview, the goal is not to interact necessarily but to get information from the person being interviewed. Therefore, though interviews are spoken, they have fewer markers of interactivity and contain more features typically associated with written texts. OK, to sum up, we have been dealing with the modes of language in today’s lecture. The two most frequently used modes are speech and writing. As two different modes of language, speech and writing, have their own characteristics. Speech is a preferred mode in many social contexts while interactivity is needed. Of course, when a formal, stable record is preferred, writing should be an appropriate mode. Finally, I have also emphasized that there is a continuum between speech and writing. In the followinglecture, we will concentrate on the linguistic structure of language. Thank you.The Modes of LanguageThree modes of language speech writing 【T1】______【T1】______Speech and writing speech is considered【T2】______ because【T2】______—all languages are spoken—children acquire spoken language first—【T3】______ requires reading and writing【T3】______ speech and writing have【T4】______ roles【T4】______—legal contracts are written for- providing permanent records-【T5】______disputes over oral contracts【T5】______ speech is more appropriate in【T6】______【T6】______—face-to-face casual conversations —business transactions in stores—discussions in a classroom 【T7】______of speech and writing【T7】______—immediate clarification in speech—visible【T8】______in conversation【T8】______—sense of【T9】______in writing【T9】______—use of intonation to express【T10】______【T10】______—writing seen to be more【T11】______【T11】______—lack of【T12】______ in on-line written “chat”【T12】______ 【T13】______ between speech and writing【T13】______—linguistic markers of interactivity vary with【T14】______【T14】______—how language is structured depends more on【T15】______【T15】______ConclusionAs two different modes of language, speech and writing have their own characteristics.1．【T1】正确答案：signing解析：讲座开篇部分提到了语言的三种模式(mode)，除口语(speech)和书面语(writing)外就是失聪人士用的“手语”(signing)。