非谓语专题复习 过去分词
非谓语-过去分词
①过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关 系且过去分词表示的动作已完成。
②现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修 饰词是主谓关系。
③不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。 first played in 776B.C. = which was first played in 776 B.C.
过去分词作表语
1.用作表语的过去分词被动意味很弱，主要表示 动作的完成和状态，此时相当于一个形容词。 2.被动语态的过去分词动词意味很强,句子主语为 动作的承受者，后面常跟by短语。 ① The glass is broken. The glass was broken by Tom.
过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景 或情景，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随情况等。 一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。 a、表示时间
Seen from the space, the earth looks blue. When it is seen from space, the earth looks blue.
3.使役动词 make, get, have, keep ,leave I want to get my hair cut tomorrow. = I want to get the barber to cut my hair. = I want to let the barber cut my hair. 4.介词短语作宾补 with, without + n. + p.p. Do you know the man with his hands tied back? They left without a dish touched. The murderer was brought in , with his D behinds his back . hands _____ A .being tied B .having tied C .to be tied D .tied
非谓语过去分词的用法总结
非谓语过去分词的用法总结一、介绍非谓语过去分词非谓语过去分词是英语中一种特殊形式的动词形式，它可以在句子中作为动词、形容词或副词使用。
在句子中，过去分词可以修饰主语、宾语或其他名词，并且具有副词性质。
二、作定语用的非谓语过去分词1. 修饰名词非谓语过去分词可以用来修饰名词，通常放在被修饰的名词前面，并且表示该名次所具备的状态或特征。
例如：- A broken chair is lying in the corner.这个破椅子躺在角落里。
- The stolen necklace was found in his pocket.那条被偷的项链在他的口袋里找到了。
2. 描述原因或感觉非谓语过去分词也可以用来描述一个人或事物产生某种感觉或意见。
例如：- I was tired after working for ten hours straight.连续工作10个小时后，我感到疲倦。
- He felt relaxed, having finished all his assignments.他做完了所有作业，感到轻松愉快。
三、作状语用的非谓语过去分词1. 表示时间或原因非谓语过去分词可以用来表示一个动作或事件发生的时间或原因。
通常放在主要动词之后，意义上连接两个动作。
例如：- Having finished his homework, he went out to play.做完家庭作业后，他出去玩了。
- Being tired, I didn't go to the party.因为感到疲倦，我没有去参加派对。
2. 表示条件非谓语过去分词也可以用来表示某个条件。
通常与if连用，并且放在句首或句末位置。
例如：- If invited, he will attend the meeting.如果被邀请，他会参加会议。
- She can go with us, provided having enough time.如果有足够的时间，她能和我们一起去。
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词(过去分词)
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词（动名词）敬告：以下内容，不参加高考等有语法题（语法单选、语法填空、短文改错等）考试的应用类学员无须深究，知道该语法结构的存在，及其充当的句子成分和功能即可，应多花时间练习听说读写，否则就背离了语言学习真正目的。
应试类学员有时间可以比较分析，基本搞懂。
过去分词长什么样？规则的情况下与动词过去式相同，当然有不规则的情况；过去分词可以充当定语、状语、补语、定语，不可能充当主语、宾语；过去分词不像现在分词有多种体现时态和语态的形式，只有一种形式done表示。
1、过去分词可以充当主谓宾补句型中的宾语补语；它与宾语是被动关系，或者说它与宾语是动宾关系。
(1) We found the fish eaten by our cat.(2) I can’t make myself understood because of my poor English.2、过去分词可以充当定语；充当定语当然是修饰主语、宾语等名性的结构；表达过去分词的动作是被动的或完成，或即被动又完成的。
(1) The party had last night (which was had last night) was very cheerful.(2) USA is a developed country (a country which has been developed).(3) A great number of students questioned (who had been questioned) said they were forced to practice the piano.3、过分词可以充当状语，它与主句主语是被动关系，或者说它与主句的主语是动宾关系；过去分词一般只强调被动动作而不强调时间，多用于条件和原因状语；(1) Taken in time, the medicine will turn out to be very effective.If the medicine is taken in time, it will turn out to be very effective.(2) Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.Because Andy is offered an important role in a new movie, he has a chance to become famous.若要强调一个动作，不论主动还是被动，在主句谓语动作之前已经完成，体现时间差，用现在分词的完成式having done或完成被动式having been done，请比较下面的例句与前面的区别：(3) Having been told many times, he finally understood it.After he had been told many times, he finally understood it.。
非谓语动词之现在分词和过去分词.ppt.ppt
The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.) (The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.
由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。
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（4）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和 完成，只表完成。如：
the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题 （既表示被动也表示完成）
the fallen leaves •落下的树叶 (只表示完成，不表示被动)
2、作表语 分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如： She was too frightened to move. 她被吓得一动不动。 What you said is really inspiring. 你所说的真令人鼓舞。
(Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful. When the factory is seen from the top of the tower, the Factory looks beautiful.
After he was scolded by the teacher, he was very sad.
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4.Not knowing where to go, he asked a policeman .
Because he didn’t know where to go, he asked a policeman.
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3、作宾语补足语
专题12.非谓语动词考点梳理(复习讲义)
专题12.非谓语动词考点梳理（复习讲义）考点清单范围知识条目非谓语动词熟练运用动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语和目的状语理解动词不定式作主语和定语的用法考点一动词不定式的用法一、动词不定式的构成不定式的基本形式为:to+动词原形,有时可以不用to,这里的to是不定式符号,本身无词义,动词不定式的否定形式是在其前面加not。
二、动词不定式的句法功能功能例句说明主语To speak English is not easy for us.=It is not easy forus to speak English.讲英语对我们来说不容易。
不定式作主语时,常常可用it作形式主语,而把不定式放在后面表语My work is to clean the room every day.我的工作就是每天打扫这间屋子。
多数情况下,不定式作表语表示主语的“职业、职责”等宾语I wish to speak to the manager.我想跟经理说话。
只能作某些动词的宾语,一般不作介词的宾语宾补She asked me not to speak Chinese in class.她让我在课上不要讲汉语。
在make,let,see,hear,watch等使役、感官动词后,不定式省略to定语Have you got anything to say?你有要说的吗?不定式作定语,要放在所修饰词的后面状语I’m sorry to trouble you.(表原因)很抱歉,给你添麻烦了。
I went to the library to study English.(表目的)我去图书馆学英语了。
不定式作状语,其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致1.不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末,常用结构为:It+be+adj.(+for/of sb.)+动词不定式。
如:To learn English well is useful.→It is useful to learn English well.It’s important for us to protect the environment.注意:在kind,good,nice,clever等表示人的品质的形容词后,不用for而用of。
非谓语动词(过去分词)
希望，要求，命令：like found his hair style changed completely.
I made myself understood easily. I heard the song sung several times
last week. With the work done, they went out
表语
表示主语所处的状态，用作表 语的过去分词大多来自及物动词，
表示某人对某事的感觉或者体验， 解释为“感到...”。
表语
confused（感到困惑的） delighted（感到高兴 的）disappointed（感到失望的） dissatisfied （感到不满的） embarrassed（感到窘迫的） encouraged（感到鼓舞的） excited（感到激 动的） interested（感到高兴的） pleased（感 到愉快的） puzzled（感到费解的） satisfied （感到满意的） surprised（感到惊异的） worried（感到担心的）
Though told of the danger, he still risked
his life to save the boy.
过去分词
The movie is being shown in selected cities.
宾语补足语
宾语补足语
感官，心理状态：feel, find, hear, help, keep, notice, observe, see, smell, watch think, understand 使役动词： make, get, have, set, start
to play.
非谓语动词 (现在分词,过去分词)
2). 动词+宾语+宾补 a). 使义动词 send sb doing sth have/keep sb doing sth get sth doing(vi) get/keep sth done get sb done make oneself done
2. 找逻辑主语 如果没有连词，则确定用非谓语动词，首先确 定逻辑主语。 1). 如果非谓语动词没有逗号隔开时, 则逻辑主 语常常为最接近一个名词； 2). 如果非谓语动词有逗号隔开时，则 a). 非谓语动词放在句首,句中时，逻辑主语为 主句主语； b). 非谓语动词放在句末时； 主句主语； 逻辑主语 最接近一个名词 整个主句
2. ________many times , he still couldn't understand it . A. Having been told B. To be told C. He was told D. Though he was told 分析：句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此， 前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一个成分，故 选A，用非谓语动词作状语。
注意事项： (1)位置: 分词作状语时，位于句首或者句末;
(2) 逻辑主语: 主句主语；
(3) 省略句: 由when, while, though, although, if , as if, even if, before, after, unless等引导的从 句中；
a). 如果主句主语与从句主语相同，并且从句谓 语动词包括be时，则可以省去从句主语+be; When studying abroad, he studied hard. If invited to the party, I will go. b). 如果从句主谓是 it be时，也可省去； I will go and see if (it is) necessary. If so, please call me right away.
非谓语动词--过去分词
2. The P.P. used as the predicative:
结构：
主语
+
系动词
+
P.P.
常用的系动词有：
be; look, sound, feel, taste, smell; get, become, turn, grow, go, come, fall ...; keep, remain, stay...; seem, appear ; prove ...
wear -- wore -- worn
feel -- felt -- felt
write -wrote - written
find - found - found
1. The P.P. used as the attribute:
terrified people polluted water reserved seats a crowded room a pleased winner
4. The P.P. used as the adverbial Eg. Frightened by the loud noise, I went to see what was
happening.
Built in 1910, the museum is almost 100 years old. She walked out of the house, followed by her little
P.P. + n.
1. The P.P. used as the attribute:
people terrified of ... water polluted by ... seats reserved by ... a room crowded with ... a winner pleased with ...
非谓语动词-过去分词
一般置于其所修饰的名词 之后 ，表示 被动 或 完成 意义。 其意义相当于一个 定语 从句，
总结：过去分词短语用作定语时，
【观察思考】 He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.
被动
完成
主动
进行
进行
完成
感兴趣的
令人感兴趣的
总结：过去分词与现在分词作定语的区别 现在分词具有主动_和正在进行之意；过去分词具有被动和完成之意； 作表语的区别 现在分词具有令人……之意；过去分词具有感觉……之意；
[归纳总结] 过去分词作定语时，表示的动作在________之前发生，已经完成并具有____意义。此时，作定语的过去分词一般是由_____动词变来的，因为只有此类动词才有被动意义。
① How did the audience receive the new play? They got very excited.
③ She was very disappointed to hear the result.
④ He’s quite experienced in teaching beginners.
三、过去分词做宾语补足语
汇报日期
单个的过去分词作定语时一般兼有 被动 和 完成 的意义， 常放在被修饰词的 前面 。
一、过去分词作定语 1、单个的过去分词作定语时一般兼有被动和完成的意义，常作前置定语。 eg：a lost animal 一只迷路的动物 a used stamp 一枚用过的邮票 an injured finger 一根受伤的手指 a broken coin 一枚破损的硬币 a lighted candle 一支点燃的蜡烛 (1) So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. (2) He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. (3) The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.
非谓语动词现在分词和过去分词的用法
非谓语动词（现在分词/过去分词的具体用法）Step1:分词的语法意义：（1）分词是非谓语动词，不可以单独作谓语.（2）它具有动词、形容词、副词的特征.A：当它具备动词特征时可有自己的宾语，也可带状语构成分词短语.B：当它具备形容词的特点时，可在句中作定语、宾语补足语和状语，还可以构成独立结构.C：当它具有副词特征时，可在句中作状语，也可构成独立结构.Step2:分类：分词按语法功能可分为现在分词和过去分词两种.Step3:构成：现在分词v+-ing(即v-ing形式)；过去分词：V+-ed(即v-ed形式).一，分词作定语的用法.（一）现在分词作定语的用法.特点：（1）单个现在分词作定语时，一般放在所修饰词的后面.（2）若是现在分词短语作定语时，则放在它所修饰词的后面.（3）现在分词作定语，意思表示“正在----的”或“即将-----的”或“令人------的”.（4）与所修饰的名词之间是主动关系，或者表是表示正在进行的动作.E g: The student raised a confusing question.（表示：令人费解/困惑的）主语及物动词定语宾语译文：这个学生提出一个令人困惑的问题.E g: The retiring teacher walked into the classroom.（表示：即将退休的）定语译文：这位即将退休的老师步入教室.E g: The aging father found it hard to solve this tough problem. （表示：年华正在老去的）定语译文：这位日渐年迈的父亲发现很难解决这个棘手的问题.E g: The man talking to a stranger loudly is our English teacher.(表示：主动和正在进行)现在分词作后置定语译文：正在和一位谋生人大声交谈的那个人是我们的英语老师.（二）过去分词作定语的用法.特点：（1）单个过去分词作定语时，一般放在所修饰词的后面.（2）若是过去分词短语作定语时，则放在它所修饰词的后面.（3）过去分词作定语，意思表示“感到----的”或“受到-----的”.（4）与所修饰的名词之间是被动关系，或者表示：已经完成的动作.E g: The retired soldier passed away last year. （表示：已经退休的或者动作已经完成）定语译文：那个退役的军人上个月去世了.E g: The wounded soldier was sent to the hospital immediately. （表示：受伤的或者动定语经完成）.译文：那位受伤的士兵被立刻送往医院.E g: Give me some boiled water to drink. （表示：已经煮开过的或者动作已经完成）定语译文：给我弄点白开水喝.练习：He is sweeping (falling; fallen) leaves in the (falling; fallen) rain.译文：他在雨中扫落叶.二，分词作表语的用法.（一）现在分词作表语的用法.特点：单个现在分词作表语时，多表示主语所具有的特征.一般放在系动词be/become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear等后面.作表语的分词均为形容词.可以译成：“-----------的”.E g: The English speech contest is really exciting.（表示：令人兴奋的）表语译文：这次英语演讲比赛很令人兴奋.E g: The naughty baby is very tiring.（表示：令人累的）表语译文：这个调皮的孩子真是累人.E g: The food smells so inviting. （表示：令人诱惑的）表语译文：这食物闻起来很诱人.E g: This once-in-a-blue-moon experience is really thrilling. （表示：令人刺激的）译文：这次难得的经历真扣人心弦.（二）过去分词作表语的用法.特点：单个过去分词作表语时，多表示主语所处的状态.一般放在系动词be/ become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear等后面.作表语的分词均为形容词.可以译成：“-----------的”.E g: I was bored by her endless bragging. （表示：感到枯燥、厌倦的）.译文：她不停地吹嘘，我烦透了.E g: I’m really interested in making a speech in English in public. （表示：感到有趣的）译文：我对在公共场合用英文演讲非常感兴趣.E g: I felt confused about this matter. （表示：感到费解、迷惑的）译文：我对这件事情很费解.总结：并非所有的分词均可当形容词对待.有些分词不能翻译成“--------的”.Killed:不能译成“感到杀的”Killing:不能译成“令人杀的”Writing: 不能译成“令人写的”Written: 不能译成“感到写的”此类分词,只能置于be动词之后，不可置于连系动词（become/look/sound/smell/remain/seem/appear）等后面，不可视为是形容词，而视为动词的进行时或被动语态.E g: He was murdered last night. (表示：一般过去式的被动语态)译文：他昨晚被谋杀了.E g: I can’t believe you didn’t have a written contract.译文：我简直不敢相信，你居然没有一份书面合同.三，分词作宾语补足语的用法.（一）现在分词作宾语补足语的用法.特点：现在分词作宾语补足语时常用在感官动词和使役动词之后，现在分词一般强调动作正在进行，主动，与物有关.方法：（1）宾补的动词若为及物动词，后面一定接宾语，共同作宾补.（2）宾补的动词为不及物动词，一律用现在分词.（3）宾语与宾补之间为主动关系.（4）宾补的动作在逻辑上是由宾语来完成的.E g: I heard some girls gossiping about you.宾语补足语译文：我听到一些女孩子在说你的闲话.E g: I found him killing cockroaches宾语补足语译文：我发现他正在杀蟑螂.E g: I saw him coming out of the office just now.宾语补足语译文：我刚才看见他正在从办公室出来.（二）过去分词作宾语补足语的用法.特点：现在分词作宾语补足语时常用在感官动词和使役动词之后，过去分词一般强调被动，完成，与人有关.方法：（1）宾补的动词为及物动词，后面不可接宾语（2.）宾语与宾补之间为被动关系，宾补与前面的宾语构成动宾关系.（3）宾补的动作不是由宾语自身完成.E g: I found the cockroaches killed.(过去分词充当宾语补足语)译文：我发现那些蟑螂被人杀了.E g: I had my wallet robbed in the street this morning. (过去分词充当宾语补足语)译文：今天早上在街上我的钱包被人抢了.（三）由介词with引导的复合结构中，分词作宾语补足语的用法.特点：置于句首或句尾，常用来修饰句中的主语，以表示主语所处的状况，通常为大动作附带小动作时，大动作以句子的动词表示，而小动作则使用with复合结构.（1）with +宾语+宾补（过去分词充当）.特点：宾语与宾补之间表示被动和完成.E g: He stood there with his arms folded.译文：他双臂交叉站在那里.E g: He sat there with his eyes closed.译文：他双眼闭着坐在那儿.（2）with +宾语+宾补（现在分词充当）.特点：宾语与宾补之间表示主动和正在进行.E g: He talked to me with his legs shaking译文：他和我说话时两腿发抖.E g: A: Come on, Please give me some ideas about the project.B: Sorry. With so much work filling my mind, I almost break down.（3）with +宾语+宾补（动词不定式充当）.特点：宾语与宾补之间表示将要发生或没有完成.E g: With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the manager felt worried all the time.译文：由于很多的难题没有得到解决，经理一直很担忧.（4）with +宾语+宾补（介词短语充当）.特点：表示宾语所处的状态.E g: He talked to me with a pipe in his mouth.译文：他和我说话时嘴里叼着烟斗.四，分词作状语的用法.（一）现在分词作状语的用法.特点：（1）现在分词短语作状语时刻表示原因、方式、伴随、结果、或条件等.此时它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致.（2）现在分词一般式，若现在分词短语表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，或者紧接发生，也可在该短语前加上when或while; （3）现在分词的完成时，若现在分词短语表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生.（4）若现在分词短语的逻辑主语（即句子的主语）发出该动作，则就是主动语态.（5）若现在分词短语的逻辑主语（句子的主语）承受了该动作，那么就用它的被动式.E g:We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, thinking that all children like these things.(现在分词在句中作伴随状语，而且句子的主语是thinking的执行者).译文：我们考虑到孩子们都喜欢这些东西，通常给孩子提供玩具；足球和篮球.E g: Daddy didn’t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, having fun. (现在分词在句中作伴随状语，而且句子的主语we是having的执行者).译文：只要我们能在一起共享乐趣，爸爸不会介意我们在做什么.E g: The storm left, having caused a lot of damage to this area.（说明：分词的逻辑主语为the storm,故用现在分词表示主动，因为是造成破坏之后离开的，所以用现在完成时态，在句中作时间状语从句）可以改写为：After it had caused a lot of damage to this area, the storm left.E g:Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.(说明：separate from 与主句主语有被动的含义，并且先于主句谓语动词，因此用现在分词完成时的被动语态)E g: Oil prices have risen by 32percent since the start of the year, reaching a recor d＄57.65 a barrel on April 4.（现在分词在句中作伴随状语）译文：自从今年开始油价已经上涨了32﹪，在4月份达到每桶＄57.65这个记录.E g: The manager, having made it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.(现在分词的完成时态表示动作发生在主句的动作之前).E g: Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer careless, always saying the same thing.译文：无论什么时候他被问到为什么他会上课迟到，他总是粗心地答复，说着同样的话.E g: He is a student at Oxford University, studying for a degree in computer science.（现在分词在句中作伴随状语）E g: He was busy writing a story, only stopping once in a while to smoke a cigarette. （现在分词在句中作伴随状语）译文：他那时忙于写一个故事，只是偶尔停下来抽支烟.E g:Having been shown around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.译文：我们参观了水立方后，又被带去参观了为2008年奥运会准备的鸟巢.E g: Not realizing that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest. (主语Eric与realize 构成主动关系，因此用realizing，v-ing形式前加not表示否定)练习题：1，in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.A: Waiting B: To wait C: Having waited D: To have waited2, in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.A: To walk B: Walking C: Walked D: Having walked3, their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.A: To throw B: Thrown C: Throwing B: Being thrown4, We had an anxious couple of weeks for the results of the experiment.A: wait B: to be waiting C: waited D: waiting.5, that she was going off to sleep , I asked if she’s like that little doll on her bed.A: Seeing B: To see C: See D: Seen.6, The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket the desert.A: Covering B: Covered C: Cover D: To cover.（二）过去分词作状语的用法.特点：（1）过去分词短语作状语修饰谓语动词，说明其发生的情况，可以放在句首其强调作用，也可放在句中、句末，它的逻辑主语须与句子的主语保持一致.（2）过去分词一般表示动作已完成，只有一般式.（3）过去分词表示被动和完成E g:Dressed in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.说明：当状语从句的主语和主句主语相一致且谓语包含动词be的某种形式时，可省略从句的主语以及动词be. 恢复原句：When he is dressed in a white uniform, -----------.译文：穿着白色的制服，他看上去更像是个厨师而不像医生.E g: When offered help, one often says “ Thank you.” Or “It’s kind of you.”译文：当被提供了帮助时，人们常说：“谢谢”或“你真好”.E g: Faced with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.说明：be faced with 表示:“面临，面对.”作原因状语.译文：由于面临很多的困难，我们未能按时完成这项工作.E g: Blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. (作原因状语).练习题：1，No matter how frequently , the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.A: Performed B: Performing C: to be performed D: being performed2，The flowers his friend gave him will die unless every day.A: watered B: watering C: water D: to water3, by a greater demand of vegetables , farmers have built more green houses.A: Driven B: Being driven C : To drive D: Having driven4, To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English as much as we can.A: speak B: speaking C: spoken D: to speak5, It is one of the funniest things on the internet so far this year.A: finding B: being found C: to find D: found(三)分词结构-----动词变化1，若一句中有两个动词同时存在，彼此一定要有连接词相连.E g: He studied very hard but failed the exam.2, 若两个动词没有连接词相连，注意下列变化原则.(1) 若两个动词所代表的动作时同时发生时，第二个动词一定要变成现在分词；若该动词是be动词，变成现在分词being 之后要省略.E g: He sat in the corner reading books.(他一面坐在角落，一面看书，动作同时发生，因此read应该变成现在分词)译文：他坐在角落看书.E g: Don’t sit there doing nothing. Come and help me with this table.译文：别坐那儿无所事事，过来帮助我收拾一下桌子.E g: He came home was tired.第一步：变成：He came home being tired.第二步：变成：He came home tired.（说明：他一面回家，一面感到累，故came与was tired同时发生.由于was是be动词，变成being之后应给予省略）译文：他回到家感到很累.E g: He left young and came back old.译文：他少小离家老大回.E g: We are born equal.译文：我们生而平等.（2）若两个动词所代表的动作并非同时发生，而是有先后次序时，第二个动词就要变成“to+动词原形）形成的不定式短语，作目的状语.E g: He stood up to smoke a cigarette.译文：他站起来抽烟.E g: He rushed here to tell me the story.译文：他赶到这里来告诉我这个故事.（3）若有两个动词有逗号隔开，而无连接词时，就不必考虑动词所代表的动作先后发生的次序，第二个动词一定要变成现在分词.E g: He left home at six in the morning, arriving here about four in the afternoon.译文：他早上6点离开家，约下午4点抵达此地.E g: He ran away quickly, looking as if something terrible had happened.译文：他很快的跑开了，看起来好像发生了什么可怕的事.(四)分词结构-----单句化简法.两个句子在一起，若无连接词相连时，往往第一个句子要化简，变成分词短语.法则如下：（1）两句的主语相同时，被化简的句子的主语要删除，若主语不同时要保留.（2）之后的动词要变成现在分词.（3）若该动词为be动词时，变成现在分词being之后，可给予省略，但亦可不予省略，以强调“因为------”的意思.E g: He has nothing to do, he feels bored.改正：化简第一个句子第一步：删除相同的主语he第二步：其后动词has变成现在分词having.最简化为：Having nothing to do , he feels bored.译文：他没有事情可做，所以觉得无聊.E g: He was sick of studying, he ran away from home.改正：化简第一个句子第一步：删除相同的主语he第二步：其后动词was变成现在分词being，然后给予省略.最简化为：Sick of studying, he ran away from home.译文：他厌倦学习，所以离家出走了.E g: The sun set, the cowboys rode back to the ranch.改正：化简第一个句子第一步：因为两个句子的主语不同，故要保留.第二步：其后动词set变成现在分词setting.最简化为：The sun setting, the cowboys rode back to the ranch.译文：夕阳西下，牛仔们刺马回到牧场(五)使用单句化简法时应注意事项.（1）变成否定分词结构时，not要置于分词前.E g:Not satisfied with result, he decided to try again.译文：他不满意此结果，决定再试一次.（2）句中有助动词do/does/did时，可直接删除.E g: He didn’t intend to see her, he left early.-----Not intending to see her, he left early.译文：他不打算见她，便提前离开了.(3)句中有完成时助动词has /have/had要视为动词而变成现在分词having.E g: He had done the work, he felt very happy.--------having done the work , he left happy.译文：他做完了这个工作，觉得很高兴.E g: I have not seen her for ages, I miss her very much.-------Not having seen her for ages, I miss her very much.译文：好久没有见面了，我非常想念她.（4）主语不同时，所形成的分词短语，成为分词的独立主格结构.所谓分词的独立主格结构，就是独立修饰不同主语的分词结构.在句中只能做状语，表示条件；时间；原因；伴随情况.E g: This being the case, you’d better be more careful.(解释：this being the case原为this is the case,但如此一来，本句与you’d better be more careful 无连接词相连.故将第一个句子化简为分词短语.由于主语不同，故给予保留，之后的动词is变成现在分词being, being the case 独立修饰不同主语this,故称为分词的独立主格结构).译文：这样的话，你最好多加小心.E g: All things considered, I decided to major in business administration.译文：全盘考虑后，我决定主修企业管理.E g: All the work finished, you can go home.译文：所有工作都做完了，你可以回家了.E g: Weather permitting , we are going to have a picnic tomorrow.译文：若天气许可，我们明天就去野餐.(六)分词短语------定语从句化简法.1，在限定性定语从句中、（即关系代词之前无逗号）中，若关系代词作主语时，可化简成分词短语，法则如下：（1）删除关系代词（2）其后动词变成现在分词.（3）若该动词为be动词，变成现在分词being之后，可给予省略.E g: The man who is talking to Mary over there is my father.第一步：将who删除第二步：将who之后的is变成现在分词being第三步：再将being省略.上句可简化成：-----------The man talking to Mary over there is my father.译文：那边那位正在和玛丽说话的男士是我爸爸.2，在非限制性的定语从句中（即关系代词之前有逗号）通常不得化简为分词短语.E g: I like Tom, who is talking to Mary.-------不能变成I like Tom, talking to Mary.3, 不过在非限制性的定语从句结构为“关系代词+be+名词”时，则仍可化简，从而形成同位语.E g: John, who is a good friend of mine, studies hard.------John, a good friend of mine , studies hard.译文：约翰，我的一个好朋友，学习很用功.(七)分词短语------状语从句化简法.Once; when; while; if ;unless; though等六个连接词所引导的状语从句中，若主语与主句中的主语相同时，亦可化简为分词结构，法则与单句化简完全相同.注意：once; if; unless所引导的状语从句若化简为分词短语，多限于“主语+be+分词/形容词”的结构；而when; while; though则不限于此.E g: If I am free, I’ll go with you.-------If free，I’ll go with you.译文：如果有空，我将和你一起去.E g: Though he was seriously injured, he was not at all daunted.----- Though seriously injured, he was not at all daunted.译文：虽然受伤很严重，他一点都不畏惧.E g: Once I am available, I’ll let you know the result.----- O nce available, I’ll let you know the result.译文：一旦我有空，我会告诉你结果的.E g: Once I have money, I’ll buy a new car.------不能转化为Once having money, I’ll buy a new car.(八)少数现在分词可当成介词使用.(1)including 包含/包括=inclusive of ；（2）excluding =exclusive of除外；（3）considering 考虑；（4）regarding关于；(5)concerning=about=on关于E g: Considering his performance, he can be a good teacher.译文：从他的表现来看，他可以当个好老师.E g: He wrote an article regarding environment pollution.译文：他写了一篇有关环境污染的文章.(九)独立分词短语的使用.特点：某些独立分词短语有副词的功能，通常置于句首，修饰整个句子.常见的分词短语有：generally speaking（一般来说）; judging from（从----判断）; frankly speaking（坦率地说）; considering everything（把一切考虑在内）; strictly speaking（严格地说）; talking of (谈到/谈及); according to(根据); seeing that+从句----------(既然)；given that+从句---------(考虑到).E g:Generally speaking, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.E g:Strictly speaking, he is not good enough.E g: Judging from his appearance, he seems to be rich.E g: Talking of the devil, he will appear.E g:According to John, the fire broke out at ten in the morning.E g:Seeing that you have no time, I’ll have Peter replac e you.E g: Given that you had very little help, I think you did very well.(十)与使役动词有关的重要分词短语的句子.1，I started the ball rolling. 我给那件事开个头.2，The news set my heart throbbing.这个消息使我心悸不已3, I am sorry to have kept you waiting.我很抱歉让你久等了.4, I couldn’t make myself understood. 我无法让别人听懂我的话. 5, I had my shoes repaired.我把我的鞋拿去修好了.6, He got a new suit made.他订做了一套西服.7, You should leave it unsaid.你应该别提这件事情.8, I like my eggs half boiled.我喜欢吃煮的半熟的鸡蛋.9, I had my watch stolen.我的表被偷了.。