景观建筑设计专业英语翻译
建筑英文介绍带翻译

建筑英文介绍带翻译Introduction to Architecture 建筑英文介绍。
Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures. It involves the use of materials, technology, and design principles to create functional and aesthetically pleasing spaces that meet the needs of people.建筑是设计和建造建筑物和其他物理结构的艺术和科学。
它涉及使用材料、技术和设计原则来创建功能和美观的空间,满足人们的需求。
The history of architecture can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where impressive structures such as the Pyramids, the Parthenon, and the Colosseum were built. These structures were not only functional but also served as symbols of power and wealth.建筑的历史可以追溯到古代文明,如埃及、希腊和罗马,那里建造了令人印象深刻的建筑物,如金字塔、巴特农神庙和斗兽场。
这些建筑不仅具有功能性,还作为权力和财富的象征。
As time passed, architecture evolved and new styles emerged. In the Middle Ages, Gothic architecture emerged with its pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. During the Renaissance, architects such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Bramante created masterpieces that combined classical elements with new techniques and materials.随着时间的推移,建筑发展并出现了新的风格。
Landscape是什么

Landscape是什么Landscape是一个英文单词,中文翻译为“风景”或“景观”。
在房地产和城市规划领域,landscape还可以指代“园林”。
下面将详细探讨landscape在不同领域中的含义。
1. 风景风景是指大自然中各种地貌、植被和水域相互结合形成的景观。
在地理学和旅游学的领域中,风景被视为一种吸引人们眼球和欣赏的自然景观。
风景的形成和演变受到地质、气候和生物等多种因素的影响。
世界各地都有许多以其独特风景而闻名的地区,这些地区的风景吸引了大量的游客和摄影师。
2. 景观景观是用于描述城市、农村和自然环境的外部环境的术语。
景观包括自然元素(如植被、地形、水域)和人工元素(如建筑物、道路、公园)的组合。
景观规划是一种将不同元素组合在一起以创造可持续、美观和功能性环境的专业领域。
景观的设计和规划通常考虑到土地的可持续性、环境保护、社会需求和经济效益。
景观设计师使用各种技术和工具来创造独特的景观,以满足人们对美丽和功能性环境的需求。
3. 园林园林是landscape的另一个意思,指的是设计用于人们休闲娱乐、观赏和社交活动的公共或私人空间。
园林通常包括各种植物、花卉、草坪、小径、水池、喷泉和座椅等元素。
园林设计是一个兼具艺术和科学的领域,旨在为人们提供一个舒适、美丽和和谐的环境。
园林设计师通常考虑到植物的选择和布局、景观的轮廓和风格、人们的行走路径和活动区域等因素。
在不同的实践领域中,landscape的概念可能有所不同,但它们都与人类活动和自然环境之间的相互作用有关。
在生态学领域,landscape可以指代一定地理区域内不同生态系统和物种之间的相互关系。
在文学和艺术领域,landscape可以被视为一种表达情感和思想的艺术形式。
在摄影和绘画中,人们经常用landscape来拍摄或描绘壮丽的自然景色。
landscape是一个多义词,涵盖了风景、景观和园林等不同的含义。
无论是自然的还是人工的,landscape都是与环境美学和人类活动息息相关的重要概念。
生态景观设计相关 中英对照

本科毕业论文外文文献翻译Agriculture Ecosystems and EnvironmentThe landscape as an ecosystem作为生态系统的景观H. DoingDepartment of Vegetation Ecology Plant Ecology and Weed Science,AgriculturalUniversity Wageningen The Netherlands植被生态学,植物生态学与杂草科学学院荷兰瓦赫宁根农业大学。
Abstract 摘要Landscape in this paper is defined as quota complex of geographically functionallyand historically interrelated ecosystemsquot also: quotorganised landquot.风景,在本文中,被定义为“历史性与功能性相互关联的生态系统地理的结合”(也定义为:“有组织的土地”)。
For its planning and management mapping of geomorphological hydrological andclimatic conditions is crucial to understand the ecological patterns.规划管理,地貌,水文,气候条件对于了解它的生态格局是非常重要的。
To warrant the landscapes sustainability its ecosystems multiple andinterdependent functions should be carefully identified on macro- meso- andmicro-level.为了保证景观的可持续发展,其生态系统的多元化和相互依存的作用在宏观,中观和微观几个层面应仔细确定。
建筑设计方案文本中英翻译

I 设计文本图名英文翻译一设计说明篇1 设计说明Introduction of design二上位分析篇1 宏观区位分析图Macro location analysis drawing2 微观区位分析图Micro location analysis drawing3 资源分析图Resources analysis drawing4 企业分析图Enterprise analysis drawing5 区位交通分析图Traffic location analysis drawing6 基地现状分析图Existing site analysis plan7 基地高层分析图Highrise analysis drawing8 基地视线分析图Sight line analysis drawing9 山体条件分析图Mountain condition analysis plan10 水体条件分析图Water condition analysis plan三案例分析篇Case Analysis1 案例分析图Case analysis drawing四城市印象篇Urban Impression1 白天鸟瞰图Aerial View2 夜景鸟瞰图Aerial Night View3 黄昏鸟瞰图Aerial Dusk View4 半鸟瞰图Semi-Aerial View5 局部透视图(白天-夜景-黄昏)Partial perspective(day-night-evening) 五理念分析篇Concept analysis1 方案构思图Plan Idea diagram2 理念构思图Idea Conceived Diagram3 理念分析图Idea Analysis diagram六规划设计篇1 总体规划平面图Overall planning2 总经济技术指标表General Technological and EconomicIndex3 分地块经济技术指标表Sub Parcel Technological and EconomicIndex分区经济技术指标表Subarea Technological and EconomicIndex4 模型展示图Model exhibition Diagram5 模型分析图Model Analysis Diagram6 功能系统分析图Function System Analysis Diagram7 建筑平面功能分析图Building Plane Function AnalysisDiagram8 建筑空间功能分析图Architecture Space Function AnalysisDiagram9 交通系统分析图Traffic System Analysis Diagram10 道路系统分析图Road System Analysis Diagram11 水路系统分析图Water way system Analysis Diagram12 结构系统分析图Structure System Analysis Diagram13 空间结构分析图Space Structure Analysis Diagram14 空间系统分析图Space Structure Analysis Diagram15 开发系统分析图Development system Analysis Diagram16 开发强度示意图Development Intensity Diagram17 消防系统分析图Fire protection system AnalysisDiagram18 景观系统分析图Landscape system Analysis Diagram19 空间景观分析图Space Sequence Analysis Diagram20 绿化系统分析图Afforestation system Analysis Diagram21 日照系统分析图Sunshine system Analysis Diagram22 竖向设计分析图Vertical elevation Analysis Plan23 视线系统分析图Sight System Analysis Plan24 地块价值分析图District Value Diagram25 地块价值挖掘分析图26 天际线分析图Skyline Analysis Diagram27 灯光系统分析图Lighting System Analysis Diagram七建筑设计篇1 首层建筑平面图Ground floor plan2 夹层建筑平面图Mezzanine plan3 二层建筑平面图Second floor plan4 三层建筑平面图Third floor plan5 地下一层平面图Plan for Basement Floor6 地下二层平面图2nd Basement plan7 地下三层平面图3rd Basement plan8 防火分区图Fire Compartmentation Diagram9 建筑立面图Building Elevation drawing10 建筑剖面图Building Section11 户型平面图Layout plan12 材料运用示意图Material Exertion Diagram八建筑意向篇1 户型意向图Housing intention2 建筑意向图Architectural intention九景观意向篇1 景观意向图Landscape intention十空间意向篇1 空间意向图Space intention十一场景意向篇1 场景意向图Scene intention* 对于不明确制图图纸的情况,请参考文件最后的图纸导航。
介绍设计的英语作文_专业高分英语作文2篇

介绍设计的英语作文_专业高分英语作文2篇关于”介绍设计“的英语作文模板2篇,作文题目:Introduction design。
以下是关于介绍设计的专业英语模板,每篇作文均为高分模板带翻译。
高分英语作文1:Introduction design中文翻译:景观是指土地和土地中的空间和物体的综合体,它是地球上一个复杂的自然过程和人类活动的一个品牌。
景观设计的要素包括自然景观要素和人工景观要素,自然景观要素主要指自然景观,如山丘、山丘、山丘等古树、石头、河流、湖泊、海洋等人工景观的主要元素是文物、文物古迹、园林绿化、艺术小品、交易会、建筑建筑、广场等这些景观元素为创造高品质的城市空间环境提供了大量素材,但要形成独特的城市景观,必须系统地组织各种景观要素,形成完整和谐的景观系统和有序的空间形态。
万能作文模板2:中文翻译:卢浮宫金字塔是法国巴黎卢浮宫博物馆(m useée du Louvre)庭院中的一个大型玻璃和金属金字塔,周围环绕着三个较小的金字塔。
大金字塔作为博物馆的主要入口,建成后已成为巴黎市的地标性建筑“实心为死者,透明为生者”贝聿铭。
满分英语范文3:介绍设计Reduce all the pain, stress and tension our place is very clean, very, beautiful and personal refresh all the best placesin your life rela某 shower we accept credit card beautiful asian meur with soft hands and gentle touch deep tissue, finger pressure, Swiss mage, super clean place, very quiet, e某perienced, skilled 2 or 4 hands Beautiful girl, best service. We accept credit cards.中文翻译:减少所有的疼痛,压力和紧张感我们的地方非常干净,非常,美丽和私人的刷新你的生活全部最好的地方放松淋浴我们接受信用卡漂亮的亚洲师用柔软的手和温柔的触感深层组织,指压,瑞典,超级干净的地方,非常安静,经验丰富,技术娴熟2或4手,漂亮女孩最好的服务最好我们接受信用卡。
(三)建筑学专业

(三)建筑学专业1、专业基础平台认识实习( Cognition Practice)实习教学大纲实习时间(周数):1一、参考书与资料《建筑空间组合论》彭一刚编中国建筑工业出版社《建筑画环境表现与技法》钟训正中国建筑工业出版社《建筑的涵意》刘育东天津大学出版社美术3(Fine Arts(3))总学时:102 学时分配:实训102适用专业:建筑学、城市规划先修课程:美术1、2六、推荐教材:《高等建筑美术-色彩》美术3(Fine Arts(3))实训(实操)教学大纲课程总学时:102实训(实操)学时数:102实训(实操)项目数:5二、使用教材与参考书《高等建筑美术-色彩》建筑美术(Architectural Sketch)总学时:102 学时分配:实训102先修课程:美术1、2、3六、推荐教材:《高等建筑美术-色彩》七、实践环节教学大纲建筑美术(Architectural Sketch)实训(实操)教学大纲课程名称:建筑美术课程总学时:102实训(实操)学时数:102实训(实操)项目数:5二、使用教材与参考书《高等建筑美术-色彩》建筑力学(1)(Architectural Mechanics(1))六、教材及参考书目:推荐教材:《建筑力学》周国瑾施美丽张景良编著同济大学出版社主要参考书目:《建筑力学》钟光珞,张为民编著中国建材工业出版社《理论力学》马棣勋等主编华南理工大学出版社《材料力学》刘鸿文主著高等教育出版社建筑力学(2)(Architectural Mechanics(2))一、课程说明总学时:34 学时分配:讲课34推荐教材:《建筑力学》周国瑾施美丽张景良编著同济大学出版社主要参考书目:《建筑力学》钟光珞,张为民编著中国建材工业出版社《理论力学》马棣勋等主编华南理工大学出版社《材料力学》刘鸿文主著高等教育出版社建筑构造(1)(Architectural Construction (1) )一、课程说明总学时:51 学时分配:讲课45先修课程:画法几何与建筑制图、建筑材料、建筑力学六、教材及参考书目教材:《建筑构造》上册重庆建筑大学主编中国建筑工业出版社参考书目:《建筑构造》(一)东南大学建筑构造编写组中国建筑工业出版社《建筑构造资料集》上、下册陈保胜编中国建筑工业出版社《建筑设计资料集》(第二版)中国建筑工业出版社建筑设计标准图集(国标)(省标)建筑物理(Architectural Physics )一、课程说明总学时:68 学时分配:讲课34,自主学习17,实验17先修课程:建筑设计1/2,普通物理六、教材及参考书目推荐教材:建筑物理(第三版),中国建筑工业出版社主要参考书目:1)建筑物理,清华大学出版社2)夏热冬冷地区建筑节能技术 _中国建筑工业出版社3)节能窗技术中国建筑工业出版社建筑物理(Architectural Physics)实验教学大纲课程名称:建筑物理课程总学时:68实验学时数:17实验周学时:1开设实验项目数目:10推荐教材《建筑物理》,建筑工业出版社(第一版),柳孝图主编建筑材料(Building Materials)课程教学大纲一、课程说明总学时:42 学时分配:讲课25 实验17先修课程:普通化学、普通物理、材料力学六、教材及参考书目推荐教材:《建筑材料》(第三版)西安建筑科技大学、华南理工大学、重庆大学、合肥工业大学、华中科技大学合编中国建筑工业出版社出版参考书目:《建筑材料》(建筑学专业)湖南大学、天津大学、同济大学、东南大学合编中国建筑工业出版社出版建筑材料(Building materials)实验教学大纲课程名称:建筑材料课程总学时:42实验学时数:17开设实验项目数:9四、实验教材与参考书《建筑材料实验指导书》(自编)《建筑材料》:建筑工业出版社建筑结构(1)(Architectural Structure (1))一、课程说明总学时:34 学时分配:讲课34先修课程:建筑材料、建筑力学六、教材及参考书目推荐教材:《建筑结构原理与设计》林宗凡主编高等教育出版社主要参考书目:1.《建筑结构》哈尔滨建筑工程学院等,中国建筑工业出版社2.建筑结构荷载规范3.混凝土结构设计规范建筑设备(Architectural Equipment)一、课程说明总学时:51 学时分配:讲课34,自主学习17先修课程:建筑物理六、推荐教材及参考书目推荐教材:《建筑设备》,陈妙芳主编,同济大学出版社,2002年参考书目:1、《建筑设备》,董羽蕙主编,重庆大学出版社,2002年;2、《建筑给水排水工程》,王增长主编,中国建筑工业出版社,1998;3、《空气调节》,薛殿华主编,清华大学出版社,1997年;建筑营造及经济管理(Construction&Economy Management)一、课程说明:总学时:51 学时分配:讲课34,自主学习17先修课程:六、推荐教材《建筑经济与管理》参考书目:《建筑工程经济》中国建筑史(Chinese Architecture History)一、课程说明总学时:51;学时分配:讲课34,自主学习17先修课程:建筑设计基础(1)(2)六、教材及参考书目[1]同济、清华、南工、天大四院合编,《中国建筑史》,中国建工出版社[2]《中国古代建筑史》,中国建筑工业出版社[3]刘敦桢,《中国建筑类型与结构》,中国建筑工业出版社外国建筑史(History of Western Architecture)一、课程说明总学时:68 学时分配:讲课51,自主学习17六、教材及参考书目:1.《外国建筑史(19世纪末以前)》中国建筑工业出版社2.《外国近现代建筑史》中国建筑工业出版社3.罗小未、蔡琬英著.外国建筑历史图说.上海:同济大学出版社,19814.吴焕加著.20世纪西方建筑史.郑州:河南科学技术出版社5.(意)L·本奈沃洛著.邹德农、巴竹师译.西方现代建筑史.天津:天津科学技术出版社,1996 6.陈志华著.外国古建筑二十讲.北京:三联书店,20027.(英)大卫·沃特金著.傅景川等译.西方建筑史.长春:吉林人民出版社,2004建筑设计(1)(Architectural Design(1))一、课程说明总学时:102 学时分配:讲课17,自主学习17,实训68先修课程:建筑设计基础、画法几何与建筑制图、美术(一)、(二)二、课程教学的目的与任务:六、教材及参考书目《建筑设计资料集》1、2、3集国家有关设计规范《公共建筑设计原理》《建筑空间组合论》《别墅建筑设计》《幼儿园建筑设计》《文化馆建筑设计》《中小学建筑设计》《建筑空间、形式、秩序》七、实践环节教学大纲①参观与调查相关建筑物。
室内设计英语常用词汇
方案:Design, Scheme初步设计:Primary Design施工图CD: Construction Design Fuction 功能区Light 灯具Droplight 吊灯吸顶灯Entrance 入口Living room 客厅Sitting room 起居室Embed light 嵌灯Dinning room 餐厅Daylight lamp 日光灯Kitchen 厨房Reflect down light 筒灯Office 书房Quartz down-light 石英灯Master bedroom 主卧房Votage track light 射灯Quest bedroom 客卧Track light 轨道灯Children bedroom 儿童房Picture light 镜画灯Hiding light 暗藏灯管Projection room 视听室Dressing room 更衣室Wall lamp 壁灯Storeroom 储藏室Reading lamp 台灯Master bathroom 主卫Floor lamp 落地灯Bathroom 卫生间Bathroom fixture 卫生洁具Wash room 洗衣房Staircase 楼梯Washbowl 洗手台[台盆] Aisle 过道Water faucet 水龙头Closestool 座便器Gazebe 阳台Urinal 小便斗Garden 花园Bathtab 浴缸Swimming pool 游泳池Shower bath 淋浴房Furniture 家具Wiring 电器设备Cupboard 厨房橱柜Television 电视机Drink box 酒柜Sound box 音响Bar 吧台Washer 洗衣机Dinning table 餐桌Bedstand 床头柜Bed 床Bookcase 书柜Chest of drawers 五斗矮柜Electrical outlet 插座Chest of drawers 藏衣柜Switch 开关TV set 电视柜Air-condition 空调Tea table 茶几Immersion heater 电热水壶Sofa 沙发Electric cooker 电饭褒Reclining chair 躺椅Macrowave oven 微波炉Chair 椅子Refrigeratory 冰箱American interior design; 美国室内设计American interior designer; 美国室内设计师Residential design; 私家住宅设计;Villa design (single family home design); 别墅设计;Office design; 办公室设计;Commercial design; 非住宅设计(商务楼设计;写字楼设计;公共场所设计)Californian interior design; 加州室内设计Californian interior designer; 加州室内设计师Model home design; 样板房设计Clubhouse interior design;会所室内设计American furniture design;美国家具设计Foreign interior design; 外国室内设计Foreign interior designer; 外国室内设计师PLAN —设计方案Interior design –室内设计Exterior 室外Landscape design –景观设计Architecture design –建筑设计designer –设计师baseplan –基础建筑图floor plan –平面图elevation -立面图RCP = 天花吊顶设计 = Reflected Ceiling Planelectric plan = 电线走线图furniture plan –家具布置平面图interior plant plan –室内植物摆放图window schedule –窗表door schedule –门表美国室内设计有两种合同:一种叫做specification,就是只设计,不负责采购室内陈设;另外一种是turnkey,字面意思就是交钥匙,设计师负责设计同时也负责采购室内全部用品用具,包括家具、摆设、艺术皮、画、床上用品、地毯等。
外文翻译---美国现代景观建筑学发展的回顾与思索
本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献题目:Reviewing the Development of ModernLandscape Architecture in America文献来源:期刊文献发表日期:2008.10.25院(部):艺术学院专业:园林外文文献:Reviewing the Development ofModern Landscape Architecture in America1 IntroductionThe new century came in the end, turn of the century, a century or even millennium replace actually replaced in a flash, in this moment, the United States Modern Landscape Architecture profession has gone through an extraordinary century.In the passing away of hundred years, the United States the emergence of modern landscape architecture and development to guide the direction of modern landscape architecture, and covers almost all of the exploration.Therefore, we hope that through their review and thinking, can and enlightenment.2 DevelopmentIndustrial revolution has brought about tremendous and far-reaching changes to the 19th century, known as the "father of American landscape architecture" of the FL Olmsted and Vaux designed by British architect, New York's Central Park (1858) the construction, marking the ordinaryliving landscape to come.As a starting point, the landscape architecture from the path of independence, and with modern American society and the democratic process, moving from a very small selection of traditional professional into the world of human life for almost all the scales involved in the subject; in the shortshort bar for more than a century, the landscape of human experience in several dimensions greatly expanded.2.1 The expansion of the field of professional practiceAnd ideal as a symbol of a series of city parks (1865 Thurmond Philadelphia Park, Jinshan Park, 1870 San Francisco, Chicago, 1871 South Park, etc.) and the beginning of modern landscape architecture practice, such as a pioneer in the Olmsteadinitiative, adhere to the whole land from the city and the perspective of the modern landscape architecture professional practice areas of the start location; including urban parks and green space systems, urban and rural landscape road system, residential areas, schools, real estate development and nationalparksplanning and design management in the broad field.With the social development and understanding of human nature continues to expand, the practice of landscape architecture and further extend to the entire field of human settlements conditions.Modern Landscape Architecture in Perspective increasingly clear that completely changed the concept of practice, of course, the traditional small-scale private gardens and garden design continue, and ecology, such as land planning, landscape protection and planning, investigation and assessment of land resources and landscape protectionmanagement of these professional practice to make the landscape architecture in a more general level and more public scale operation.Today, as a human society gradually away from the natural environment to answer, landscape architecture, construction yard will no longer be enlarged version, but a practical subject, covering almost 10,000 people and the natural environment aspects of the relationship between the practice of subject area, itstheoretical methods and social responsibility also will expand and change.2.2 clients and professional practitioners to expandAmerican Modern Landscape Architecture from the Central Park, the already small number of people is no longer a luxury for admiration, but the general public space for physical and mental ndscape into the lives of ordinary people, to meet the aspirations of ordinary people, it should be said that it was given to modern society and democracy.Modern landscape architecture enables modern landscape architecture, social life with real roots, with continuous vitality and dynamism.With human beings the process of industrialization and urbanization make the deteriorating natural environment, the survival and continuation of human beings also under threat.To environmental issues in contemporary society to highlight the status of the point of view, the modern landscape architecture services is no longer limited to a group of man-made object, but as a human interdependence with other species with itself has amulti-cultural existence of natural systemsin part, to expand the vision of modern landscape architecture to the cultural circle of the entire human interaction with the natural biosphere and sustainable development.Broad areas of professional practice to make the necessary professional knowledge landscape architects increasingly present a comprehensive and integrated features.Today, many landscape architects will be required for landscape architecture practice, extensive knowledge andfeel a bit embarrassed.Correspondingly, with a variety of different professional backgrounds to participate in the practice of landscape architecture to, of which both traditional gardener, there are architects, urban planners, botanists, geographers, environmental and even painters and artistssculptor.They have their own unique knowledge and the professional advantages of modern landscape architecture makes the richness of the multi-scene, to explore a variety of professional landscape architecture in modern science and art both in deepening and expand the experience of landscape architectural design and methods.2.3 design elements and design practices to expandWas used as a multi-purpose practice professional, modern landscape design palette of material also extends to traditional landscape design can not imagine the ndscape Design Plant is no longer the dominant element of the dominant, but rather an alternative landscape materials, land, rocks, water, concrete, bricks, wood, tile, steel, plastic and glass and many naturalartificial material in the modern landscape design can be used, even the local hardware store in a form element plated frog also appears in the modern landscapeworks.Avant-garde in the small-scale urban garden design, almost no natural landscape materials greatly challenges the traditional definition of the limitations of the landscape.Landscape design materials with rich phase reflect the diversity of modern landscape design practices, from large-scale landscape planning and design of the SAD (Survey - Analysis - Design), highway planning and conservation planning projects in the "Qian Cengbing" modeand "patch - corridor - matrix" model to the modern minimalist garden courtyard design, many rational functionalism, ecology, and art design techniques and the environment beyond the traditional rules of style and design techniques of naturalThe debate, the scope and scale to adapt to a variety of landscape design practice, to meet different design requirements, and created a different landscape image.3 EvolutionAs the landscape is a living, changing organism, like the growth of the modern landscape architecture in the past more than a century as the development of American society as changing, reflecting the social reality of a particular time.3.1 naturalistic style swing beginning withThe vast territory the United States, changing the natural landscape to landscape design has almost natural pursuit of naturalism, Olmsted and his followers in a city park system planning and design to promote naturalism, against the pursuit of dignity andclear structure of classicism.Park-style attractions and beautiful natural environment was poor cities in stark contrast to a return to nature to meet the needs of society.However, after the U.S. landscape architecture through the flashy veneer of The Late Victorian Eclectic Landscape, City Beautiful Movement and the revival of classical neo-classical trends and so transform the style of decades and did not get out swinging in the modern society to adapttheir own way.3.2 ModernismBefore and after World War II, modern art and modern architecture in theory and works under the influence of American modernist landscape architecture in the so-called "Harvard Revolution" after forming.Modernist landscape architecture is not the most positive contribution to the use of new materials, but that function should be the starting point of this concept design, modern landscape architecture and thus out of a beautiful design or landscape type Transcendentalism, to the venue and the reality of the times fit, given the rational application of landscape architecture and greater creative freedom.As Harvard Revolution "James Rose said:" We can not live in the painting, but as a group to design the landscape paintings of our daily lives plundering the region's use of the opportunity."He is most concerned about the use of space, rather than planning the landscape design or so-called order. The leaders of Thomas Church, California school works is not really encouraging the order form, but free design language as well asdesign itself, the venues and the delicate balance between employer requirements. Another master Garrett Eckbo Modern Landscape Design Landscape design is more emphasis on the social scale, emphasizing landscape architecture's role in public life. In his view, "If the designonly consider beautiful, is the lack of inherent rationality of the luxury community. "geometric sense of order most of his works of Dan Kiley also that the mapping design is life itself, the pursuit of the function will produce real art. the best symbol of thisa period of landscape design and environmental care for the landscape architect is Lawrence Halprin, his work reflects the progress of modernism in all aspects of landscape architecture, including the design of the social role of natural systems to adapt to stress, as well as function and process ofthe formits importance and so on. He's a natural place as a dramatic landscape inspired urban planning of public landscape design, urban landscape is not only beautiful but also recreational place for people to become the city's open space human. 60 years since the 20th century, social democracy, brought about the promotion of public participation in decision-making system changes in all aspects of American society, landscape architecture is also true, but Harpring is a direct supporter of this change and advocates, areHarpring made his company is the design process to adapt to new social realities, through seminars and information feedback, etc. to achieve the wishes of the public involved in the design so that the community was able to landscape design set-up. modern doctrine of the community through landscape architecture designfactors and features to further stress and social realities embarked on the road simultaneously.3.3 Ecological Ethics70 years before, increasingly concerned about the ecological environment, landscape architecture, University of Pennsylvania Professor Lan McHarg proposed to include landscape as a geology, topography, hydrology, land use, plants, wildlife and climate and other decisive factors interrelated whole to look atpoint of view.Stressed the landscape plan should comply with the intrinsic value of nature and natural processes, and improved in order to factor stratified analysis and map overlay technology as the core of the Ecological Planning, Macharg called "Qian Cengbing model."The theory and method of landscape architecture to a certain extent given the scientific nature of the landscape as you can experience all kinds of objective analysis and conclusion, with clearly defined subjects.Macharg scope of the study focused on large-scale landscape and environmental planning, but for any scale of landscape architecture practice, this meant that an important message.That is in addition to an aesthetic landscape outside the system or an ecosystem, and those are just the art of the arrangement of plants and landscape design methods, more detailed design is the concept of environmental ethics.Although the landscape architectural practice in a pluralistic exploration, the natural determinism of the ideas are only one kind of assumptions Ji, but vulnerable when the critical state of the environment when there Macharg and Pennsylvania School of the most significant yes Cujinlandscape architecture as the ideological foundation of the professional work of the new criteria, the broad informationlandscape designers the potential structure of thinking laid an indelible mark.For the modernist landscape architects, the concept of eco-ethics to tell them, in addition to social ties between people, all people are born with the Earth's ecological systems closely associated with.3.4 Post-modernism and the art of landscape to exploreWhen large-scale ecological landscape planning and rational method of turning at the same time, small-scale landscape architectural design by 60 environmental art since noon, and postmodern film incentives, art and landscape linkages have done a lot of new exploration.A new generation of landscape architect Peter Walker combines minimalism, classical and modernist minimalism to create a unique landscape.Full of mystery in his landscape design work, Walker used a simple form, repetition, geometric structure of the natural materials from the material in a natural structure of the original million-style together, bringing a new structureproduced new means of visual integrated experience.Mystery of general features of nature, human contact with nature has a mysterious atmosphere by a metaphor out of the art scene, landscape architecture in the function and esthetics were given on the basis of meaningful artistic temperament.And Martha Schwartz Landscape Design works are denied the authenticity of the material, instead of a serious plex instead of simple, modernist landscape of dull and discard the reason was the designer.Designers to express artistic ideas and new understanding of the landscape: the landscape is a man-made or artificial modification of the set of the space, which is the basis and background of public life, is related to art and life.Post-modernist novel materials with almost eerie and staggered hybrid system reflects the composition of post-modern American society complex and contradictory social reality to the image of diverse social values embodiedmulti-source, expressed in this complex society tovulnerable groups, speech power of the social ideals of postmodernism.In the performance style, these active experiments with neo-classical19th century landscape architecture are similar, the same inspiration for the visual arts, also emphasized the use of circular geometry rather than the so-called naturalistic style.But here, the individual imagination combines the functions of caring modernist sound art to think about the social elements of the modern landscape as a creative opportunity, rather than constraints, and create a unique landscape art in the role of the environment re-established and deepenedBut this time the art is designed to encourage, rather than a priori form of domination.4 ConclusionAfter a century in both the arts and sciences extension and development of modern American landscape architecture has its own characteristics in their social and ecological scale and traditional garden set aside the watershed, in the constant expansion and change has becomethe values of a diverse multi-professional practice.However, the nature of human perception of the media, three potential concern for landscape architecture - aesthetic, environmental and social, in the United States in the development of modern landscape architecture, and not weakened over time, on the contrary, emphasized the human landscapeharmony with nature, emphasizing social justice embodied in the landscape, emphasizing the spiritual landscape in the joy of the people want more and more clear as the cornerstone of which constitute its value system.From small scale to large garden courtyard and street-scale national parks, the care of their value in practice may be different emphasis, but each design is a good balance of these three values and comprehensive, not just design-orienteda simple form or function to meet.Today, as China's economic development, our city building and landscape design and practice into a high-speed development period, but the competent departments of landscape architecture education, integrated with the mess and ignored the separation of landscape architectural practice so that we kaleidoscopereality that can not be sure what we are or how we should call ourselves architects, landscape architects, environmental designers?Shallow emerging formalized, the lack of real concern for people and the environment arbitrary landscape design, landscape architecture, deeply reflects the value of our concern for poor and pale, in our landscape architecture are still full of confusion and chaos whenU.S. founder of modern landscape architecture, Olmsted, and many American pioneer of modern landscape architecture theme insists - to create sustainable, and his life and just the landscape, and give a clear idea as to imagine thatform, may be able to give us much encouragement and inspiration.The thrust of modern landscape architecture in the United States to pursue a century, may be the same with us into the modern landscape architecture in the next century.中文译文:美国现代景观建筑学发展的回顾与思索1引言新世纪到底来了,世纪之交,百年替换乃至千年替换其实都在一瞬间,在这一瞬之后,美国现代景观建筑学专业也走过了一个不平凡的世纪。
职位岗位英文翻译
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文献翻译-城市与景观空间环境设计
美术系毕业论文外文文献翻译译文题目:The City And View Space Environment Design学生姓名:专业:指导教师:20 年 5 月 10 日The city and view space environment design[Abstract]:Need not to doubt, the view design is an art, it has inevitable contact with of other art forms.The modern view designs from the first, absorbing abundant formlanguage from the modern art.For look for the designer of the form glossary whocan express current science,technique and mankind to realize an activity to say, theart lifts doubtless。
Provide the most directly the most abundant source. [Keywords]:The ecosystem building / the view constructThe view design and artNeed not to doubt, the view design is an art, it has inevitable contact with of other art forms.The modern view designs from the first, absorbing abundant form language from the modern art.For look for the designer of the form glossary who can express currentscience,technique and mankind to realize an activity to say, the art provided the most directly the most abundant source doubtless. From the stereoscopic doctrine,surrealism,the style parties,the composing doctrine of modern art earlier period, to later pole Chien's art,wave art, each kind of art current of thought and the art forms all provide and can draw lessons from for the view designer of the art thought and the form language. Today, the concept of[with] art has already taken place very big variety, "beautiful" no longer is the purpose of[with] art and adjudicate an art of standard.The art form pile up one after another, the pure art is gradually misty with the boundary of of the other art door, the artists absorbed the creations skill ofmovie,television,drama,music,building,view...etc., creating such as the media arts,behaviorart,radiation in response to a series of new art form, such as, art, and the earth art etc., but these turn over and give other art professions of from the operator with inspire very greatly.The painting is because of lines,piece the noodles and color of the oneself seem to be is converted into very easily to design some main factors in the plane chart, as a result has been influence the development of[with] the view design, pursue a creative view the designers already to acquire the inspiration of the sub- everlasting from the modern painting.The twenty At the beginning of century, the the stereoscopic parties painter added (the the Pablo Picasso 1881~1973) fully with cloth to the pull to the appear to the change much the in the the appearance of the the gram(the the Georges Braque l 882-1963 yearses) the of several bodies, the appeared what the several standpoints the in the the space see the to fold the to add, Be expressing in two even the result of the fore basic virtues.Their idea has deep but direct influence to the art field.Ex-The from two wars a the down to date, the stereoscopic send the the work the that sends the with super the reality to the the influence the that the the designer has the to keep the on. The set up in 1998 of the the Holland the Amsterdam card the pulls the the sectionsquare(Carraseoplein, the the Adriaan Geuze design), the with lawn, the the asphalt the road noodles the and the the road noodles the top the the dot array the of the the white was the a chemical element, the designing on the the ground the a two the the surrealism the appearance ofthe the ,the plus the the oddity in the a view the of light, voice and the train of the ambulation, make this space had surrealism of mysterious atmosphere.The design thought of the style parties has ever influenced to numerous design realms, its form language has already arrived an important function to the modern building sport.The building imitates the ancients the gram, Anne(the GaBriel Guevrekan l 900-1970 years) completed in 1927 of locate design in the villa courtyard of the French south Hyeres, break the restriction of the narrow and small base to spread the base of the square piece of a ground of brick and the tulip flower terrace demarcation triangle, absorbed the style parties to receive the spirit of Anne in Delhi's painting especially in the design, is made use of a ground well and enter a 3D composition design.Carve to have a close relation with park on the western history, carve to have been the adornment thing in the park but exist, even arrived a modern a society, this tradition reserves still.But the modern carve the substance influence to the view, is along with its oneself some developments just produce.Because a part carve steadily alignment abstraction, the alignment outdoors, extend dimensions and use various natural material, add to near to with the view work more, these two kinds of fusions of arts also naturally the real estate born.The pole Chien's doctrine(Minimalism) is a kind of art that takes simple and direct and several bodies as basic art language to exercise.Most pole Chien's art works make use of several of or organic form, use new comprehensive material, have a strong industrial color.The thought and work of[with] the pole Chien's doctrine not only promoted the earth art produce, but also influenced the two post-war views design.20Half after century leaf, to the variety and the development influence of the view form the biggest art form BE"the earth art" perhaps.The earth art inheritted the abstract simple shape form of[with] the pole Chien's art, and then blended the thought of[with] process art,the concept art, becoming a bridge that the artist sets foot in the view design.The earth art because of it the natural environment is to create place, as a result become the form language that many view designers draw lessons from, in the meantime, the artist also sets foot in the realm of[with] the view design in succession, many works usually are what the views teacher and artist cooperate complete, this also promoted more view with carve two kinds of fusion and the development of artses. An important influence of the earth art to the view design is the idea that brought an art to turn the geography design. The building critic ZHAN KE4 SI(the Charles Jencks i 939~) whom the year construct locates a Scotch southwest department a Dumfriesshire private garden, being turn with the abstruse and exquisite design thought and the art of the geography processing but call.The thought and manifestation of the modern art have profound influence to the view design, making the view design of the thought and means is more abundant.Different from pure art BE, the view design faces the challenge of[with] more complicated social problem and usage problem, view the designer can't take no cognizance these but sink to immerse in own art world.But since we can comprehend"beautiful" Be not the standard that adjudicates an art any more, we should can also comprehend a view no longer is mean"such as painting", the view can become a certain art to thought of carry a body, it can express a diverse form, so we can also have another a to tolerate for some views works that we don't comprehend very.The view design and ecosystemThe ecosystem of the view isn't a fresh concept.Have no 沦to construct in how of the environment, the views are all and abiogenesis close contact, this relation problem that involves to the view and the mankind and the nature by all means, just the environment problem of today is more outstanding, being subjected to a concern more, so the ecosystem becomes one of the most fashionable topics apparently.The ecosystem doctrine the wave tide that rolls up a world urges the top of the angle of view that people stand on science to re- examine the view profession, view the designers also start getting up own mission and the whole Earth ecosystem system contact.Now, at the view profession a little bit flourishing nations, the design of[with] the ecosystem doctrine already is not stay around the 沦text and the diagram paper up of empty talk also Be not the experiment of a handful of designers any more, the ecosystem doctrine has already become a view a designer internality of with hypostatic consideration.Respect the nature development process, initiate energy and material of circulating make use of and place of the ego maintain, developping the processing technique that can keep on etc. the thought pierce through to design and construct in the view with management of always.In the design pursue ecosystem already with pursue the function and the form the equal importance, after sometimes even surmounting both, occupied initial position.The ecology thought of lead to go into, make the view design of the thought and method took place a graveness a change, also influencing to even change the image of the view consumedly.The view design no longer stays around the narrow and small world of[with] the garden design, it starts get involved the more extensive environment design realm.Maintain by one's own to the respect of the place ecosystem development process,to the circulating exploitation of the material energy and to the place with can keep on a processing to initiate technically, the body is now strong ecosystem principle.Though see from the outside idea, most views or many or littlely body now green, green of not necessarily is an ecosystem of, cost a great deal of manpower material resources and financial power then can become and keep the view of[with] result, isn't a "green" of the ecosystem meaning. Design medium should make use of the plant of the hometown more, the natural rebirth that respects a place plants a quilt.The nature has it to turn into with the more recent regulation, seeing from the angle of the ecosystem, the natural cluster falls to fall to have vitality more healthily and more than the artificials. Some designers know this, they make use of the address a top original nature to plant a quilt well perhaps in the design, or build up a frame, providing a condition for the natural reborn process, this is also a kind of body that the exertive natural system can move sex now.Society,art,ecosystem balanceThe art,function and science are three targets that the modern view design pursue.After pass by the baptism of the modernism, the function doctrine has become the widespread standardof[with] the view design.However lay particular emphasis on function excessively, the feature of the view sinks unavoidably in mild.The view wants to develop continuously, the art and science became the direction of the breakthrough.The thought and skill of the modern art for promotes the art that the modern view design to have very your work to use, also make the view design is more abundant.The ecosystem doctrine thought and principle that represent science seep through the view design medium, and become the instruction thought of[with] design, expressing a view adesigner to have already been aware of an own technique should bring into the whole Earth ecosystem system.The development of the view is and develop of society close contact.The progressthat the society development,social culture of the economy realize, promote the development of the view business and design realm to expand continuously.The view of today involves to people the square aspect noodles of the life, modern view is for the sake of the person's usage.Turn over, the view has already exceeded historical and any period perhaps tothe positive effect of the society.城市与景观空间环境设计勒·可布西埃著摘要毋庸置疑,景观设计是一门艺术,它与其他艺术形式之间有着必然的联系。
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景观建筑设计专业英语翻译 6、难道我们还有其他的选择吗?我们通过发明一个完全人造的环境来发展我们的潜能,实现我们立于命运之外的愉快的生产生活,是极有可能的吗?这种预想相当令人疑惑。通过深入分析那些最成功的规划,可以看出:我们的成功之处在于有意识的寻求一种和谐的整体而不是粗暴的去征服自然,不是忽略自然条件,也不是武断的用人工建筑掩盖自然特征和外观。而这种和谐是通过调整土地和自然的结构形式来实现的,也就是将丘陵,阳光,水,植物,空气引入到规划区域,带着对大自然的体贴和怜悯将构筑物建于山间,河流和山谷沿线以及风景中。 7、在我们对秩序和美丽的渴望下,也许我们是动物中的独一无二。是否有其他动物能够欣 赏“景观”,会对古老的橡木带来的壮观景致产生思考,或者喜欢追寻海岸线的波动,这是 值得怀疑的。我们本能的寻求和谐,并排斥那些混乱的、有冲突的、丑陋的和无逻辑的社会 现象。当我们的乡镇城市被拥挤的街道而非由开放性的公园占据,我们会感到满意吗?当高 速公路穿越我们的社区,我们会感到满意吗?当大货车经过我们的房屋和教觉时隆隆作响, 我们会感到满意吗?当我们的孩子在上学的路上要一次又一次地穿过危险的交通道路,我们 会感到满意吗?从早到晚,城市里的车辆川流不息,尽管路经这些髙楼建筑地区,仍好比行行径山岳峡谷,应读是绿意怅然畅行无阻的景观道路,周边都是宽敝的社区和开阔的乡间美景。 8、当下的我们必须直面这个令人不安的事实:我们的城市、城 郊甚至于农村地区的规划在 很大程度上都是考虑不周的。我们的社区与髙速公路二者之间亳无逻辑联系. 二者在地形学、气象学、生理学、生态学基础上也无联系。我们已经长大,并将继续逐渐地,无规则地,无任何理由地成长。我们并不满足并且很迷惑。在规划过程中失败的地方,我们感到很失意.
9、我们能够通过观察来学习规划,不能通过逐一解决问題,逐一处理场所来实现对规划的学习。巧妙的计划是根据外在灵感和灵感启发的视野来检验每一个方案,当考虚解决每个问题时,应该将每个问题视为一个完整规划理念的一个部分。简而言之,实际规划的中心目标都是创建一个更加有益健康的生活环境—一种更安全、更有效、更偷悦、更有益的生活方式。显然,如果我们是环境和遗传的共同产物,那么环境的本质就必然关键。理想化的自然环境是在其中可以消除紧张与摩擦,在这种理想化的自然环境中我们可以彻底发挥潜能。这种环境,正如曾经那些对老北京进行规划的设计师们所构想的那样,人类生存、生长和发展. 要实现与自然、上帝、同胞们的和谐相处。 6、接下来,雄心勃勃、适应力强的直立人就离开了树林来到大草原,过起了猎人的生活, 以食肉为主——这就使得人类具有和平性与侵略性双重特征。社会从独立的个体变化到群体生活,为了狩猎而进行分工协作。人类开始遍布全球,让自己适应不同的气候和地理环境, 并创造出不同的物种。在欧洲他要忍受惊人的冰雪时期的痛苦和山脉形成的恐惧这正是一种把第一部艺术作品看成是内在现实表达的挑战:也是一种有可能促动技术专家政治论者返璞妇真,积累经验.创造高端的景观园林的挑战。他如此地崇敬自己有一种野兽捕食的特殊力量,以至于让他在食用肉体时渴望感受到一种穿透身体的精神。 7、一万年后,西方的狩猎社会己经被移居者所取代.但是从本质上看起来,这种趋势也出现在中国。对此,我们可以找到抽象的证据来说明,事实上绘画和早期的狩猎生活方式存在一些相似点。中国这片气候温和宜人,野兽一旦被驯服,就失去了神秘感,而人们也就把对 它们的崇敬转向对整个自然界的崇敬。因此,这些具有进取心的狩猎者成为了热爱和平的农业家。道教徒们相信,人类所有的工 作必须是温和的,而且順从大地母亲,这是一种和西方 移居者完全不同的理论。移居者们往往把自己看成是精通一切并能统治整个宇宙的能者.。今 天,西方人采用了更为现代的观点,和平常一样,我们首先能够在艺术中找到证据.而不是 在科学中。 8、第三个阶段,西方移居者阶段。他们主要关注数学比例造就出的美观,而环境则完全成为了建筑家们职责。 9,,当伽利略和和他的伙伴打破了发展了一万年才达到成熟稳定的安全古典盒子后,就意味着 第四个阶段开始了。超出有限,开始了对无限的研究,这种理念对景观园林设计的影响是具有革命意义的。虽然在朗特庄园里,维尼奥拉己经展现了一个比房屋还大的花园,但是这种研究仍然意味着一种完全不同的空间理论。风景学从建筑学独立出来,并且展示出建筑学所 没有的虚构的空间观和理念。对我来说,有两个从过时的设计理念中解放出来的具有象征意 义的建筑。一个是贝尔尼尼的圣彼得大教堂广场,这个景观通过圆柱给大家创造了一个无限 空间的感觉。它是世界上最伟大的集中城市空间的代表建筑;另一个建筑是当代位于佛罗伦萨附近的冈贝里亚庄园。在历史上它首次利用空间记录了个性心理展现出的对比方面。 4、城市是庭院世界里的一个钢筋凝土庭院,由许多更小的庭院组成。钢筋混凝土庭院里密 集地种着植物,以致于我们认不出甚至完全忽略掉庭院最大的一个部分。 5、通过我们闲置的双眼,我们可以看见城市里大自然剩余的树 木和庭院。而城市大自然里 的树木和庭院远远要比我们眼前的多得多,而道路旁和空地上的草本植物也要多得多。我们 呼吸的空气,我们脚下的地球,我们饮用和排泄的水,以及我们周围的生物体,都是自然。 在城市中,自然是强有力的力量,它能摇撼大地,使之滑坡、拱起或坍塌。它可以沿山将岩 石层劈开,生长出禁止开采的岩石露头,上亿的生物体生长在市区里含有化石成分的石灰岩 建筑群中。自然是雨水,是雨水管里地下河奔流的声音。自然是从水龙头流出的水,通过水 管,遥远的河流或水库的水从水龙头流出,使用后被冲入下水道,又重新返回到河流和海洋 中。城市中的自然是一阵夜晚的微风,一阵掠过建筑表层、太阳和天空的旋风。城市里的自 然中有小狗小猫,有老鼠在地下室,有鸽子在道路旁,有浣熊在涵洞里。有猎鹰蹲伏在摩天 大楼上。自然是人和其他生物的各种目的和活动相互作用的结果,是支配能量转化、空气流 动、大地侵蚀以及水循环的自然过程的结果。城市就是自然的一部分。 6、自然是个连续的统一体,原野和城市分别位于这个统一体的两端。原野和城市都于同一 个自然的管辖里.然而,空气却一直被混合气体和悬浮物体污染着。铺路和建筑所用的石材里有包含着岩石,正如我们随处可见的裸露在地表的岩石一样,它们会影响吸热效果和雨水径流,植物。无论外来的还是本土的,总是寻求光、水、和空气来维持生存。这个城市,并没有完全源于自然,也没有完全由人为创造。这不是非自然,应该说是人类为满足其 自身需要对未开发的自然进行的—个改造,就像人类开垦农田以生产粮食,管理森林以生产木村等。 然而,地球上没有一个地方是完全从人类活动的影响中脱离出来的。人们的需要和环境之间 的问题在几千年前就出现了,从最早的城市产生开始就已经出现了,而且在每一片大陆的每 一座城市里一直延续下来。 7、自然是一个无处不在,并且环拥着城市的整体。这一理念对城市的建造和维护以及每个 居民的健康、安全和福利都有相当大的含义。不幸的是,现在仍有留下了这样的传统,那就 是城市违背自然,自然反抗城市。而且人们却信仰城市整体脱离自然,甚至反对自然,这种 信仰控制着人们利用这种方式来观察和继续修建城市。这种态度是环境问题更加恶化,甚至 创造了城市更多的环境问题:有毒气体和被污染的水;资源被耗尽并无法再生;洪水频繁的 破坏环境;能量的需求和高建筑物会比城市化建设以外的发展造成更多的成本。丑陋已普遍 存在于许多城市中。除了程度,新污染物的毒性和持久性以及地球的城市化范围等方面,那 些困扰着古代城市的问题与现代都市中的问题从本质上来说是没有不同的。随着城市的发 展,这些问题变得更加地严重。然而他们把这些问题看成是孤岛现象,而没有人把这些相关 现象看成是由人类的普遍活动所产生的,而且会因为人类对自然发展过程的忽略而变成得更 加严重。 8、大自然被看成一种表面上的装饰,和一种奢华,而不被能够 渗入城市的根本力 量。有些人用公园和庭院的形式力图将自然引入城市,但即便是这些人也常常认为城市和自 然是格格不入的,而他们自己则是将自然的少许部分带给城市的人。 9、要有效地利用存在于城市中的自然环境,要跳过短期成本和效益,要洞察城市日常生活中无数似乎毫不相干的行为所产生的结果,要协调城市中日新月异的变化,有必要树立一个 崭新的观点来对待城市及其形成。我们必须把做自然的一部分并进行因地制宜的设 计。城市、郊区、乡村必须被看个整体,与自然融入一,并看成是一个整体花园并在这 个整体大花园里面进行修建,自然地社会价值必须得到认可,对自然的力量必须加以控制而 不是抵制。对城市中的自然必须像庭院一样加以养护,而不是忽略或抑制。 1,在19世纪,人们对改善居住条件相当关注,而城市公园的建造在很大稈度上是出于相当相同的关注,对此,有五个基本关注点:一是公众健康;二是伦理道 德;三是浪漫主义运动的发展;四是经济;五是教育。 7、安德魯.杰克森.唐宁强烈主张将美国以别根海特风格建造城市公园的理论。他提出一个革命性的观点:应该学习英国,由纳税人负担公园维护的费用。他也能 认识到在城市公园附近房地产有很大的赚钱的可能性。此外,他认为公园具有精 神意义:“这样的公园项目将使民族性格更加文明和高尚,培养对人们田园美景 的热爱,增加人们对珍稀而美丽的花草树木的知识及