解读2011年考研英语阅读理解真题
解读2011年考研英语阅读理解真题 2011年考研英语阅读理解部分从整体上说延续了以往的出题套路，文字难度和行文逻辑与历年基本持平。下面本文结合本次考试的阅读理解真题对该部分的解题思路和方法予以分析，希望对备考2012年考研英语的考生有所帮助。
题材选择 从选材来看，此次考试的阅读理解没有选择学术性较强的自然科学类文章，四篇文章可以归为人文和经济两类，而且重在人文，较之去年更加贴近生活。从本次考试所选的题材来看，出题者钟情于选择社会热点、人文科学等考生熟悉的题材，基本上摒弃了以往常会出现的一些比较学术化、专业化的题材。
出题思路 此次考研英语阅读理解的出题者仍然遵循以往的出题思路，该出题思路可概括为四个原则：关键词定位原则、依次而下原则、区域概念原则和同义改写原则。下面我们来逐一解析。 1. 关键词定位原则 所谓“关键词定位原则”，是指出题者在设置题干时会使用一些独特或核心的词汇，这些词汇正是帮助考生寻找答案所在位置的关键词。这些关键词通常包括三大类：①显性关键词，如时间、地名、人名、国家名、阿拉伯数字、特殊符号等明显的线索词；②核心动词；③比较明显的描述性名词等。考生可以利用题干中的这三类关键词迅速回到原文定位，找到答案位置。 2. 依次而下原则 所谓“依次而下原则”，就是出题者所设置的题目顺序与行文顺序相符。考生可以根据这个原则在文中寻找各题目答案的所在位置。也就是说，如果题干中没有出现明显的关键词或信息提示供考生回原文定位时，考生可以利用这个原则来确定该题答案所在的段落。例如，2011年考研英语阅读Text One中的五道题就是按照依次而下原则来设置的：第21题的答案位于原文第一段，第22题的答案位于原文第二段，第23题的答案位于第四段开头，第24题的答案位于第四段后半段，第25题的答案位于原文最后一段。其中，第24题的题干是：“According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?”考生如果能利用题干关键词recordings，同时结合依次而下原则进行定位，便能迅速找到答案位置。 3. 区域概念原则 所谓“区域概念原则”，是指题目设置遵循“一题一区域”的原则，考生只需阅读某一区域的内容便可选出正确答案，其他区域的内容对选择该题答案没有直接影响。这一原则可帮助考生节约答题时间。 4. 同义改写原则 所谓“同义改写原则”，是指出题者设置的正确选项通常是原文相关表达的同义改写。因而，考生在做题时一定要抛开自己的主观臆断，立足于文章本身来对选项进行判断。例如： 27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by _______. (Text Two) [A] their expectation of better financial status [B] their need to reflect on their private life [C] their strained relations with the boards[D] their pursuit of new career goals 解析：根据题干中的关键词“senior executives’ quitting”，考生可将答案定位在文章第二段第三行“quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post”。通过分析选项，考生可知选项D和答案位置的表达便是同义改写，其中，pursuit是对look for的同义改写, new career goals是对CEO post的同义改写。因而，选项D为正确答案。
题型分析与解题策略 从题型分布上看，此次考试的阅读理解题依旧以细节题为主，一共出现了12道细节题，此外还出现了两道主旨题、一道态度题、一道猜词题、三道推论题和一道例证题。下面就结合本次考试的真题逐一分析各种题型的出题方式和解题方法。 1. 细节题 细节题是每年考研阅读中题量最多的题型，主要考查考生对文章事实信息的理解和掌握情况，正确答案通常是对原文信息的重述。考生在解答细节题时，可利用上文提到的关键词定位和依次而下原则回原文定位，寻找答案所在位置。例如： 36. Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring _______. (TextFour) [A] temporary delight[B] enjoyment in progress [C] happiness in retrospect[D] lasting reward 解析：根据题干中的关键词Jennifer Senior，考生可将答案位置定位至原文第一段。第一段提到了Senior文章中的一些观点，如：“we need to redefine happiness: „, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition”和“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight”。由此可知，Senior认为抚养孩子带来的幸福是事后回忆起来才能感受到的。因而，此题正确答案应该为选项C。 2. 主旨题 主旨题的询问方式一般是“What is the passage mainly about?”或“What is the best title for the passage?”，该题型重点考查考生对文章主题的理解。主旨题的正确答案一般有以下四个特征：①通常出现在文章的第一段或最后一段，考生应特别注意文章第一段和最后一段中出现转折的地方；②常常包含文中反复出现的词汇，或者是包含文中关键词的同义词或近义词；③具有抽象、概括的特征，所传达的通常不会是文章的局部信息；④一般不会出现意义较为绝对的词汇，如always、never、all等。例如： 35. Which of the following is the text mainly about? (Text Three) [A] Alternatives to conventional paid media [B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media [C] Dominance of hijacked media [D] Popularity of owned media 解析：Text Three文章的开头部分是：“While traditional ‘paid’ media—such as television commercials and print advertisements—still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.”由此考生可知，本文的重点谈论对象是alternative forms of media，即与传统媒体相对的新媒体形式。因而，此题正确选项为A。选项B、C、D都只涉及文中某些细节，不能概括文章的主旨。 3. 态度题 态度题通常考查考生是否能够正确理解作者的写作意图或对所论述对象的态度或看法。与主旨题类似，态度题常见的出题位置是文章的第一段和最后一段，尤其是最后一段。考生在阅读文章的过程中要注意感情色彩较浓的词汇所包含的情感态度(尤其是形容词、副词等)和文中出现转折的地方(如出现nevertheless、however、yet等转折词的地方)。例如： 25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels ________. (Text One) [A] doubtful[B] enthusiastic[C] confident[D] puzzled 解析：题干中出现的“the author feels”提示考生该题是态度题。考生可通过阅读文章最后一段来找寻答案。文章的最后一段写道：“Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him (编者注：指Gilbert) as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into ‘a markedly different, more vibrant organization.’ But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough.”考生可知，这里的but前的句子是Alex Ross的观点，Alex Ross使用了“a markly different, more vibrant organization”表明其对Gilbert对振兴交响乐团的影响持肯定和有信心的态度。但是在Alex Ross的观点之后，作者使用了一个but、一个问号以及“will not be enough”，这明显体现了作者对Gilbert在振兴交响乐团方面所发挥的影响持怀疑态度。因而本题的正确选项为A。 4. 猜词题 猜词题是考研英语阅读中必考的题型，主要考查考生对于文中的某个单词、词组或者句子等的意思的理解和猜测。对于这类题型，考生可以通过上下文的逻辑关系(如并列、转折或因果关系等)来推测相关单词、词组或句子的含义。例如： 28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means ________. (Text Two) [A] approved of[B] attended to [C] hunted for[D] guarded against 解析：在原文中，单词poached所在的句子为：“For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.”而这个句子后面紧接了一个例子，用于论证单词poached所在句所陈述的观点，因此，考生只要理解了这个例子，便能猜出该词的含义。这个例子的重点是后面的引言：“I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where
2011年考研英语真题及解析
2011年考研英语真题及解析考研对于许多学子来说，是一场充满挑战和机遇的重要考试。
英语作为其中的必考科目，其真题的研究和解析对于备考有着至关重要的作用。
2011 年的考研英语真题，从整体上呈现出了一定的命题特点和难度水平。
在阅读理解部分，文章的选材广泛，涵盖了科技、文化、社会等多个领域。
这要求考生具备较为广泛的知识背景和较强的阅读理解能力。
例如，其中有一篇关于人工智能发展的文章，不仅需要考生理解相关的专业术语，还需要对科技发展的趋势有一定的认识和思考。
在词汇方面，2011 年的真题中出现了一些高频词汇，同时也有一些相对生僻的词汇。
这就提醒考生在备考过程中，不仅要掌握常见的核心词汇，还要注重积累一些在特定语境中出现的低频词汇。
例如，“proliferation”（扩散；激增）这个词在一篇文章中出现，如果考生不认识，可能会影响对整句话甚至整篇文章的理解。
完型填空部分，主要考查了考生对词汇的辨析、固定搭配以及上下文逻辑关系的理解。
这一部分的题目往往需要考生仔细分析每个选项，结合文章的语境来做出正确的选择。
比如，一些形似词的区分，像“adapt”“adopt”“adept”，如果考生对它们的含义和用法掌握不牢固，就容易选错。
翻译部分，句子结构较为复杂，涉及到多种从句和非谓语动词的使用。
这需要考生具备较强的语法分析能力和语言组织能力，能够准确地理解原文的意思，并用地道的中文表达出来。
比如，有一个句子中包含了一个嵌套的定语从句，考生需要先理清句子的结构，再进行翻译。
写作部分，小作文通常是应用性的文体，如书信、通知等。
大作文则更注重考查考生的观点阐述和论证能力。
在 2011 年的真题中，小作文要求考生写一封推荐信，这就需要考生明确推荐信的格式和语言特点，同时要能够清晰地介绍被推荐人的优点和适合的理由。
大作文则是关于旅游与环境的话题，考生需要有自己明确的观点，并能够用恰当的论据来支持自己的观点。
对于 2011 年考研英语真题的解析，我们可以总结出一些备考的重点和方法。
2011年考研英语(一)阅读 text 3 精读精讲
2011年考研英语（一）阅读text 3 精读精讲Title: In-depth Analysis of Reading Text 3 in 2011 National Entrance Exam for PostgraduatesIntroduction:The 2011 National Entrance Exam for Postgraduates in China was a crucial turning point for thousands of students aiming to pursue higher education. Among the various sections in the exam, the Reading Comprehension section carried significant weight, and Text 3 was particularly challenging yetthought-provoking. This essay aims to provide a detailed analysis of Text 3 from the 2011 exam, highlighting key points, themes, and implications.Overview of Text 3:Text 3 in the 2011 National Entrance Exam for Postgraduates focused on the theme of environmental conservation and the role of individuals in addressing global challenges. The text presented a compelling argument for the importance of personal responsibility in protecting the planet and fostering sustainability. It delved into the concept of "green consumerism" and how individual choices could make a significant impact on the environment.Key Points and Themes:1. Importance of Personal Responsibility: The text emphasized the crucial role that individuals play in environmental conservation. It highlighted how small everyday decisions, such as choosing eco-friendly products or reducing energy consumption, could collectively contribute to positive change.2. Green Consumerism: The concept of green consumerism was a central theme in Text3. It explored how consumers have the power to influence corporate practices by demanding sustainable and environmentally friendly products. This shift towards conscious consumerism was seen as a key driver for promoting environmental sustainability.3. Global Challenges: The text also touched upon the grave environmental challenges facing the planet, such as climate change, deforestation, and pollution. It underscored the urgent need for collective action at the individual, community, and global levels to address these pressing issues.Implications and Reflections:Text 3 in the 2011 National Entrance Exam for Postgraduates served as a wake-up call for students and test takers to reflect ontheir role in environmental conservation. It raised awareness about the power of individual actions and choices in shaping a sustainable future for the planet. Moreover, it highlighted the interconnectedness of global environmental challenges and the need for collaborative efforts to overcome them.Conclusion:In conclusion, Text 3 in the 2011 National Entrance Exam for Postgraduates was a thought-provoking and insightful piece that underscored the importance of personal responsibility in environmental conservation. It challenged readers to reconsider their consumption patterns and advocate for sustainable practices. As students and future leaders, it is imperative to heed the lessons from this text and strive towards a more sustainable and eco-conscious future.。
2011英语一真题(后附答案详解)
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exercise precious to health.”But 1 some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 ,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.6 ,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughter apparently accomplishes the7 ,studies dating back to the 1930's indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also 14 tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile–or with their lips，which would produce a（n）17 expression.Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown,19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around 20,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has described him as a man who iscapable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly different,more vibrant organization.”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving“to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition was“very much my decision,”McGee says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on whatkind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn’t alone.In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are,but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27.According to Paragraph 2,senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached”(Line 3,Paragraph 4)most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs:Where to Go? [B]CEOs:All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net [D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional“paid”media–such as television commercials and print advertisements–still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media,such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses.But in some cases,one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media–for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,has created Baby Center,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income,the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media:an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,other stakeholders,or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks,for instance,are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case,the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestratedsocial-media response campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create“earned”media when they are[A]obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B]inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C]eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D]enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A]a safe business environment.[B]random competition.[C]strong user traffic.[D]flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A]invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B]can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C]may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D]deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A]responding effectively to hijacked media.[B]persuading customers into boycotting products.[C]cooperating with supportive consumers.[D]taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?[A]Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B]Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C]Dominance of hijacked media.[D]Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful,provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter–nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptive–and newly single–mom Sandra Bullock,as well as theusual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news.Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation,is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you supportkitten-killing?It doesn’t seem quite fair,then,to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids,but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course,the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic,especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.No shock there,considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on;yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it,raising a kid on their“own”(read:with round-the-clock help)is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small,subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience,in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting“the Rachel”might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied withtheir life.39.According to Paragraph 4,the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)[A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities.You can,Mr Menand points out,became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four.But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years.Not surprisingly,up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B]His concern is mainly with the humanities:Literature,languages,philosophy and so on.These are disciplines that are going out of style:22%of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2%in history and 4%in English.However,many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses.But most find it difficult to agree on what a“general education”should look like.At Harvard,Mr Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C]Equally unsurprisingly,only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school.There are simply too few posts.This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs.But fewer students want to studyhumanities subjects:English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later.Fewer students requires fewer teachers.So,at the end of a decade of theses-writing,many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D]One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate,taught in different schools.Many students experience both varieties.Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law,medicine or business,future doctors and lawyers must study anon-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E]Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation,top American universities have professionalised the professor.The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process:federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990,but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll.Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career:as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one.But the key idea behind professionalisation,argues Mr Menand,is that“the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge,but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F]The key to reforming higher education,concludes Mr Menand,is to alter the way in which“the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise,academics will continue to think dangerously alike,increasingly detached from the societies which they study,investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry,at least in some fields,may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens,Mr Menand dose not say.[G]The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas:Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree.They may then decide to go elsewhere.For something curious has been happening in American Universities,and Louis Menand,aprofessor of English at Harvard University,captured it skillfully.G→41.→42.→E→43.→44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)With its theme that“Mind is the master weaver,”creating our inner character and outer circumstances,the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneousnature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter,we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless;this allows us to think one way and act another.However,Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind,and(47)while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone,in reality we are continually faced with a question:“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire,Allen concluded:“We do not attract what we want,but what weare.”Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement;you don’t“get”success but become it.There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that“Circumstances do not make a person,they reveal him.”(48)This seems a justification for neglect of those in need,and a rationalization of exploitation,of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This,however,would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument.Each set of circumstances,however bad,offers a unique opportunity for growth.If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people,then humanity would never haveprogressed.In fat,(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we fel that we have been“wronged”then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from oure situation.Nevertheless,as any biographer knows,a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.(50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us;where before we were experts in the array of limitations,now we become authorities of what is possible.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1)recommend one of your favorite movies and2)give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the er“LI MING”instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it’s intended meaning,and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)答案解析Section I Use of English1.【答案】[C]【解析】语义逻辑题。
2011年考研英语(一)真题与答案
2011 年考研英语 (一 )真题及答案2011 年考研英语 (一)真题完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections ：Read the following text. Choose the best word （ s） for each numbered blank and mark [A] ，[B] ， [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.（ 10 points ）Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “ a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary ， laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels， ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to__4__， a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way， say， walking or jogging does.__6__， instead of straining muscles to build them ， as exercise does， laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__，studies dating back to the 1930 ‘ s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles， decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway ， the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback， that improve an individual ‘ s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion ， our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears， evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988， social psychologist Fritz Strack of theUniversity of w ürzburg in Germany askedvolunteers to __16___ a peneitherwith theirteeth-thereby creating an artificialsmile– or withtheirlips ， whichwould produce a（ n）__17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons thandidthose whose months were contracted in a frown ， ____19___ that expressions may influenceemotions rather than just the otherway around __20__， the physical act oflaughtercouldimprove mood.1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold12011 年考研英语 (一 )真题及答案17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly[D]Conversely Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections ：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A]， [B] ，[C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（ 40 points ）Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director hasbeen the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part ， the response has been favorable， to say theleast. “ Hooray ！ At last！” wrote Anthony Tommasini ， a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise， however， is that Gilbertis comparatively little known. Even Tommasini ， who had advocated Gilbert‘ sappointment in the Times， calls him “ an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him. ” As a description of the next music director of anorchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez ，that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part ， I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To besure，he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions ，but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall ，or anywhere else，to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf ， or boot up my computer and download still more recorded musicfrom iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance aremissing the point. For the time ， attention， and money of the art-loving public ，classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses ， dance troupes，theater companies， and museums， but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap， available everywhere ，and very often much higher in artistic quality than today ‘s live performances ；moreover ， they can be “ consumed” at a time and place of the listener ’ s choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in theinstitution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music thatis not yet available on record. Gilbert ‘ s own interest in new music has been widely noted ：Alex Ross ， a classical-music critic ， has described him as a man who is capable ofturning the Philharmonic into “ a markedly different ， more vibrant organization. ” Butwhat will be the nature of that difference ？ Merely expanding the orchestra ’ s repertoirewill not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed ， they must first changethe relationship between America,s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert ‘ s appointment has [A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion.22011 年考研英语 (一 )真题及答案[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text ， which of the following is true of recordings？[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert ‘ s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic ， theauthor feels [A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August， his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses， he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company. ”Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision ，”McGee says. Within two weeks ，he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group ， which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind ofcompany he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn ‘t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon andAmerican Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. Asboards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure， executives whodon ’t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vaguepronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold ， deputy chiefs may be more willingto make the jump without a net. In the third quarter ， CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago asnervous boards stuck with the leaders they had ， according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up ， opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For yearsexecutives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey ：“ I can‘ t think of a single search I’ ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first. ”32011 年考研英语 (一 )真题及答案Those who jumped without a job haven‘ t always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age ， saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a yearbefore she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. RobertWillumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post ata major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “ The traditionalrule was it ‘ssafer to stay where you are ， but that ’ s been fundamentally inverted ，” says one headhunter.“The people who ‘ ve been hurt the worst are those who’ ve stayed too long. ”26.When McGee announced his departure， his manner can best be describedas being [A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2 ， senior executives‘ quitting may bespurred by [A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “ poached”（ Line 3 ， Paragraph 4） most probablymeans [A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guardedagainst.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it ‘s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text？[A]CEOs ： Where to Go ？[B]CEOs ： All the Way Up ？[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “ paid” media – such as television commercials and printadvertisements – still play a major role ， companies today can exploit many alternativeforms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “ owned” media by sending-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media ， such marketers act as the initiator for users‘ responses. But in some cases， one marketer’ s owned media become another marketer ‘s paid media – for instance ， when an42011 年考研英语 (一 )真题及答案e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as ownedmedia whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ， which we believe is still in its infancy ，effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will nodoubt go further. Johnson&Johnson， for example ， has created BabyCenter， a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income ， the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective ，gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies ’marketing ， and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more （ andmore diverse ） communications choices have also increased the risk that passionateconsumers will voice their opinions in quicker ， more visible ， and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media： an asset or campaignbecomes hostage to consumers， other stakeholders， or activists who make negativeallegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks ， for instance ， arelearning that they can hijack media toapply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens ， passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products，putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case ， the company‘ sresponse may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful ， and the learning curve has beensteep. Toyota Motor ， for example， alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisisearlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media responsecampaign ， which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such asTwitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “ earned” media when they are[A]obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B]inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C]eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D]enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2 ， sold media feature[A]a safe business environment.[B]random competition.[C]strong user traffic.[D]flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earnedmedia [A] invite constant conflicts with passionateconsumers.[B]can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C]may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D]deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motor ‘ s experience is cited as anexample of [A] responding effectively to hijackedmedia.[B] persuading customers into boycottingproducts. [C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about？[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.52011 年考研英语 (一 )真题及答案[B]Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C]Dominance of hijacked media.[D]Popularity of owned media.Text 4It‘ s no surprise that Jennifer Senior ’s insightful ， provocative magazine cover story ，“Ilove My Children ， I Hate My Life ，” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets peopletalking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling ，life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happyor miserable ， Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness： instead of thinking of it assomething that can bemeasured by moment-to-moment joy ， we should consider being happy as a past-tensecondition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushinglyhard ， Senior writes that “ the very things that in the moment dampen our moods canlater be sources of intense gratification and de light. ”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories aboutnewly adoptive– and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock ， as well as the usual “ Jennifer Aniston ispregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom， or mom-to-be ，smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation ， is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing？ It doesn ‘ t seem quite fair ，then，to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn ’ t have had kids ， butunhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single mostimportant thing in the world ：obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course ， the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic ， especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples ，single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there ， considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on ； yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it ，raising a kid on their “ own”（r ead： with round-the-clock help ） is a piece of cake.It ‘s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reeseand Angelina make it look so glamorous ： most adults understand that a baby is not ahaircut. But it’ s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free ，happiness-enhancing parenthood aren‘ t in some small ， subconscious way contributingto our own dissatisfactions withthe actual experience ， in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting“ the Rachel”might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.62011 年考研英语 (一 )真题及答案[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4 ， the message conveyed by celebritymagazines is [A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the lastparagraph ？[A]Having children contributes little to theglamour of celebrity moms. [B]Celebrity moms have influencedour attitude towards child rearing. [C]Having childrenintensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections ：The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45， you are requiredto reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G tofilling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （ 10 points）[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as thehumanities. You can ， Mr Menand points out ， became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years.Not surprisingly ， up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities： Literature ， languages， philosophy and soon. These are disciplines that are going out of style ： 22% of American college graduatesnow major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However ，many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in thebasic canon of ideasthat every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a“generaleducation” should look like. At Harvard ， Mr Menand notes ，“the great books are read because they have been read” -they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly ，only about half end up with professorships for whichthey entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects： English departments awarded more bachelor ‘ s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later.Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So， at the end of a decade of theses-writing ，many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D]One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate， taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties.72011 年考研英语 (一 )真题及答案Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law ， medicine or business，futuredoctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking onaprofessional qualification. [E] Besides professionalizing the professions by thisseparation， topAmerican universities have professionalised the professor. Thegrowth in public money foracademic research has speeded the process： federal researchgrants rose fourfold between1960and 1990， but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll.Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for asuccessful academic career： as late as 1969a third of American professors did notpossess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation ， argues Mr Menand， is that“ the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but nottransferable. ”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production ofknowledge ， but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education ， concludes Mr Menand ， is to alter theway in which “the producers of knowledge are produced. ”Otherwise， academics willcontinue to thinkdangerously alike ， increasingly detached from the societies which they study， investigate andcriticize.“ Academic inquiry ， at least in some fields ， may need to become lessexclusionary and more holistic. ” Yet quite how that happens， Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas ： Reform andResistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking ofapplying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For somethingcurious has been happening in American Universities ， and Louis Menand， a professorof English at Harvard University ， captured it skillfully.G→ 41. →42. → E → 43. → 44. → 45.Part CDirections ：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.（10 points ）With its theme that“ Mind is the master weaver ，” creating our inner character and outercircumstances， the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depthexploration of the central idea of self-help writing.（46） Allen ‘ s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of usbelieve that mind is separate from matter， we think that thoughts can be hidden and madepowerless； this allows us to think one way and act another. However， Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind， and （47） while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone， in reality we arecontinually faced with a question ：“ Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that ？”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire ，Allen concluded ：“ We do not attract what we want ， but what we are.” Achievementhappens because you as a person embody the external achievement；you don‘t“ get ”success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen ‘ s book is its contention that “ Circumstances do notmake a person， they reveal him. ”（ 48） This seems a justification for neglect of thosein need ， anda rationalization of exploitation， of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those82011 年考研英语 (一 )真题及答案at the bottom. This ，however ， would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Eachset of circumstances， however bad ， offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people ， then humanity would never have progressed. In fat ，（49） circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “ wronged ”then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless ， as any biographer knows ， a person’ s early life and itsconditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen ‘ s book is that we have no one else to blame for ourpresent condition except ourselves. （ 50） The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us ； where before we were experts in the array oflimitations ， now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions ：Write a letter to a friend of yours to1） recommend one of your favorite movies and2） give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING ” instead.Do not writer the address. （ 10 points）Part B52. Directions ：Write an essay of 160 —— 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay ，you should1） describe the drawing briefly ，2） explain it ‘s intended meaning， and3） give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.（ 20 points92011 年考研英语 (一 )真题及答案2011 年考研英语一真题参考答案完整版Section I Use of English51. Directions ：1.C2.D3.B4.B5.A6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.A11.B 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.A 18.D 19.A 20.CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.C 22.B 23.D 24.B 25.A 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.A 30.C31.D 32.C 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.C 37.D 38.A 39.D 40.BPart B41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.F翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设——因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
2011年考研英语（一）SectionIIPartAText3Text4参考答案+详细解析
2011年考研英语（一）Section II Part A Text3&Text4参考答案+详细解析31. D32. C33. B34. A35. A36. C37. C38. D39. D40. BText 331.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are .细读文章第一二段可知第一段中所标引号的“owned” media实际上和题干中“earned” media表达的是同一个概念，即那些不用花钱的宣传。
由第一段中的关键词语Consumers passionate about a product以及sending e-mail alerts about products and sales可以推断出这些钟爱某种产品的消费者会将他们所喜爱的产品介绍给别人。
选择D项。
[A] obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products32. According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature第二段中所举的例子中该 e-commerce retailer的Web site是最典型的sold media。
要想让别的商家来这里做广告，该网站首先whose traffic is so strong。
因此本题选择C项。
[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media该段主要讲述人们利用earned media发表言论，当人们利用more damaging ways 发表言论或是对某些产品或品牌make negative allegations时，这时的earned media就成了hijacked media，由此推断出本题选择B项。
2011年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile –or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce 3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining 4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe 5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief 7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected 8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes 9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance 10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal 11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for 12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because 14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond 16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted 19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing 20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music worldever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Ant hony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “a n unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that diffe rence? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first changethe relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in r evitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environmentalso has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. RobertWillumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, s enior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached” (Line 3,Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.。
2011年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)But -Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “ａbodily exercise precious to health.” __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does__2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the__7__, studies dating back to the 1930?s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual?s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talkof the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the mostpart, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! A t last!” wrote Ant hony Tommasini, asober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparativelylittle known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert?s appointment in the Times, calls him “ａnunpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the n music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, heperforms an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit AveryFisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not onlywith opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recordedperformances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, availableeverywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today?s live performances; moreover, theyat a time and place of the listener?s choosing. The wi despread availability of suchcan be “consumed” recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet availableon record. Gilbert?s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic,has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, m But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra?svibrant organization.” repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change therelationship between America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Par a.1 that Gilbert?s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert?s role in r evitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisinglystraight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he wasBroadcasting his ambition was “very m uch myleaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford decision,” Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company hewanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn?talone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation thatthey were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholderpressure, executives who don?t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environmentalso has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jumpwithout a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuckwith the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities willabound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives andheadhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must bepoached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can?t think of a single search I?ve done where aboard has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven?t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit aschief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of atiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be aCEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it moreacceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it?s safer to stay where you are, but that?s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who?ve been hurt t are those who?ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives? quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.Paragraph 4) most probably means28.The word “poached” (Line 3,[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it?s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. Whilesuch as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, traditional “paid” media –companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product maycreate “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with itsWeb site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , suchmarketers act as the initiator for users? responses. But in some cases, one marketer?s owned media becomeanother marketer?s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place theircontent or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotescomplementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketersmakes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about theappeal of other companies? marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions inquicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earnedmedia: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who makenegative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning thatthey can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting thereputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company?s response may not be sufficientlyquick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some ofthe damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-mediaresponse campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter andthe social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor?s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It?s no surprise that Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love M Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearingis anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that childrenmake parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinkingof it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as apast-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,n our moods can later be sources of intenseSenior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampegratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the onlyMadonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –andnewly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Prac every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret havingchildren is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn?t seem quite fair, then, to comparethe regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if theyshouldn?t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are thesingle most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gapingbaby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugelyunrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studiesconcluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. Noshock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with roundIt?s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelinamake it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it?s interesting towonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren?t in somesmall, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the samee bit like Jenniferway that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a littlAniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time ittakes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business comparedwith only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses.But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Me-they form a sort of social glue.notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduateschool. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever morePhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor?sdegrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of adecade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which theyhave not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence bytop American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate,taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvardundergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialistliberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process:federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half asresearch took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite fora successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the keyidea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the kn owledge and skills needed for aparticular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly n over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reform ing higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “theproducers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise,academics will continue to think dangerously alike,increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and crit icize.”Academic inquiry, atleast in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the AmericanUniversity should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may thendecide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and LouisMenand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translationshould be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen?s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots wetherefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind isseparate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think oneway and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as theconscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the consciousmind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this orachieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allenconcluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you a person embody the external achievement; you don?t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen?s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they rev him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of thesuperiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad,offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people,then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bringout the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a consciouseffort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person?s e arly life and itsconditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Alle n?s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition exceptourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; wherebefore we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2instead.Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING” Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explai n it?s intended meaning, and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)旅程之“余”2011年考研英语一真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1.C解析：语义逻辑题。
2011年考研英语真题及解析
a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint
and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a
Internet “drive’s license” mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary
ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it
possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.
2011年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But -__1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930‟s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of l aughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual‟s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote A nthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert‟s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‟s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener‟s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbe rt‟s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra‟s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America‟s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from P ara.1 that Gilbert‟s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert‟s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartfor d Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspi rations. And McGee isn‟t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don‟t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can‟t think of a single search I‟ve done where aboard has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven‟t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it‟s safer to stay where you are, but that‟s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who‟ve been hurt the worst are those who‟ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives‟ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it‟s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users‟ responses. But in some cases, one marketer‟s owned media become another marketer‟s pa id media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies‟ marketing, and may help ex pand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the targ et company at risk. In such a case, the company‟s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter andthe social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor‟s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It‟s no surprise that Jennifer Senior‟s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinkingof it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dam pen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn‟t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn‟t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It‟s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it‟s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren‟t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a lit tle bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business comparedwith only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor‟s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to refo rming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and cr iticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and LouisMenand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing. (46) Allen‟s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “W hy cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a pers on embody the external achievement; you don‟t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen‟s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel th at we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person‟s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Al len‟s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; wherebefore we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)expl ain it‟s intended meaning, and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)旅程之“余”2011年考研英语一真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1.C解析：语义逻辑题。