CH12 quality management
gmmch10 Pricing strategy
Q’2
Q’1
External Factors Affecting Pricing:Competitors’ Costs, Prices and Offers Reactions
Nature of competition Benchmark against competition Learn about competitors’ offers
Sets floor for range of possible prices Fixed Costs
Do not vary with production or sales
Variable Costs
Vary directly with level of production
Total Costs
Chapter 12 / 2
Pricing Considerations: Definition of Price
Amount of money charged for a product or service or the sum of values consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service
$16 ------ = $20 (1-.2)
Chapter 12 / 18
General Pricing Approaches: Break Even Analysis and Target Profit
Dollars (millions) 12
10
8 6 4
Total revenue Target profit $2 million Total cost
加里森管理会计教学课件最新英文精品Garrison16e_PPTch12
The annual cost of insurance is not relevant. It will remain
the same if she drives or takes the train.
However, the cost of gasoline is clearly relevant if she decides to drive. If she takes the train, she would avoid the cost of the
The benefits of having a car in New York and the problems of finding a parking space are
both relevant but are difficult to assign a dollar amount.
Identifying Relevant Costs – Part 5
Key Concept #2
Once you have defined the alternatives, you need to identify the criteria for choosing among them. • Relevant costs and relevant benefits should be considered when making decisions. • Irrelevant costs and irrelevant benefits should be ignored when making decisions.
5 Parking fees at school
360
6 Total average cost
SAP-CH
Page 32
课题3：SAP联机帮助
Page 33
课题3：目标
学员应了解：
可以利用何种联机帮助功能和工具 如何使用SAP中的联机帮助 何时使用多个进程
Page 34
课题3：教学目标
本课程结束时，学员应能够：
打开和关闭多个进程 用匹配码查找供应商 / 物料主记录编号
了解四种系统信息
Page 37
匹配码
在SAP数据库中查询特定主记录的工具：
供应商
物料 客户
成本中心
资产 总帐
Page 38
使用匹配码
选中查询字段
然后点击 点击
或按 [F4]键 以选择查询方式
Page 39
键入查询标准
Page 40
多个进程
Page 41
课题3：回顾
如何调用一个字段的联机帮助？ 字段中的竖向箭头的作用是什么？ 能够用匹配码进行查询的字段有何标志？ SAP信息在何处显示？ 错误信息意味着什么？
是什么
SAP 的业务流程
Page 5
SAP R/3 系统介绍
数据处理中的系统，应用和产品
创建于1972年 总部在德国 沃尔道夫
Page 6
SAP R/3 系统的结构
销售
Sales & Distribution
财务
Financial Accounting
物料 Materials 制造
Production Planning
控制
Controlling
Management
资产
Fixed Assests Management
质量
Quality Management
SPM-ch06质量管理
ISO 9000质量标准体系的八大质量管理原则： 以客户为关注焦点 领导作用 全员参与 过程方法 管理的系统方法 持续改进 基于事实的决策方法 与供方互利的关系
- 14 -
2014年10月
2014年10月
软件项目质量管理模型(续)
¾
软件项目质量管理模型(续)
软件项目质量概述(续)
¾
质量和项目生命周期的关系 ----项目的实施过程，也是质量的形成过程 项目可行性研究阶段
满足客户要求和标准，符合业主的意图与投资目标 明确投资、进度和质量的制约关系 高质量的设计保证高质量的工程 设计的质量是实施的依据
-6-
项目决策阶段
项目设计阶段
项目实施阶段
-7-
软件常见的质量属性 正确性
软件按照需求正确执行的能力，涵盖了“精确性” 在异常情况下，软件能够正常运行的能力 在异常情况下 软件能够正常运行的能力 健壮性有两层含义：容错能力、恢复能力 软件在一定时间内可以成功运行的概率
健壮性
可靠性
2014年10月
2014年10月
-8-
软件项目质量概述(续)
过程
2014年10月
- 11 -
2014年10月
- 12 -
2
软件项目质量管理模型(续)
¾
软件项目质量管理模型(续)
¾
ISO 9000质量标准体系 国际标准化组织ISO负责制定的质量管理和质 量保证标准
ISO 9000 《质量管理和质量保证标准－选择和使用 指南》 ISO 9001 《质量体系－设计开发、生产、安装和服 《质量体系－设计开发 生产 安装和服 务的质量保证模式》 ISO 9002 《质量体系－生产和安装的质量保证模式》 ISO 9003 《质量体系－最终检验和试验的质量保证 模式》 ISO 9004 《质量管理和质量体系因素－指南》 2000年发布了新版，统称ISO 9000：2000版
APQP的培训资料-发布版
10.Preliminary process capability requirements 过程能力要求
Pilot / Pre-Launch
Planning 策划
Product Design and Development 产品设计和开发
Process Design and Development 工艺流程设计和开发
Product and Process Validation 产品和工艺过程确认
Feedback, Assessment and Corrective Action 反馈，评估和纠正措施
工程 (gōngchéng)组 主要 职 责
供给商 主要职责
生产采购 -- Buyer 选择潜在供给商
供给商质量 -- APQP 工程经理 -- 与 buyer 和 PE 紧 密 合 作 -- 负责供给商的质 量，能力和时间进度 -- 确保更新管理层信息
工程 -- 产品的设计和发布
主动符合AIAG APQP要求和工程组APQP任务要求
Output: design goals; reliability goals; quality targets; Preliminary BOM; Preliminary process flow chart; preliminary listing of special characteristics; any gov, environmental or safety regulations.
卡贝欧cabero_aircooler_ch
Improved of air throw with CABERO ESSImproved hygiene due to smooth powder coated surface as standardRemovable inspection panels Drip tray can be folded downWall / ceilinG air cOOler – prOfessiOnal line cHR134A / R404A / R507/R22CABERO 2CABERO stAnds fOR QuAlity And EnviROnmEntAl AwAREnEss Through combination of proven and innovative design methods our …Research and D evelopment“ centers have main focus on functionality and reliability. This not only applies to single unit but throughout the whole range with main emphasis to t hermo d ynamic rules.As a result we provide convincing equipment concept for installation, utilization, m aintenance and safety in operation. This reflects in long term sustainability of the investment and excellent economy prospect. lOng-tERm duRABility CABERO equipment is supplied with powder coated surface protection on all covers. Environmentally friendly and food safe is applied to all cover parts prior to assembly. Importance of high safety protection is achieved through thoughtful design selecting prime materials and components, strict internal quality audits and random tests. This ensures and guarantees the customer long equipment durability and constant safety of goods and mOn hAndling And hygiEnE Long lasting corrosion protection is essential for hygiene in cold rooms. Smooth and powder coated surfaces of CABERO equipment ensures easy compliance with current standards and codes.Modern design with removable front and side covers, folding down drip tray and easy access to all parts of equipment reduces service costs and maintenance hours.Quality CABERO stAnds fOR COmpEtEnCE, innOvAtiOn und pROspERity CABERO is a synonym for competence, innovation and prosperity – and 25 years e nthusiasm for the requirements of the market. Since 1980 CABERO has been d eveloping and using most modern and efficient manufacturing technology and therefore setting benchmark. Specialisation and continous investments in Research and Development (R+D), in optimised manufacturing methods and technologies guaranteethe customer a constant and steadily quality as well as a high …added value“.3 CABEROCABERO pROvidEs yOu OptimAl sOlutiOnsA consequent market observation and analysis define our innovative product policy, driven by continous further developments for the purpose of our customers. Thereby we focus on the maximum benefit for the environment and for our customers – true to our motto …we share your goals“.Due to the two product lines, PROFESSIONAL LINE and ECONOMY LINE, C ABERO is one of the few manufacturers, who offers for different operational areas two c omprehensive, coordinated and qualitative high-grade air cooler product lines.CABERO stAnds fOR flExiBility, sERviCE And ABility tO supplyCABERO defines the customer orientation not only in technical and commercial service and support, but rather in a flexible and specific assortment of products and with it linked availability of accessories and spare parts. This is supplemented through a sophisticated and adherence to just-in-time logistics of our own fleet management.QuAlity, whiCh yOu REQuiREThe operational areas are super markets, petrol stations, butcher`s shops, slaughter houses, groceries reloading points, cold storages and much more. The system provides here optimal protection of the goods - guaranteed through high safety of temperature. Sensitive reefer cargo like vegetables, meat, cheese or fish will be optimal matured and / or refined due to the ideal humidity level in the cold rooms. CABERO-air cooler are important components and guarantors for an efficient operation.OperatiOninstAllAtiOn And OpERAtiOn sECuRityCABERO-air cooler can be fast and common mounted and maintained. In the stage of development we focus in particular on a easy handling of installation for the assembly operator. The important modules are easliy accessible and guarantee our customers a safe operation without harmful foreign oils or foreign substances in the refrigerationplants.eXecutiOn cHhEAt ExChAngER e special designed copper tubes diameter12 mm with high effi ciency pure aluminium fi nswith a fi n spacing 4 and 7 mm. Tube die35 x 35 mm inline (PROFESSIONAL LINE).On request: stainless steel tubes,several coated fi ns according costumer requirement.Schrader-valve at outlet.CAsing P owder coated aluminium in RAL 9010, bracketsfor c eiling installation, drip tray with a folded downe xecution for easy cleaning and maintenance.Accessories and alternative: casing available in differentmaterials such as double drip tray (insulated), electricaldefrost in coil and drip tray, hot gas defrost, mountingbox and cabling of the fan(s) and electrical defrost. fAns A xial fans designed for low noise level operation,with external or internal rotor system motors, wired onc ostumer requirement onto clamping device, motors230V / 1 / 50 Hz, protection class IP44 accordingDIN 40050. Ambient temperature of operation:- 30 °C up to + 40° C. Protection grill accordingEN 294. For p rotection of fans, they are equiped withinternal thermal contacts. The fans are suction versions.The data c oncerning the motors such as absorption andpower may vary depending on evironmental conditionsand pressure drops. We reserve the right to use fansof different m anufactors we have approved and tested.CABERO Effi cency Stream System (ESS) are availableon request.sOund pREssuRE lEvEl U sing the enveloping surface method(open area = a ccording EN 13487 at 1 m). As coolingrooms only have a very low absorbing capacity, wer ecommend that c alculations are carried out with onlyslight reduction in the sound pressure level for otherdistance.CABERO 45 CABERO CApACity dAtA T he catalogue capacities refer to Freon R404a – R507a and are based on the air inlet temperature difference(difference between cooler air inlet temperature tL1andevaporation temperature tDT1 = tL1- t).These conditions are marked with DT1 and complywith ENV328 ref. SC2.Evaporation temperature: t= - 8 °CSubcooling temperature: tS= 5 °CAir inlet temperature: tL1= 0 °CRelative humidity: RH = 85 %ORwith Dtm = 6 KEvaporation temperature: t= - 4 °CSuperheating temperature: tS= 3 °CAir (room) temperature: tcl= 2 °CRelative humidity: RH = 85 %Refrigegrant: R 404aWe recommend for an exact thermodynamic caculationin different conditions (for other refi gerants, air humidityor coated fi ns) to use our CABERO Calculation 2008.dEfROst E lectrical coil and tray heating, wired onto clampingdevice according to VDE prescriptions. Water defrostinglimit on to= - 5 °CCH … A (air defrost)CH … E (= electrical coil and tray heating)pREssuRE tEsts P ressure test made with according to thePED 97 / 23 / EC and EN327: 2000 with27,5 bar dry air overpressure and leak test.CABERO 67 CABEROCABERO 8CABERO commercial units are designed with inline tube pattern similar to professional industrial units, yet with higher efficiency and minimised moisture removal from the cooled product. CABERO tube pattern keeps uniform temperature level over the fins and provides more fin surface in comparison with staggered tube patterns used in most of the commercial cooler which are available today. Hence moisture is not removed from product on the large scale. We end up with less weight loss and minimised shrivel. Since moisture is not removed on a large scale from the cooled product we end up with less weight loss and minimised shrivel effect. In real terms, this means more money in the producers pocket and the product is kept fresh for a longer period of time.CABERO guARd systEm– keeps your product fresh and saves you moneyCABERO inline tube pattern on commercial coolers will also save energy needed to cool the product, when compared with staggered tube pattern coolers. CABERO c ommercial coolers have lower ice formation on its coils and therefore require less frequent defrosting, which is achieved with lower moisture removal from the cooling rooms. Less defrosting means less power consumption, to keep the unit free of ice and operating at optimum level. Less defrosting also means less heat input into the room, which would again need to be removed from the room. CABERO inline tube pattern has lower air resistance through the coil which reduces fan power consumption, improves fan efficiency and air distribution as well. Combining above mentioned points results in increased overall system efficiency and reduction in compressor operation and power input. This technology not only reduces operating cost and power consumption but has a large contribution towards our environment.CABERO EnERgy sAving – the best contribution towards our environment With highly educated team at CABERO Group we continuously search for t echnology and products beneficial to our customers and our environment. All products are d esigned and produced under strict quality management and ISO 9002. As our team is dedicated to provide our customers with highly reliable product C ABERO only deals with suppliers that obey our quality system, provide high quality and innovative product manufactured to world standards. Therefore we are glad to provide you with 2 years warranty.CABERO wARRAnty timE – give you the reliability to use a professional product CABERO units are developed and designed for performance with highest German quality standard. Our highly skilled engineers continuously perform operation and capacity tests in our laboratories to ensure customers satisfaction. However through numerous installations our customers happily report back with satisfying results which is the best test we can have.CABERO products are also tested from official accredit laboratories and approved for quality and performance to provide our customers piece of mind. The commercial c oolers have been tested and designed according ENV328.CABERO pERfORmAnCE wARRAnty – professional and reliable techniquestAndARds:– U nit casing are manufatured from highgreade aluminium and powder coatedwhite – for greater corrosion protectionand hygiene– D rip tray double side painted for easycleaning– D rip tray executed with triple foldededges for easy cleaning– D rip tray thermaly decoupled anddetachabl e from the heat exchangercasing– I mproved and optimum condensatedrainage– L ess dehumidification (moisture) andice formation according professionalinline pattern– Separate fan compartments Q 0 = Q n x f 1 x f2special features and standards cOmmercial cOOlers:Correction factors acc. to EuroventQ N = e vaporator nominal cataloguecapacityQ= evaporator capacity– D eeper fan suction compartment – i mproved and optimum distribution of air with constant air speed over the heat exchanger resulting in a reduction of energy comsumption. – J unction box and wiring with cable glands – A ir by pass sheet with unique drainage system – U nits with modern and creative design for easier cleaning and minimum dirt accumulation – S ide cover sheet prepared for easy maintenance – H igh efficiency fans adapted to the technical requirements – Low maintenance and long service life – Robust design – R educed defrosting power according new heater generation – A dapted for normal and deep-freeze refrigeration-fin spacing 4.0 mm or 7.0 mm – C ooler totally flash mounted to the c eiling – no gap – all terminal boxes IP54widE RAngE Of ACCEssORiEs: – Blue fins (anti corrosion) – I ncrement of air throw property trough CABERO ESS – Double (insulated) drip tray – Mounted expansion valve– etc.CABERO 10Figure AFigure BFigure CFigure DWarranty A – C ABERO warrants that the products shall be free from defects in material and workmanship for the period of 12 months from the date of the delivery. Therefore, should CABERO within the warranty period, acknowledge and recognice in writing the existence of the defects in the products and said defects be materially grounded, CABERO shall, at its discretion, repair the defective products at no costs for the client or replace them by delivering the substitutive products (Ex works – Incoterms CABERO). B – S ubject to loss of the warranty, notice of any defect shall be given by the client in writing with return receipt registered letter within, and not later than, 10 (ten) days from the date of receipt of the products at the client‘s premises or in the different delivery place, previously indicated by the latter. It is hereby unterstood that the burden of the proof of the date of the discovery shall be borne by the client.C – C ABERO also warrants that the products are manufactured in compliance with the European Laws and / or Regulations in force on the date of the confirmation by CABERO of the relevant client‘s order. Unless otherwise expressly agreed in w ritings by the parties. Client shall bear any other additional expenses related to the operations of reparing or replacing of the defetive products.d – T his warranty shall not apply should the defects of the products be caused by: – natural wear and tear – u nauthorized repairs, interventions or modifications – unsuited use or application – t herma overexposure, also when occasional – e lectrical or mechanical overstress – f ailure of respecting the f unctional and enviromental paramaters s uggested by CABERO for the correct use and exploitation of the products – i nstallation of the products not in compliance with the technical specifications provided by C ABERO – a ny other cause due the client‘s negligence.11 CABERO E – T his warranty shall also not apply in case of:– n on compliance of the products with European Law and / or Regulationsenteredin force after the date of transmission of the order confirmation by CABERO. – n on compliance of the products with Laws and / or Regulations in force inthe place where the products are installed and / or assembled by the client and / or in the place of their final use, should the client not expressly require the c onformity of the products to said Laws and Regulations and not duly inform CABERO of their content before the date of transmission of the latter‘s order confirmation.This limitation of the warranty is also a pplicable with reference to peculiar Laws and Regulations valid and binding in States of the European Union independendly of the European Laws and Regulations.f – T he client shall not sell or market products not in compliance with the Laws andRegulations mentioned under letter E above. In the negative, the client shall keep CABERO harmless of any damage or loss suffered by the latter, due to any third party‘s and / or authority‘s claim raised as a consequence of the manufacture by CABERO of products not in compliance with the above mentioned Laws and Regulations.– M ount suitably sized tie rods on the ceiling, cut the straps and remove the tray from the box. Lift the unit using a standard pallet and fit the appliance to the ceiling with nuts and washers.– Screw on the condensate tray.– R emove the panel covering the couplings 1 and connect the supply lines complying with the coupling sections.typ Ch– M ount the expansion valve on the supply line 2 and position the bulb correctly on the suction line 3.typ Ch– C onnect the supply line to the defrost sprinkler 4 (if provided) according to the diagram in figure D.– Connect drain pipe 5 to the condensate tray.– W ire the power lines from the switch board to the motor distribution boxes 6 and separately to the electric defrost distribution box 7 if provided, fallowing the wiring diagrams found inside the actual boxes.wARningDo not carry out any wiring connections while the power is connected. All electrical and refrigerant connections must be carried out by a qualified personnel.The coil has approx. 1 bar overpressure of dry air, release with care.installatiOnCABERO Wärmetauscher GmbH & Co. KG Jesenwanger Strasse 5082284 Grafrath, GermanyPhone: +49 8144 9396-0Fax: +49 8144 9396-20 E-mail: info@cabero.de | www.cabero.deC A B E R O V e r s i o n 08 / 2007。
ch09
The Importance of Human Resource Management
People determine the success and failure of organizations and projects. Recent statistics about IT workforce:
*Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), “Global IT Spending to Rocket from Current $2 Trillion to $3 Trillion, New Study Finds,” Update for IT Executives (2001) p. 6 (15) .
Chapter 9: Project Human Resource Management
Information Technology Project Management, Fourth Edition
Learning Objectives
Explain the importance of good human resource management on projects, including the current state and future implications of human resource management, especially on information technology projects. Define project human resource management and understand its processes. Summarize key concepts for managing people by understanding the theories of Abraham Maslow, Frederick Herzberg, David McClelland, and Douglas McGregor on motivation, H. J. Thamhain and D. L. Wilemon on influencing workers, and Stephen Covey on how people and teams can become more effective.
Ch07_risk_management
13
Risk reduction leverage
Risk reduction leverage =
(REbefore- REafter)/ (cost of risk reduction) REbeforeis risk exposure before risk reduction e.g. 1% chance of a fire causing £200k damage REafter is risk exposure after risk reduction e.g. fire alarm costing £500 reduces probability of fire damage to 0.5% RRL = (1% of £200k)-(0.5% of £200k)/£500 = 2 RRL > 1.00 therefore worth doing
Risk identification – what are the risks to a project? Risk analysis – which ones are really serious? Risk planning – what shall we do? Risk monitoring – has the planning worked? We will also look at PERT risk and critical chains
TQRDCM manual process (ver6.0ch)中文版
规定
(4) 品质关连会议体制正常运营 品质关连会议体制正常运营. (5) 有对 电子 有对LG电子 电子(CDMA.终端 品质全权担当 终端) 终端
会议录
2) 品质管理标准 品质管理标准(5)
(1) 制定品质挂念标准 制定品质挂念标准. (2)制定该年品质计划书 制定该年品质计划书. 制定该年品质计划书 (3) 明确品质目标进行实绩管理 明确品质目标进行实绩管理. (4) 品质实绩现况谁都能容易看到
3. 虽然进行开发，但是无计划（目标）的进行 。 虽然进行开发，但是无计划（目标） 4. 只有开发计划并不进行的水准。 只有开发计划并不进行的水准。 5. 没有开发计划 。
20% 20% 16% 12% 8% 4%
自动化 系统 对应
1. 可以进行自动化设计和制作，当发生 可以进行自动化设计和制作，当发生Trouble时可以 时可以 对应（修理） 工程的自动化进行。 对应（修理）, Line工程的自动化进行。 工程的自动化进行 2. 可以进行一部分自动化设计，在制作上给与外助， 可以进行一部分自动化设计，在制作上给与外助， 有修理能力， 自动化进行。 有修理能力，Line 自动化进行。 3.可以进行一部分自动化设计，在制作上给与外助， 可以进行一部分自动化设计，在制作上给与外助， 可以进行一部分自动化设计 无修理能力，Line 自动化进行。 无修理能力， 自动化进行。 4. 简单的自动 简单的自动JIG 设计外助进行，只有修理对应力。 设计外助进行，只有修理对应力。 5. 完全不能实行自动化，只有补遗计划书。 完全不能实行自动化，只有补遗计划书。
Spec Meet
目标对应力
20% 20% 16% 12% 8% 4%
开发Model中确认现在 进行中的Item的1次初品 Data -计算对全部Spec的Meet数 -结构物: 模具初品 回路品: Sample初品
管理研究方法(英文版第13版)教学课件Schindler_CH_03_Accessible
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
3-3
Tasks Associated with Stage 1
Jump to long description
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
3-4
The Management-Research Question Hierarchy
be affected by any considered solution.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
3-16
Questions to Ask of People Sources
What is being done? What has been tried in the past with or without success? How have things changed? Who is involved in the decisions? What problem areas can be seen? Whom can we count on to assist or participate in research on this issue/topic?
• Establish range and scope of possible management decisions.
• Establish major dimensions of research task.
• Define a set of subsidiary questions that can guide research design.
• How well is our (blank) program meeting its goals?