Chapter_3_Cultural_values跨文化交际文化价值观模式
合集下载
跨文化交际--价值观-课件
（G.Hofstede&G.J.Hofstede,2004）
4、价值观是关于什么是真善美的共享观念，价值观是文化 模式的基础并指导人们应对自然和社会环境。
（Nanda&Warm,1998）
3
你最认可哪个价值观的定义？ 你对价值观的定义是什么？
我对价值观的定义：
人在其所处的环境中所形成的对 待事物的观点，并直接指导其行为。
洲国家 ”天人合一“ “无为而治” 古典建筑中国
冥冥之中有一种 超自然的力量主 宰人类的命运， 人在强大自然面 前是无能为力的
印度文化、部 分拉美文化、 美国印第安人 文化
致力于改造不 利环境，追求 变化和进步， 强调物质享受 努力适应不利 自然环境，不 强调改变环境
遭受自然灾害 时，往往表现 出一种无奈的 平静。
并不意味着行动消 拉美国家的墨 极而是把人和事件 西哥文化 都看成自然形成的， 不需要太多人为干 预，着手于眼前的 事，强调满足于现 有的欲望。
重视人格的成长和 发展，对精神追求 大于物质追求。
许多信奉佛教 的人
影响 （行为、交往方式） 喜欢变化和竞争，爱 好体育户外运动，喜 欢快节奏的生活。
经常祈祷、坐禅、冥 想，生活节奏悠闲。
强调未来 强调变化，而且坚信 美国
未来会比现在更美好， 恪守传统的人往往会 受到嘲笑。
享受现在，及时行乐。
更重视创新和变化，肯 定年轻和活力，对新事 物表现出更大的兴趣和 热情。
4、行动的取向
行动的取向
看法
代表
强调行动
强调静止的存 在
强调发展的存 在
以一个人的行为和 美国 成就来衡量他是否 成功，不考虑出生、 背景等
东南亚文化国家 中国、韩国
4、价值观是关于什么是真善美的共享观念，价值观是文化 模式的基础并指导人们应对自然和社会环境。
（Nanda&Warm,1998）
3
你最认可哪个价值观的定义？ 你对价值观的定义是什么？
我对价值观的定义：
人在其所处的环境中所形成的对 待事物的观点，并直接指导其行为。
洲国家 ”天人合一“ “无为而治” 古典建筑中国
冥冥之中有一种 超自然的力量主 宰人类的命运， 人在强大自然面 前是无能为力的
印度文化、部 分拉美文化、 美国印第安人 文化
致力于改造不 利环境，追求 变化和进步， 强调物质享受 努力适应不利 自然环境，不 强调改变环境
遭受自然灾害 时，往往表现 出一种无奈的 平静。
并不意味着行动消 拉美国家的墨 极而是把人和事件 西哥文化 都看成自然形成的， 不需要太多人为干 预，着手于眼前的 事，强调满足于现 有的欲望。
重视人格的成长和 发展，对精神追求 大于物质追求。
许多信奉佛教 的人
影响 （行为、交往方式） 喜欢变化和竞争，爱 好体育户外运动，喜 欢快节奏的生活。
经常祈祷、坐禅、冥 想，生活节奏悠闲。
强调未来 强调变化，而且坚信 美国
未来会比现在更美好， 恪守传统的人往往会 受到嘲笑。
享受现在，及时行乐。
更重视创新和变化，肯 定年轻和活力，对新事 物表现出更大的兴趣和 热情。
4、行动的取向
行动的取向
看法
代表
强调行动
强调静止的存 在
强调发展的存 在
以一个人的行为和 美国 成就来衡量他是否 成功，不考虑出生、 背景等
东南亚文化国家 中国、韩国
Chapter_3_Cultural_values跨文化交际文化价值观模式-文档资料
& cultures
Perceptions are stored within each human being in the form of beliefs + values = cultural patterns
6
1.2. Beliefs
1.What are beliefs? Beliefs are our convictions in the truth of something—
• “Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world.” (Gamble and Gamble) (P56)
3)) Values are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.
2. Your perceptual patterns are learned. “perception is culturally determined. We learn to see the world in a certain way based on our cultural background.” [see P57-58 ]
2)Suntanned skin reflects a low social status, you will probably----( make an extra effort to avoid exposing yourself to the
Perceptions are stored within each human being in the form of beliefs + values = cultural patterns
6
1.2. Beliefs
1.What are beliefs? Beliefs are our convictions in the truth of something—
• “Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world.” (Gamble and Gamble) (P56)
3)) Values are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.
2. Your perceptual patterns are learned. “perception is culturally determined. We learn to see the world in a certain way based on our cultural background.” [see P57-58 ]
2)Suntanned skin reflects a low social status, you will probably----( make an extra effort to avoid exposing yourself to the
跨文化交际第一部分-第三部分学习内容及重点提示
《跨文化交际》第一部分—第三部分学习内容及重点提示《跨文化交际》教材共分8个单元，第二、四、五单元在内容上互相呼应，可以看作一个整体的两大部分：中西方交际方式的主要差异，和由于不同的价值观引起的中西方在处理主要社会关系方面的差异。
第八单元主要对人类交际历史作了简单的回顾，并对其未来进行了展望。
所以，本课程涉及的主要内容其实为六个方面。
一、文化、语言与交际的关系二、中西方交际方式的主要差异三、中西方在处理主要社会关系上的差异四、汉英姓名和称谓的异同比较五、中西方非言语交际的主要差异六、汉英中常见的成语、谚语、俚语、委婉语及禁忌语的对比第一部分：文化、语言与交际的关系语言既是交际的工具，也是文化的载体。
交际不仅是一种语言的交流，更是一种思想和文化的交流。
如果交际双方不能真正了解彼此的文化背景，达成共识，互相理解，那么仅凭单纯的语言技能，这样的交流往往会产生误解，导致失败。
不能脱离或者说割裂语言所承载的文化单纯地去学英语。
这就是为什么我们要学《跨文化交际》这门课程。
为了能进行成功的跨文化交际，我们不但要学会使用英语这种语言，而且还要培养我们的文化素质，也就是说，我们不仅要了解英语国家的文化，而且还要反观我们自己国家的文化，并对两者进行客观地比较。
交际需要语言来传递信息，词语在语言表达方面起着很重要的作用。
如果脱离语境，孤立地看词语，那么它本身并没有什么意思，它只不过是一种特定的符号，传递了某一个社团的人们对某一种物体或思想的共同释义即共同认识。
词语的常规含义分为两种，一种是概念含义Concept meaning，另外一种是联想含义Associative meaning。
概念含义，一般不太会引起歧义，但不同的文化背景就有不同的联想含义。
所以在跨文化交际中，由于不同的联想含义，交际双方经常会无法理解彼此的所指，结果很容易引起误解。
如何正确诠释或理解交际中各方的“含意”是交际成功的关键。
一般来说，有这么三种含意，即话语本身的意思，说者的意思和听者的意思（utterance meaning; speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning）。
跨文化交际 知识点整理
第一章.跨文化交际概论1跨文化交际汉语国际教育本质上是一种跨文化的活动。
新世纪如此广泛而深入的跨文化交际主要是受到以下因素的影响1.交通和通信技术的发展2.经济的全球化3.人口的流动4.广泛的国际交流与合作什么是跨文化交际？跨文化交际既是一种人类的社会活动，也是指一门研究跨文化交际活动的学科。
根据几个定义归纳出跨文化交际的重要特点：1.跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交流；2.跨文化交际是通过象征符号来实现的；3.跨文化交际是一种动态的过程4.跨文化交际是一种双向的互动；5.跨文化交际的目标是创建共享的意义跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际，这里的跨文化交际实际上包含着两个层面一个层面是指不同国家和不同民族的人们之间的交际，例如中国人与美国人等另一个层面是指同一个国家或民族中，不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际，例如男性和女性之间的交往就可以被看做是一种跨文化的交往跨文化交际的特点1.跨文化交际主要指人与人之间面对面的交流面对面的交流既包括了语言交际也包括了非语言交际，而且是一种双向交流和互动的过程2.跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性（陈国明）差异可以是文化传统、价值观、信仰等方面的差异，也涉及行为方式和习俗方面，如手势、衣着、语言使用的差异，同时也涉及个人文化身份和社会角色方面的差异。
这些存在差异的因素相互作用，影响了跨文化交流的过程和结果3.跨文化交际容易引起冲突由于语言、交际风格、非语言行为、思维模式、社会准则、价值观等方面的差异，跨文化交际很容易产生误解和冲突4.跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突”许多冲突往往不是出于人们恶意的动机，而是来源于人们良好的愿望。
在自己文化中得体而礼貌的行为到了另一种文化中却成了无礼的举动，善良的意图却产生了意想不到的误解和不愉快5.跨文化交际常常引起情感上的强烈反应很容易造成心理紧张，人们经常提到的“文化休克”就是形容在跨文化交际中产生的心理反应。
Cross-Cultural Communication Unit 1-4 跨文化交际
• At the core of any culture's deep structure are its social organizations (or social institutions).
➢Lessons about life and ways for living that life ➢It's based on cooperation
CHAPTER 1
Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Challenge?
• Societies around the globe have been interwoven into a complex fabric of interdependent economic, technological, political, and social relationships.
CHAPTER 2
The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality
CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality
• The deep structure of culture is the unconscious assumptions about how the world operates. It makes each culture unique, and explains how and why of a culture's collective action.
➢Lessons about life and ways for living that life ➢It's based on cooperation
CHAPTER 1
Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Challenge?
• Societies around the globe have been interwoven into a complex fabric of interdependent economic, technological, political, and social relationships.
CHAPTER 2
The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality
CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality
• The deep structure of culture is the unconscious assumptions about how the world operates. It makes each culture unique, and explains how and why of a culture's collective action.
文化价值观与跨文化交际PPT教案
第13页/共55页
5．人类之间的关系形态为何？
克拉克洪和斯托特伯克用“价值取向” （value orientation）这个概念指代以上五个 问题：
人性善恶取向；
人与自然关系取向；
时间取向；
行为取向；
关系取向
第14页/共55页
1.人与自然关系取向
第15页/共55页
➢ 控制自然：人类有能力并且应该将自然力 量和超自然力量置于自己的掌控之中，使 其为人类所用。
第27页/共55页
低语境文化
低语境与高语境相反，信息绝大部分是通过言语交际来传递的，只有极少的部分蕴 含在情景或交际者本身之中。
低语境文化的交际模式常常是直接的、追求清晰无误的。 这是因为，低语境文化通常是由一群一致性比较低的成员构成的，也就是说，他们缺乏共 同的经验，因此在交际中，为了准确地让别人理解意义，必须要把背景信息都详尽地表述出 来。
化（的阴柔）特征的评价与追求。 有人认为Masculinity和Femininity这两个词并不能恰当地表达这一维度的内涵，主张用
career success“事业成功”和quality of life“生活质量”这一对概念。 Hofstede认为，男性化文化认为由于男女生理上就是存在差异的，因此也有各自不同
往往采取间接的方式。人们更重视一件事是“怎样”被说出来的， 而不是说了“什么”，非言语线索在交际中受到高度重视。
这是因为，在高语境文化中，人们通常是具有高度一致性的。他 们有共同的经历和经验、有共享的信息网，有一套共同遵守的完备 的社会礼仪规范。因此，在人们的日常交际中，大多数情况下，人 们是不需要更深入的背景信息的。
第9页/共55页
第10页/共55页
（5）Long-term / Short-term Orientation ➢ 长期导向的文化着眼于未来，注重节俭、
5．人类之间的关系形态为何？
克拉克洪和斯托特伯克用“价值取向” （value orientation）这个概念指代以上五个 问题：
人性善恶取向；
人与自然关系取向；
时间取向；
行为取向；
关系取向
第14页/共55页
1.人与自然关系取向
第15页/共55页
➢ 控制自然：人类有能力并且应该将自然力 量和超自然力量置于自己的掌控之中，使 其为人类所用。
第27页/共55页
低语境文化
低语境与高语境相反，信息绝大部分是通过言语交际来传递的，只有极少的部分蕴 含在情景或交际者本身之中。
低语境文化的交际模式常常是直接的、追求清晰无误的。 这是因为，低语境文化通常是由一群一致性比较低的成员构成的，也就是说，他们缺乏共 同的经验，因此在交际中，为了准确地让别人理解意义，必须要把背景信息都详尽地表述出 来。
化（的阴柔）特征的评价与追求。 有人认为Masculinity和Femininity这两个词并不能恰当地表达这一维度的内涵，主张用
career success“事业成功”和quality of life“生活质量”这一对概念。 Hofstede认为，男性化文化认为由于男女生理上就是存在差异的，因此也有各自不同
往往采取间接的方式。人们更重视一件事是“怎样”被说出来的， 而不是说了“什么”，非言语线索在交际中受到高度重视。
这是因为，在高语境文化中，人们通常是具有高度一致性的。他 们有共同的经历和经验、有共享的信息网，有一套共同遵守的完备 的社会礼仪规范。因此，在人们的日常交际中，大多数情况下，人 们是不需要更深入的背景信息的。
第9页/共55页
第10页/共55页
（5）Long-term / Short-term Orientation ➢ 长期导向的文化着眼于未来，注重节俭、
跨文化交际Chapter3
Tea Ceremony
• High-Context Cultures • Japanese • Chinese • Korean • African American • Native American • Arab • Greek • Latin • Italian • English • French • American • Scandinavian • German • German-Swiss • Low-Context Cultures
1) = Human nature orientation 2) = Man-nature orientation 3) = Time orientation 4) = Activity orientation 5) = Social orientation
人性取向 人天取向 时间取向 行为取向 人际取向
Chapter 3
Fundamental theories of intercultural communication
How to classify different cultures?
Culture patterns
Kluckhohn’s Value Orientation
Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Variability Individualism vs. Collectivism Uncertainty Avoidance
• • • • • 1) What is the character of innate human nature? 2) What is the relation of man to nature? 3) What is the temporal focus? 4) What is the mode of human activity? 5) What is the mode of human relationship?
跨文化商务交际 Chapter 2 Cultural Values
all situations. (3) Values are what people use to judge the __r_i_g_h_tn_e_s_s__ or __w__ro_n_g_n_e_s_s_ of what goes on in the
world around them. 2. Adults pass on to their children what they know about proper ___c_o_m__m_u_n_i_c_a_ti_o_n_b_e_h_a_v_io_r____, and as knowledge passes on from generation to generation, cultural values always ____p_er_s_is_t____ within cultures for hundreds of years or even longer.
statements into correct ones.
（ F ）1. After cultural values are learned, it is easy to unlearn them. （ T ） 2. Most cultural values are learnedal values are mostly visible to us. （ F ） 4. We are always aware that the values influence our views.
Culture Focus Case Study 1
This part helps you have a general idea about individualism and collectivism and time orientation in different cultures. Cases are given for your further understanding. And then you are asked to complete the tasks.
world around them. 2. Adults pass on to their children what they know about proper ___c_o_m__m_u_n_i_c_a_ti_o_n_b_e_h_a_v_io_r____, and as knowledge passes on from generation to generation, cultural values always ____p_er_s_is_t____ within cultures for hundreds of years or even longer.
statements into correct ones.
（ F ）1. After cultural values are learned, it is easy to unlearn them. （ T ） 2. Most cultural values are learnedal values are mostly visible to us. （ F ） 4. We are always aware that the values influence our views.
Culture Focus Case Study 1
This part helps you have a general idea about individualism and collectivism and time orientation in different cultures. Cases are given for your further understanding. And then you are asked to complete the tasks.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1.1 Perception
1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Values 2. Cultural Patterns
1. 1 What is perception?
• Perception is primary in the study of intercultural communication, because our information about and knowledge of our physical and social world are mediated(传 达 )by perceptual processes. Our perceptions give meaning to all those external forces: symbols, things, people, ideas, events, ideologies and faith.
1.3 Values
1)A Value is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to another. 2)Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.‖ (Nanda &Warms) 3)) Values are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.
12
• Where to find 1. from people’s behavior pattern 2. from what people say about themselves; 3. from myths, tales of heroes and rituals; 4. from folk tales, movies, proverbs, sayings, etc.
Chapter Three
Cultural Values/Patterns/Orientations
1
Contents
1. Perception, Belief and Values
2. Cultural Patterns 3. Application of theories
1. Perception, Belief and Values
2. 1 Cultural Patterns
Perceptions are stored within each human being in the form of beliefs + values = cultural patterns. • Cultural pattern taxonomies are used to illustrate the dominant beliefs and values of a culture.
2.How to classify different culture patterns?
Variations of Value Studies
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientation Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Variability Individualism Vs Collectivism Uncertainty Avoidance Low-Context Power Distance Edward T Hall’s Context - Culture Theory
10
1.3The Value Hierarchy
•US
hospitality to guests • cleanliness
•
Tertiary Values
Alleviation of the pain and Secondary Values suffering of others securing material possessions
• • • • • 1) What is the character of human nature? 2) What is the relation of man to nature? 3) What is the orientation toward time? (temporal focus) 4) What is the mode of human activity? 5) What is the mode of human relationship? 1) = Human nature orientation 人性取向 2) = Man-nature orientation 人与自然的关系取向 3) = Time orientation 时间取向 4) = Activity orientation 行为取向 5) = Social orientation 人际取向 2013-12-26
13
US Dominant cultural patterns (P62-65)
• • • • • • • Individualism, Equality, Materialism, Science and technology, Progress and change, Work and leisure, Competition
•Democracy • the protection of oneself and close family member
Primary Values
•
1.3. How to get and where to find values?
• How to get: 1. from one’s family 2. from school teachers; 3. from one’s peers (friends, schoolmates, play mates; 4. from society at large
1.2. Beliefs
4. Beliefs are usually reflected in your actions and communication behavior. Eg
1) A good tan（棕褐色） is a reflection of a healthy, active lifestyle and makes a person more attractive. you will probably ----(find time to lie out in the sun or even go to a tanning salon. ) 2)Suntanned skin reflects a low social status, you will probably----( make an extra effort to avoid exposing yourself to the sun by wearing a hat, long-sleeved shirt, and perhaps gloves, and carrying an umbrella, on sunny days. )
1.1. Perception & cultures
Two ways that culture influences the perception process:
1. Perception is selective. What is allowed in is, in part, determined by culture. 2. Your perceptual patterns are learned. ―perception is culturally determined. We learn to see the world in a certain way based on our cultural background.‖ [see P57-58 ]
1.3 Values
4) Hofstede: Values are “a broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others”. E.g. evil vs. good, dirty vs. clean, dangerous vs. safe, decent vs. indecent, ugly vs. beautiful, unnatural vs. natural, abnormal vs. normal, paradoxical vs. logical, irrational vs. rational, moral vs. immoral.
1.1. Perception & cultures
Perceptions are stored within each human being in the form of beliefs + values = cultural patterns
1.2. Beliefs
1.What are beliefs? Beliefs are our convictions in the truth of something— with or without proof..(p58) 2. How did you acquire them? Beliefs are shaped by the individual‘s culture.‖ 3. What function do they perform? • Beliefs are important because they are accepted as truths. • One of the most important functions of beliefs is that they form the basis of your values,
1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Values 2. Cultural Patterns
1. 1 What is perception?
• Perception is primary in the study of intercultural communication, because our information about and knowledge of our physical and social world are mediated(传 达 )by perceptual processes. Our perceptions give meaning to all those external forces: symbols, things, people, ideas, events, ideologies and faith.
1.3 Values
1)A Value is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to another. 2)Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.‖ (Nanda &Warms) 3)) Values are a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.
12
• Where to find 1. from people’s behavior pattern 2. from what people say about themselves; 3. from myths, tales of heroes and rituals; 4. from folk tales, movies, proverbs, sayings, etc.
Chapter Three
Cultural Values/Patterns/Orientations
1
Contents
1. Perception, Belief and Values
2. Cultural Patterns 3. Application of theories
1. Perception, Belief and Values
2. 1 Cultural Patterns
Perceptions are stored within each human being in the form of beliefs + values = cultural patterns. • Cultural pattern taxonomies are used to illustrate the dominant beliefs and values of a culture.
2.How to classify different culture patterns?
Variations of Value Studies
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientation Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Variability Individualism Vs Collectivism Uncertainty Avoidance Low-Context Power Distance Edward T Hall’s Context - Culture Theory
10
1.3The Value Hierarchy
•US
hospitality to guests • cleanliness
•
Tertiary Values
Alleviation of the pain and Secondary Values suffering of others securing material possessions
• • • • • 1) What is the character of human nature? 2) What is the relation of man to nature? 3) What is the orientation toward time? (temporal focus) 4) What is the mode of human activity? 5) What is the mode of human relationship? 1) = Human nature orientation 人性取向 2) = Man-nature orientation 人与自然的关系取向 3) = Time orientation 时间取向 4) = Activity orientation 行为取向 5) = Social orientation 人际取向 2013-12-26
13
US Dominant cultural patterns (P62-65)
• • • • • • • Individualism, Equality, Materialism, Science and technology, Progress and change, Work and leisure, Competition
•Democracy • the protection of oneself and close family member
Primary Values
•
1.3. How to get and where to find values?
• How to get: 1. from one’s family 2. from school teachers; 3. from one’s peers (friends, schoolmates, play mates; 4. from society at large
1.2. Beliefs
4. Beliefs are usually reflected in your actions and communication behavior. Eg
1) A good tan（棕褐色） is a reflection of a healthy, active lifestyle and makes a person more attractive. you will probably ----(find time to lie out in the sun or even go to a tanning salon. ) 2)Suntanned skin reflects a low social status, you will probably----( make an extra effort to avoid exposing yourself to the sun by wearing a hat, long-sleeved shirt, and perhaps gloves, and carrying an umbrella, on sunny days. )
1.1. Perception & cultures
Two ways that culture influences the perception process:
1. Perception is selective. What is allowed in is, in part, determined by culture. 2. Your perceptual patterns are learned. ―perception is culturally determined. We learn to see the world in a certain way based on our cultural background.‖ [see P57-58 ]
1.3 Values
4) Hofstede: Values are “a broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others”. E.g. evil vs. good, dirty vs. clean, dangerous vs. safe, decent vs. indecent, ugly vs. beautiful, unnatural vs. natural, abnormal vs. normal, paradoxical vs. logical, irrational vs. rational, moral vs. immoral.
1.1. Perception & cultures
Perceptions are stored within each human being in the form of beliefs + values = cultural patterns
1.2. Beliefs
1.What are beliefs? Beliefs are our convictions in the truth of something— with or without proof..(p58) 2. How did you acquire them? Beliefs are shaped by the individual‘s culture.‖ 3. What function do they perform? • Beliefs are important because they are accepted as truths. • One of the most important functions of beliefs is that they form the basis of your values,