American_ Literature(美国文学)
Periods of Am. Lirican Literature:
1607-1776 Colonial Period 1765-1790 The Revolutionary Age 1775-1828 The Early National Period
Perverse, vulgar, grotesque style.
Transcendentalism
American
reflection of European romanticism movement
Philosophical
The transcendal philosophy was based on: Free will Humanity Intuition Individual conscience It glories nature
son
of a poor actress (drastic death) his father alcoholic He was taken by his guardian Mr. Allan Studied West Point – kicked out Marriage with 13 year-old cousin She died of TB ten years later – despair, grief was reflected in his works 1849 found delirious in a steet
The Revolutionary Age
The
greatest documents of American history were authored: Thomas Paine (Common Sense – he urged independence) The Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson - 1776)
Colonial Period
Periods
of Am. Literature vary a lot It´ s impossible to give exact dates The first literature started to appear after founding of the first settlement at Jamestown in 1607 It continuoud till the outbreak of the Revolution
The
Constitution (1789 - ratified)
The Early National Period
Beginnings The
of true Am. Literature
writers wrote in th English style but the settings, themes and characters were authentically American
The
Innocents Abroad The Gilded Age The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Advedntures of Huckleberry Finn Tom likes danger, he´ s always able to avoid problems, Huck represents social conscience, he´ s sensitive to everything around him
American Dream
Other 20th century writers
The
Harlem Renaissance:
Harlem (N.Y.) was a centre of it Motto: Let us return to Africa! (in a literary sense) We all have sth. in common
Washington
Irving – he wrote about Am. Life, biography of G. Washington Fenimore Cooper – The Last of the Mohicans
Allan Poe
James
Edgar
E.A.Poe (1809-1849)
The Realistic Period 1900-1914
The Naturalistic Period (extreme realism)
1914-1939 1920s 1920s, 1930s: American Modernist Period: Jazz Age, Harlem Renaissance The "Lost Generation"
Lost Generation
A
term applied for Am. Writers born around 1900, who fought in WWI term comes from Gertrude Stein
The
Main
features: description of the loss of traditional values as the result of the war other social evils
2. Romanticism, Transcendentalism
1828-1865
The Romantic Period (Also known as: TheAmerican Renaissance) The Age of Transcendentalism 18651900
3. Realism, Naturalism
Main representatives:
Ralph Henry
Waldo Thoreau
David Thoreau
Other Romantic Writers
Herman
Melville – symbolist (Moby-Dick)
Hawthorne (The Scarlet Letter)
Literary genres:
Historical
writings Religious themes –
sermons (kázání ) tracts
Writers: Anne Bradstreet (poet) Benjamin Franklin (The Way to Wealth) William Bradford
Their
writings are often cruel and tragic.
Stephen
Crane Jack London (Tjhe Call of the Wild) Theodore Dreiser (An American Tragedy) Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)
The
Raven (poem) - a tired, unhappy student asks if he ever meets his love again His doubts are underlined by the raven´ s repetition „nevermore“, symbol of doubts and longing
Naturalism
Derived
from the word nature (interest in
nature) It has its origin in France – Zola Prople are influenced by environmental forces (outside us) and inner drives (inside us) – peole can ´ t control them The main drives of characters: hunger, fear, sex, …
Nathaniel
the main theme –sin Hester has te wear letter A – means adulteress
Walt
Whitman (poet) Dickinson (poet)
Emily
Realistic Period
After
Civil War: Social injustice – first millionaires appear (Rockefeller) discoveries in science (railway, telegraph cable, telephone,…) Growth of education Twain called this period „gilded age“
1939-present 1950s 1960s, 1970s The Contemporary Period:
The
Beat generation
Literature recognizes works
American
of: African-American Writers Native American Writers Asian-American Writers
Mark Twain
His
real name: Samuel Langorne Clemens He spent his childhood on the Mississippi river Workedon a steamboat on the Mississippi Travelled a lot He recollects his childhood in his books
【英美概况】【课堂笔记】美国文学american literature
AMERICAN LITERATUREWe shall not cease from explorationAnd the end of all our exploringWill be to arrive where we startedAnd know the place for the first time.T.S. Eliot --- Little GiddingLiterature represents the language of a people, their culture and their tradition. But the reading of literature is more important to us than just a historical or cultural activity. Literature introduces us to new worlds of experience. When we enjoy the comedies and the tragedies of poems, stories, and plays, we may also grow and evolve through our literary journey with books.American literature is a literature that has recorded the stories of a search. Early explorers searched for new lands and new wealth. The puritans searched for a place that would become the ideal community, one of which God would approve. Many Americans travelled across America simply because they were restless and were searching for new experiences and opportunities. These searches can be said to be the “pursuit of happiness” and Americ an literature is the story of that pursuit.Some of the early literature was concerned with life in the cities and on the frontier. It created heroes and characters that epitomised the adventurous, the brave and the strong individual. This literature could be said to have created a history for a country which, in European eyes, had very little history!As the country expanded westwards, some authors questioned some of the beliefs and lifestyle of the established east coast communities. For instance, Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote a book called ‘Nature’ that questioned whether or not humans needed religion to reach a higher state of spirituality. Henry Thoreau wrote about how important it was for individuals to think for themselves, and claimed that an individua l’s conscience is more important than the demands of society. These ideas caused much controversy and discussion.Other writers of this time were writing about human imagination and emotion, rather than intellect. These novels asked the reader to understand the nature of guilt, pride and emotional repression, and to find meaning in his/her life.After the Civil War (1861-1865) many Americans became discontent with the growing materialism of society, and some writers wrote about the harsher reality which was facing some Americans in their daily lives. For instance, they wrote of poor working conditions, unsympathetic reactions by the community to someone who has committed ‘sin’, and of people findingthemselves trapped in their environment and struggling to find happiness.There were also writers like Emily Dickinson who wrote poems such as this:If I can stop one heart from breaking,I shall not live in vain;If I can ease one life the aching,Or cool one pain,Or help one fainting robinUnto his nest again,I shall not live in vain.The first half of the 20th century saw the emergence of writersc alled “Imagists” whose poems focused on strong, concrete images. An example of this style was T.S.Eliot’s poem called the ‘The Waste Land’. This poem created images for the reader to interpret. Another such writer was E. E. Cumming, who threw away the rules of punctuation, spelling and even changed the way words were placed on the page.In the 1920’s in New York there emerged of a lively, powerful form of African-American music called jazz, and at the same time African-American writers began writing about the black community and their lives. Their writings used the rhythms drawn from their African and slavery. They told the American people not only about the injustices that society inflicted upon blacks, but also about the rich cultural life of the “the new negro” who was proud of his/her racial identity. Two African-American writers of this period were Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen.Mother To Son by Langston HughesWell, son, I'll tell you:Life for me ain't been no crystal stair.It's had tacks in it,And splinters,And boards torn up,And places with no carpet on the floor—Bare.But all the timeI'se been a-climbin' on,And reachin' landin's,And turnin' corners,And sometimes goin' in the darkWhere there ain't been no light.So, boy, don't you turn back.Don't you set down on the steps.'Cause you finds it's kinder hard.Don't you fall now—For I'se still goin', honey,I'se still climbin',And life for me ain't been no crystal stair.Post World War 2 authors started to write about American society in ways that questioned the direction in which society was going. After a short period of conservatism (1940’s and 1950’s), Americans saw a significant change in their culture and lifestyle. It was the period of African-American activism/protest, the feminist movement, the sexual revolution, the peace movement, and, it was a time when many alternative lifestyles were being experimented with. Politically, the world was in the midst of the Cold War between the USA with its political allies and the USSR and communism in general.People who immigrated to America were often said to be pursuing “The American Dream”. The term “The American Dream” represented an ideal. Simply stated, it meant that in America a person could achieve anything if he/she really wanted it enough. In recent history some people started doubting the possibility of this ideal: it seemed that the ideal could not be possible while society was the way that it was. Some people wanted to change society, and said that “The Dream” should be not be so much about economic success but more about personal fulfillment and the development of a just and caring society. People wanted to feel that they had a purpose in society, where they were needed, where they could fulfill their potential and where they could develop as an individual. It can be seen that some writers expressed a sense of hopelessness about achieving “The Dream” in their books and poetry.Richard Coryby Edwin Arlington RobinsonWhenever Richard Cory went downtown,We people on the pavement looked at him:He was a gentleman from sole to crown,Clean favored, and imperially slim.And he was always quietly arrayed,And he was always human when he talked;But still he fluttered pulses when he said, “Good morning,” and he glittered when he walked. And he was rich -- yes, richer than a king,And admirably schooled in every grace:In fine, we thought that he was everythingTo make us wish that we were in his place.So on we worked, and waited for the light,And went without the meat, and cursed the bread, And Richard Cory, one calm summer night,Went home and put a bullet through his head.Books, such as the following, also reflected this era:‘Catch 22’ (Joseph Heller) portrayed war as an absurd exercise for madmen. (1961)‘Death of a Salesman’ (Arthur Miller) is a play about the com mon man pressured by society. He tries to provide for his family but ultimately he fails to achieve what he thinks (and what society thinks) he should achieve. His unfulfilled dreams lead to a tragic ending.‘Native Son’ (Richard Wright) is a novel which has a black hero, whose character has been heavily impacted upon by a violent and cruel society. (1940)‘Catcher in the Rye’ (J.D.Salinger) is a book which portrays, through the eyes of a teenage boy, the hypocrisies of the adult world. The boy feels a sense of hopelessness about his world.Toni Morrison’s poems portrayed strong black women in society, and the struggles of growing up being black in America during the 1960’s and 1970’s.‘America’ (Allen Ginsberg) is a poem of anger and rage. It expresses the feelings of the Beat writers about the state of American culture in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Th e poem rages against the traditional American values of that time.‘The Kitchen God’s Wife’ by Amy Tan (1991) is a novel about her mother, who was born in China but who later, with her American husband, moved to America. The novel shows how the author sees her mother as a slight embarrassment, because of her traditional Chinese behaviour. Her mother tells her the story of her life in China. At the end of the story the young women comes to see her mother in an entirely different way. The love for her mother is still there, but her respect for her is now immense. Amy Tan was born in America and lives with her family.Extra PoemsWhat Fifty Said by Robert Frost (1925) When I was young my teachers were the old.I gave up fire for form till I was cold.I suffered like a metal being cast.I went to school to age to learn the past.Now when I am old my teachers are the young. What can't be molded must be cracked and sprung.I strain at lessons fit to start a suture.I got to school to youth to learn the future.Hey, that's no way to say goodbye by Leonard CohenI loved you in the morning, our kisses deep and warm,your hair upon the pillow like a sleepy golden storm, yes, many loved before us, I know that we are not new,in city and in forest they smiled like me and you, but now it's come to distances and both of us must try,your eyes are soft with sorrow,Hey, that's no way to say goodbye.I'm not looking for another as I wander in my time, walk me to the corner, our steps will always rhyme you know my love goes with you as your love stays with me,it's just the way it changes, like the shoreline and the sea,but let's not talk of love or chains and things we can't untie,your eyes are soft with sorrow,Hey, that's no way to say goodbye.I loved you in the morning, our kisses deep and warm,your hair upon the pillow like a sleepy golden storm, yes many loved before us, I know that we are not new,in city and in forest they smiled like me and you, but let's not talk of love or chains and things we can't untie,your eyes are soft with sorrow,Hey, that's no way to say goodbye.So long, Marianne by Leonard CohenCome over to the window, my little darling,I'd like to try to read your palm.I used to think I was some kind of Gypsy boy before I let you take me home.Now so long, Marianne, it's time that we beganto laugh and cry and cry and laugh about it all again.Well you know that I love to live with you,but you make me forget so very much.I forget to pray for the angelsand then the angels forget to pray for us.Now so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...We met when we were almost youngdeep in the green lilac park.You held on to me like I was a crucifix,as we went kneeling through the dark.Oh so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...Your letters they all say that you're beside me now. Then why do I feel alone?I'm standing on a ledge and your fine spider web is fastening my ankle to a stone.Now so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...For now I need your hidden love.I'm cold as a new razor blade.You left when I told you I was curious,I never said that I was brave.Oh so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...Oh, you are really such a pretty one.I see you've gone and changed your name again. And just when I climbed this whole mountainside, to wash my eyelids in the rain!Oh so long, Marianne, it's time that we began ...It Ain’t Me Babe by Bob DylanGo 'way from my window,Leave at your own chosen speed.I'm not the one you want, babe,I'm not the one you need.You say you're lookin' for someone Never weak but always strong,To protect you an' defend you Whether you are right or wrong, Someone to open each and every door, But it ain't me, babe,No, no, no, it ain't me, babe,It ain't me you're lookin' for, babe.Go lightly from the ledge, babe,Go lightly on the ground.I'm not the one you want, babe,I will only let you down.You say you're looking' for someone Who will promise never to part, Someone to close his eyes for you, Someone to close his heart, Someone who will die for you an' more, But it ain't me, babe,No, no, no, it ain't me, babe,It ain't me you're lookin' for, babe.Go melt back into the night, babe, Everything inside is made of stone. There's nothing in here movingAn' anyway I'm not alone.You say you're looking for someone Who'll pick you up each time you fall, To gather flowers constantlyAn' to come each time you call,A lover for your life an' nothing more, But it ain't me, babe,No, no, no, it ain't me, babe,It ain't me you're lookin' for, babe.The Times They Are A-Changing by Bob Dylan Come gather 'round peopleWherever you roamAnd admit that the watersAround you have grownAnd accept it that soonYou'll be drenched to the bone.If your time to youIs worth savin'Then you better start swimmin'Or you'll sink like a stoneFor the times they are a-changin'.Come writers and criticsWho prophesize with your penAnd keep your eyes wideThe chance won't come againAnd don't speak too soonFor the wheel's still in spinAnd there's no tellin' whoThat it's namin'.For the loser nowWill be later to winFor the times they are a-changin'.Come senators, congressmenPlease heed the callDon't stand in the doorwayDon't block up the hallFor he that gets hurtWill be he who has stalled There's a battle outsideAnd it is ragin'.It'll soon shake your windows And rattle your wallsFor the times they are a-changin'. Come mothers and fathers Throughout the landAnd don't criticizeWhat you can't understandYour sons and your daughters Are beyond your command Your old road isRapidly agin'.Please get out of the new oneIf you can't lend your handFor the times they are a-changin'. The line it is drawnThe curse it is castThe slow one nowWill later be fastAs the present nowWill later be pastThe order isRapidly fadin'.And the first one nowWill later be lastFor the times they are a-changin'.Suzanne by Leonard CohenSuzanne takes you down to her place near the river You can hear the boats go byYou can spend the night beside herAnd you know that she's half crazyBut that's why you want to be thereAnd she feeds you tea and orangesThat come all the way fromChinaAnd just when you mean to tell herThat you have no love to give herThen she gets you on her wavelengthAnd she lets the river answerThat you've always been her loverAnd you want to travel with herAnd you want to travel blindAnd you know that she will trust youFor you've touched her perfect body with your mind.And Jesus was a sailorWhen he walked upon the waterAnd he spent a long time watchingFrom his lonely wooden towerAnd when he knew for certainOnly drowning men could see himHe said "All men will be sailors thenUntil the sea shall free them"But he himself was brokenLong before the sky would openForsaken, almost humanHe sank beneath your wisdom like a stoneAnd you want to travel with himAnd you want to travel blindAnd you think maybe you'll trust himFor he's touched your perfect body with his mind. Now Suzanne takes your handAnd she leads you to the riverShe is wearing rags and feathersFrom Salvation Army countersAnd the sun pours down like honeyOn our lady of the harbourAnd she shows you where to lookAmong the garbage and the flowersThere are heroes in the seaweedThere are children in the morningThey are leaning out for loveAnd they will lean that way foreverWhile Suzanne holds the mirrorAnd you want to travel with herAnd you want to travel blindAnd you know that you can trust herFor she's touched your perfect body with her mind.。
美国文学(本杰明富兰克林)
American literatureChapter 1 The Embryo of American Literature1、Benjamin FranklinA Brief Introduction of Benjamin FranklinFranklin was one of the leading founding fathers of the United States of America. He was a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence and was one of its signatories(签名人)。
He also signed the Constitution of the United States, and served as the new nation’s ablest diplomat. Franklin was also unequaled in America as an inventor until Thomas Edison. He invented the Franklin stove(火炉，窖，温室)，bifocal eyeglasses and the lightning rod.※BiographyBenjamin Franklin was born on January 17,1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the youngest child ,and tenth boy of 17 children. Franklin’s formal schooling ended early but his education never did. He believed that “the door to wisdom are never shut,” and read every book he could get his hands on. Franklin taught himself simple algebra and geometry ,navigation, logic, history, science, English grammar and a working knowledge of five other languages.Franklin had a simple formula for success. He believed that successful people worked just a little harder than other people. Benjamin Franklin certainly did. He built a successful printing and publishing business in Philadelphia; he conducted scientific studies of electricity and made several important discoveries; he was an accomplished diplomat and statesman; he helped establish Pennsylvania’s first university and America’s first city hospital. He also organized the country’s first subscription library.Franklin had strong belief that good citizenship included an obligation of public service. Franklin himself served the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the new United States of America, in one way or the other, for most of his life. To Benjamin Franklin there was no greater purpose in life than to“live usefully.”※The Works·Poor Richard’s Almanac.1733·The Way to Wealth,1758·Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ，1791·Benjamin Franklin’s Thirteen Virtues1TEMPERANCE. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.2SIlENCE. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.3ORDER.Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.4RESOLUTION.Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.5FRUGALITY. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e.,waste nothing.6INDUSTRY.Lose no time;be always employeed in something useful; cut off all unneccessary actions.7. SINCERITY. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly.8. JUSTICE. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.9. MODERATION. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.10. CLEANLINESS. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, or habitation.11. TRANQUILLITY. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.12. CHASTITY. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dulness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation.13. HUMILITY. Imitate Jesus and Socrates.※Selected ReadingToo Dear for the WhistleWhen I was a child of seven years old , my friends , on a holiday ,filled my pocket with coppers . I went at once to a shop where they sold toys for children . Being charmed with the sound of a whistle that I had seen by the way , in the hands of another boy , I handed over all my money for one . I then came home , went whistling all over house , much pleased with my whistle , but disturbing all my family .My brother and sister and cousins ,when I told of the bargain I had made,said I had given four times as much as the whistle was worth . They put me in mind of what good things I might have bought with the rest of the money, and laughed at me so much for my folly that I cried with vexation(n.苦恼，恼怒，令人烦恼的事) . Thinking about the matter gave me more chagrin than the whistle gave me pleasure.This , however , was afterwards of use to me , for the impression continued on my mind . so that often , when I was tempted to buy something I do not need . I said to myself . “Don't give too much for the whistle ,”and I saved my money . As I grew up , came into the world，and observed the actions of men . I thought I met with many ,very many ,who “gave too much for the whistle .”When I saw some man too eager for cout favour, wasting his time at court getherings ,giving up his rest , his liberty ,his virtue, and perhaps his friends ,for royal favour , I said to myself “This man gives too much for the whistle.”When I saw another fond of popularity , constantly taking part in political affairs ,neglecting his own business ,and ruining it by neglect , “He pays , indeed ,”said I , “too dear for his whistle .”If I knew a miser（守财奴，吝啬鬼）who gave up every kind of comfortable living , all the pleasure of doing good to others , all the esteem of his fellow citizens and the joys of friendship , for the sake of gathering and keeping wealth —“Poor man.”said I , “you pay too dear for your whistle .”When I met a man of pleasure , who did not try to improve his mind or his fortune but merely devoted himself to having a good time ,perhaps neglecting his health ,“Mistaken man,”said I , “you are providing pain for yourself , instead of pleasure ; you are paying too dear for your whistle .”If I saw someone fond of appearance of who had fine clothes , fine houses , fine furniture , fine earrings , all above his fortune , and for which he had run into debt ,and ends his career in a prison .“Alas,”said I , “he has paid dear , very dear , for his whistle . ”In short the miseries of mankind are largely due to their putting a false value on things —to giving “too much for their whistles”.。
美国文学作家以及作品总汇
美国文学部分(American Literature)一．独立革命前后的文学（The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．殖民地时期的文学的特点2)．主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品2．独立革命前后时期的主要作家本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草―独立宣言。
《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanack《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography托马斯·潘恩Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。
《税务员问题》The Case of the Officers of Excise《常识》Common Sense《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of Reason菲利普·弗伦诺Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的―革命诗人‖。
《蒸蒸日上的美洲》―The Rising Glory of America‖《英国囚船》―The British Prison Ship‖《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳―To the Memory of the Brave Americans‖《野生的金银花》―The Wild Honeysuckle‖《印第安人殡葬地》―The Indian Burying Ground‖1二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为―美国文学之父‖.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》Rip Van Winkle《纽约外史》A History of New York《见闻札记》The Sketch Book《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。
American literaturePPT课件
Nationalistic Orientation (2)
3. “Good” literature: embodiment of American national spirit – e.g. F. O. Matthiessen in American Renaissance (1941) enshrines five writers for their devotion to “democracy”, dismissing Mrs. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) as second rate popular writing only. cf. The Scarlet Letter (1850) Moby Dick (1851) Walden (1854) Leaves of Grass (1855) Americanness vs Excellence
Indians? • Literature most representing American
national spirit by American citizens? • – women’s domestic / private literature? • Literature created by American citizens
Hawthorne: cultural production
1. Evert Duyckinck, who managed the magazine United States Magazine and Democratic Review , advocate of American literary nationalism, proponent of high culture
英美有哪些主流报刊杂志【精选】
英美有哪些主流报刊杂志？美国现有一万多种杂志，发行量在百万以上的有60多种。
有影响的杂志如下： 1、Reader’s Digest《读者文摘》 2、TIME《时代周刊》 3、Life《生活》 4. People 《人民》 5. Cosmopolitan women《世界妇女》 6. American Home 《美国家庭》 7. American Child 《美国儿童》 8. American Literature 《美国文学》 9. Scientific American 《美国科学》 10.Playboy 《花花公子》（只适合成年人阅读） 11. Beautify Home and Garden《美化家庭和园林》 12. Homes Circle《家庭圈》 13. Good Manager 《好管家》 14. Magus《麦哥氏》 15. American Television Magazine《电视指南》 美国是世界新闻事业十分发达的国家之一。
全国有各类报纸11000其中日报1600多家，包括晨报、下午报、晚报和星期日报及8000多家周报和半周报，街头小报无法计数。
《纽约时报》、《华盛顿邮报》、《洛杉矶时报》是当今美国最有影响的3大报纸。
1. The Los Angeles Times《洛杉矶时报》 2. The New York Times《纽约时报》（互动学习） 3. Washington Post《华盛顿邮报》 4. The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》 5. The New York Daily News 《纽约每日新闻》 6. Chicago Tribune《芝加哥论坛报》 7. USA Today 《今日美国》 8. New York Post《纽约邮报》 1. The Christian Science Monitor《基督教科学箴言报》 2. International Herald Tribune《国际先驱论坛报》 3. Washington News 《华盛顿新闻报》 4. Washington Daily News《华盛顿每日新闻》 5. Baltimore Sun 《巴尔的摩太阳报》 1. Herald Journal 《先驱日报》 2. American Express 《美国快报》 3. Journal of Commerce 《商业日报》 4. Tribune 《论坛报》 5. American News 《美国新闻》 6. News Weekly 《新闻周刊》 7. U.S. News &World Report《美国新闻与世界报道》 1. Department of State Bulletin《国务院公报》 2. The New York Times 《纽约时报》 3. Washington Star《华盛顿明星报》 4. U.S. News &World Report《美国新闻与世界报道》 1. New York Herald《纽约先驱论坛报》 2. Chicago Tribune《芝加哥论坛报》 3. Los Angeles Times《洛杉矶时报》 4. San Francisco Chronicle 《旧金山纪事报》 支持民主党的报纸： 1. Baltimore Sun《巴尔的摩太阳报》 2. Chicago Sun-Times 《芝加哥太阳时报》 3. St. Louis Post《圣路易邮电报》 1. The Christian Science Monitor《基督教科学箴言报》 2. New York Post《纽约邮报》 3. New York Daily News《纽约每日新闻》 4. Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》 1. 全国广播公司（NBC） National Broadcasting Company 2. 哥伦比亚广播公司（CBS） Columbia Broadcasting System 3. 美国广播公司（ABC） American Broadcasting Company 4. 美国之音Voice of America（VOA） 5. 美联社Associated Press（AP） 6. 合众国际社（UPI） United Press-International News Service 1.《时代周刊》Time 2.《新闻周刊》News Week 3.《纽约客》New Yorker（互动学习） 4.《美国新闻与世界报道》 U.S.News&World Report 5. 《读者文摘》Reader’s Digest 6. 《商业周刊》Business Week 7. 《财富》Fortune 英国是世界上报刊业最发达的国家之一。
美国文学的名词解释_特点_流派
美国文学的名词解释_特点_流派美国文学的名词解释美国文学(American Literature 或Literature of the United States)指在美国产生的文学(也包括建国前殖民地时期的文学作品)。
用英语写成的美国文学可视为英语文学的一部分。
美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化的束缚。
美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。
美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。
美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。
美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。
美国文学的特点美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化的束缚。
美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。
美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。
美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。
美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。
许多美国作家来自社会下层，这使得美国文学生活气息和平民色彩都比较浓厚，总的特点是开朗、豪放。
内容庞杂与色彩鲜明是美国文学的另一特点。
个性自由与自我克制、清教主义与实用主义、激进与反动、反叛和顺从、高雅与庸俗、高级趣味与低级趣味、深刻与肤浅、积极进取与玩世不恭、明快与晦涩、犀利的讽刺与阴郁的幽默、精心雕琢与粗制滥造、对人类命运的思考和探索与对性爱的病态追求等倾向，不仅可以同时并存，而且形成强烈的对照。
从来没有一种潮流或倾向能够在一个时期内一统美国文学的天下。
美国作家敏感、好奇，往往是一个浪潮未落，另一浪潮又起。
作家们永远处在探索和试验的过程之中。
美国文学 PPT课件
Benjamin Franklin Philip Freneau
➢ Chapter III American Romanticism
Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper William Cullen Bryant Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne
Brief Outline of American literature
1. Colonial period (1607-1775)
Anne Bradstreet Edward Taylor
2. Revolutionary period
(1775-1783) Benjamin Franklin Philip Freneau
The early settlers
❖ Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1492.
❖ Captain John Smith reached Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.
❖ Puritans came the New England area, by Mayflower in 1620.
❖ Literature is characterized by beauty of expression and form and by universality of intellectual and emotional appeal.
2. Forms (genres) of literature? Poetry, novel (fiction), drama, prose, essay, epic, elegy, short story, journalism, ts, novelette, etc.
《美国文学》试卷 及答案 American Literature for English major
《美国文学》试卷班级学号姓名I. Choose the best answer for each blank or question. (50%)1. _______ was usually regarded as the first American writer.A. William BradfordB. Anne BradstreetC. Emily DickinsonD. Captain John Smith2. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the _______ values that dominated much of the early American writing.A. RomanticismB. PuritanC. EnlightenmentD. Realist3. The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by anemphasis on _______.A. rationality rather than traditionB. belief in human perfection through educationC. opposition to old colonial order and religious obscurantism（蒙昧主义）D. all of above4 Which of the following is not a writer of American literature of reason andrevolution?A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas PaineC. Washington IrvingD. Thomas Jefferson5. Which is of the following works is not written by Thomas Paine?A. Common SenseB. The American CrisisC. The Rights of ManD. The Autobiography6. _______ was regarded as Father of the American short stories.A. James Fenimore CooperB. Thomas PaineC. Washington IrvingD. William Bradford7. _______ was regarded as the first American novelist.A. James Fenimore CooperB. Edger Allan PoeC. Washington IrvingD. Nathaniel Hawthorne8. The general characteristics of American Romanticism are following except_____.A. the celebration of natural beauty and the simple lifeB. stress on reason rather than emotionC. interest in the picturesque past and remote placesD. individualism and historical romance9. _______ is a literary and philosophical movement which flourished in NewEngland from the 1830s to 1860s, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.A. PuritanismB. TranscendentalismC. RomanticismD. Symbolism10. The Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant Americanwriters, Ralph Waldo Emerson and _______.A. Henry David ThoreauB. Washington IrvingC. Nathaniel HawthorneD. Walt Whitman11. Which of the following is not a principle of Transcendentalism?A. The importance of a direct relationship with GodB. An individual is the spiritual center of the universeC. The need to pursue unity with natureD. The use of scientific reason as the basis for truth12. What term do Transcendentalists use to describe the unity that exists betweenman, nature, and God?A. NirvanaB. OversoulC. OnenessD. Intuition13. In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled _______ at Harvard,which was praised by Oliver Wendell H olmes as “Our intellectual Declaration of Independence.”A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. Divinity School AddressD. The American Scholar14.A book _______ came out of Thoreau’s two-year experiment at Walden Pond.A. WaldenB. Self-RelianceC. Civil DisobedienceD. English Traits15. Which of the following works is not written by Nathaniel Hawthorne?A. The House of the Seven GablesB. White JacketC. The Marble FaunD. The Scarlet Letter16. In The Scarlet Letter, what does Pearl best represent throughout the novel?A. The living embodiment of Hester's sinB. A young innocent childC. The unifying force that will bring Hester and Dimmesdale together at the endD. A form of punishment for Hester17. As time goes by, Hester’s scarlet letter eventually comes to stand for _______.A. AdmirableB. AloneC. AbleD. Adultery18. Who is the greatest sinner in The Scarlet Letter?A. Roger ChillingworthB. Hester PrynneC. Arthur DimmesdaleD. Pearl19. ____ can be broadly defined as “the faithful representation of reality” or “verisimilitude（逼真）”. It includes the period of time from the Civil War to the turn of the century.A. American RealismB. American TranscendentalismC. American SentimentalismD. American Romanticism20. Who is not a writer of American Realism?A. William Dean HowellsB. Mark TwainC. Henry JamesD. Herman Melville21. _______ is poetry that has no fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A. Free verseB. Blank verseC. BalladD. Lyric22. The poetry in Leaves of Grass clearly demonstrates Whitm an’s faith in _______.A. capitalismB. federalismC. democracyD. socialism23. Whitman believed that poetry should be _______.A. spoken, not writtenB. read, not spokenC. created, not quotedD. personal, not public24. The themes of Leaves of Grass are_______.A. celebration of the freedom and dignity of individualB. death as a process of lifeC. universal brotherhood of manD. all of above25. Which of the following statements about Emily Dickinson is not true?A. In most of her life she had an isolated life, not leaving her house and seeing closefriends.B. She knew such famous writers as Shakespeare and Bronte sisters.C. The American Civil War affected her thinking and writing a lot.D. She took no interest in having her poems published.26. Which of the following is not true to the characteristics of Emily Dickinson’s poetry?A. Her poems are innovative.B. Her poems are highly compact.C. Her poems are very long.D. Her poems are highly subjective.27. In the line “We slowly dr ove — He knew no haste / And I had put away / My labor andmy leisure too, / For His Civility —”, the word “civility” means ______.A. abilityB. politenessC. kindnessD. pleasure28. Mark Twain is regarded as one of the forerunners of American _______ literature.A. romanticismB. naturalismC. realismD. modernism29. Which of the following is not true?A. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is considered one of the best books about anAmerican boy’s life in the eighteen hundreds.B. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is largely based on the author’s personal memories ofgrowing up in Hannibal in the 1840s.C. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is written in the third person point of view.D. The setting of the novel, St. Petersburg, is a town where the author grew up.30. In 1935, Ernest Hemingway wrote: “All modern American literature comes from onebook by Mark Twain called _______.A. Innocent AbroadB. Huckleberry FinnC. The Gilded AgeD. Life on the Mississippi31. Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a_______.A. Modern GenerationB. Beat GenerationC. Lost GenerationD. Last Generation32. Which of the following works is not written by F. Scott Fitzgerald?A. Tender is the NightB. This Side of ParadiseC. The Last TycoonD. The Waste Land33. Which university did F. Scott Fitzgerald enter but drop before graduation?A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Boston UniversityD. Princeton University34. The term _______ is often applied to the 1920’s.A. Blue Age B Jazz AgeC. Roaring AgeD. Gilded Age35. Which of these details is true about Gatsby’s past?A. He fought in the warB. He’s the son of wealthy people from the MidwestC. He received a degree from OxfordD. All of above36. Which of the following is not symbolized by the green light in The Great Gatsby?A. moneyB. the American DreamC. natureD. optimism37. The road between West Egg and East egg is _______.A. A “valley of ashes”B. A literary illusion to the mythological River Styx（冥河）C. A literary illusion to the Waste Land by T.S. EliotD. All of these38. Why is Nick Carraway the perfect choice to narrate the novel?A. Because he is not a character in the story he tells.B. Because he can narrate not only what he see s but also what he doesn’t see.C. Because he is tolerant, open-minded, quiet, and a good listener, as a result, otherstend to talk to him and tell him their secrets.D. Because he regards Gatsby as a great man.39. In 1950 _______ was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for the year 1949.A. William FaulknerB. Ernest HemingwayC. John Steinbeck C. Henry James40. Who coined the expression “lost generation”？A. Gertrude SteinB. Ernest HemingwayC. Ezra PoundD. T. S. Eliot41. In 1954 _______ won the Nobel Prize for Literature “for his powerful, style-formingmastery of the art of modern narration”.A. Ernest HemingwayB. William FaulknerC. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. Henry James42. The code of Hemingway heroes may be summed up in his phrase _______.A. dignity in despairB. truth in simplicityC. rebels against traditionD. grace under pressure43. Who said the following: “the dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only oneeighth of it being above water”?A. William FaulknerB. Ernest HemingwayC. John Steinbeck C. Henry James44. Which war serves as the background for A Farwell to Arms?A. Spanish civil warB. World War IC. World War IID. Mexican-American War45. What dose rain symbolize in A Farewell to Arms?A. LoveB. DeathC. WarD. Hope46. What is not depicted in A Farewell to Arms?A. war and loveB. illness and injuryC. death and disillusionmentD. military glory and heroism47. Which of the following works is not written by William Faulkner?A. The Sound and the FuryB. Light in AugustC. The Grape of WrathD. As I Lay Dying48. Most of Faulkner’s major works are set in an imaginary place called _______.A. OxfordB. MississippiC. Yoknapatawpha CountyD. New Albany49. Emily Dickinson’s poetry covers a wide range of themes. Which of the following is notthe theme of her poetry?A. love and natureB. success and failureC. mortality and immortalityD. war and peace50. Mark Twain is famous for his _______ writing style.A. humorousB. romanticC. pessimisticD. freeColumn A Column B1. Walden A. Emily Dickinson2. The American Crisis B. Nathaniel Hawthorne3. The Scarlet Letter C. Thomas Jefferson4. The Last of the Mohicans D. F. Scott Fitzgerald5. Song of Myself E. Ernest Hemingway6. Because I could not stop for death F. Henry David Thoreau7. The Declaration of Independence G .. Ralph Waldo Emerson8. The Great Gatsby H. James Fenimore Cooper9. A Farewell to Arms I. Walt Whitman10. Nature J. Thomas PaineIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false. (10%)1. Leaves of Grass is a collection of poems written mainly in blank verse.2. In the poem “Because I could not stop for death ”, the speaker personifies death as a polite gentleman in order to show that death is horrible and terrifying.3. The Lost Generation is a name applied to the disillusioned intellectuals and aesthetics of the years following the First World War, who rebelled against former ideals and values but could replace them only by despair or a cynical hedonism.4. East Egg where Gatsby lives symbolizes the emergence of the new rich of the 1920s while West Egg where Tom and Daisy live symbolizes the old upper class that continued to dominate the American society.5. The tragic ending of A Farewell to Arms sums up the writer’s theme about the horrific world that the violence and chaos of war would eventually destroy people’s love and life.IV . Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English.（30%）1. We passed the School, where Children stroveAt Recess — in the Ring —We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain —We passed the Setting Sun —Questions:1) Who wrote these lines?2) In which poem do you read it?3) What dose “we ” refer to?4) In this stanza, what does “the School ”, “the Fields of Gazing Grain ”, and “the Setting Sun ” respectively （分别地）symbolize?2. Vacation was approaching. The schoolmaster, always severe, grewseverer and more exacting than ever, for he wanted the school to make a goodshowing on Examination Day. His rod and his ferule were seldom idle now —at least among the smaller pupils. Only the big boys, and young ladies ofeighteen and twenty, escaped lashing.Questions:5) From which novel is this section taken?6) Who is the author of the novel?7) Give a brief analysis of the major character in the novel.3. There was music from my neighbor’s house through the summer nights.In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft, or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor-boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplane（滑木板）over cataracts（大瀑布）of foam. Questions:8) From which novel is this section taken?9) Who is the author of this novel?10) What does this section describe?11) Give a brief analysis of the major themes of the novel.4. “Are you all right, Cat?”“I’ve been having some pains, darling.”“Regularly?”“No, not very.”“If you have them at all regularly we’ll go to the hospital.”Questions:12) Who wrote this dialogue?13) In which novel do you read it?14) Who are the two speakers in this dialogue?15) Give a brief analysis of the writer’s writing style.《美国文学》试卷 答题卷班级 学号 姓名I. Choose the best answer for each blank or question. (50%)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.II. Match the work from column A for the writer in column B. (10%)1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false. (10%)1. 2. 3. 4. 5.IV . Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English.（30%）1. 1)2)3)4)2. 5) 6) 7)3. 8) 9)10)11)4. 12) 13)14)15)《美国文学》答案I. Choose the best answer for each blank or question. (50%)1. D2. B3. D4. C5. D6. C7. A8. B9. B 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. A 19. A 20. D 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. C 26. C 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. B 31. C 32. D 33. D 34. B 35. A 36. C 37. D 38. C 39. A 40. A 41. A 42. D 43. B 44. B 45. B 46. D 47. C 48. C 49. D 50. AII. Match the work from column A for the writer in column B.1. F2. J3. B4. H5. I6. A7. C8. D9. E 10. GIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false. (20%)1. F2. F3. T4. F5. TIV. Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English.（30%）1. 1) Emily Dickinson 2) Because I could not stop for death3) “We” refers to the speaker and Death.4) “the School” represents the early part of life, childhood.“the Fields of Gazing Grains” represents adulthood. Grain also symbolizes fertility, and since adulthood is when people have children.“the Setting Sun” represents old age, the end of the life.2. 5) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 6) Mark Twain7) Tom is a mischievous boy with an active imagination, untiring energy and thirst foradventure, has a good heart and a strong moral conscience. When the novel begins, Tom is a mischievous child who envies Huck Finn’s lazy lifestyle and freedom. As Tom’s adventures proceed, Tom moves away from his childhood concerns and makes mature, responsible decisions. By the end of the novel, He is no longer a disobedient character, but a defender of responsibility. In the end, growing up for Tom means embracing social custom and sacrificing the freedoms of childhood.3. 8) The Great Gatsby 9) F. Scott Fitzgerald10) In this section Gatsby is holding a luxurious party to which all kinds of guestswhether invited or not come to enjoy music, drinks, food and sunshine on the beach.It’s a grand and splendid party.11) The themes of the novel include the following points: first, it reveals the decline ofthe American Dream in the 1920s. As Fitzgerald saw it, the American dream was originally about discovery, individualism, and the pursuit of happiness. In the 1920s depicted in the novel, however, easy money and relaxed social values have corrupted this dream, especially on the East Coast. Second, it describes the hollowness of the upper class. Third, the novel also reflects the ignorance of the characters who have little self-knowledge and even less knowledge of each other.4. 12) A Farewell to Arms 13) Ernest Hemingway14) Frederic Henry & Catherine Barkley15) His prose style is simple, clear, direct, and precise. His diction is fundamental,favoring plain words. His sentences are short and declarative, often connected by “and”, “then”, and sometimes “so.” His much celebrated technique of the repetition of words, phrases, and sentence structure has the effect of substantiating detail or building up emotional intensity. Dialogue is a distinguishing feature of his style.His fictional world is full of disorder violence, and misery. Without hope, his heroes face it with honor, courage, and endurance. Their code may be summed up in his phrase “grace under pressure.”11。
美国文化课件6. Am. literature
Early Fiction
• From the beginning of American history to the present day, American literature has recorded the story of a quest. • 美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点 美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、 的过程。 的过程。 • 美国文学生活气息和平民色彩比较浓厚，开朗、豪放、内 美国文学生活气息和平民色彩比较浓厚，开朗、豪放、 容庞杂、色彩鲜明是其特点。 容庞杂、色彩鲜明是其特点。没有一种潮流或倾向能在一 个时期内一统美国文学的天下。美国作家敏感、好奇， 个时期内一统美国文学的天下。美国作家敏感、好奇，永 远处在探索和实验的过程中。 世纪以来 世纪以来， 远处在探索和实验的过程中。20世纪以来，许多文学潮流 起源于美国，给世界文学同时带来了积极与消极的影响。 起源于美国，给世界文学同时带来了积极与消极的影响。
美国文学形成于独立战争时期， 美国文学形成于独立战争时期，政治上 的独立促进了文化上的独立。战后， 的独立促进了文化上的独立。战后，美国 作家的作品逐渐增多， 作家的作品逐渐增多，逐渐摆脱了英国文 学的垄断局面。 学的垄断局面。年轻的民主共和国使人民 满怀信心，吸引着人们奔向新的大陆， 满怀信心，吸引着人们奔向新的大陆，促 使19世纪上半叶的文学作品具有浪漫主义 世纪上半叶的文学作品具有浪漫主义 的色彩。 的色彩。 Writers of the post-Revolutionary period Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文(1783-1859),美 国战后第一个重要的文学家. • --History of New York«纽约外史» (1809), Rip Van Winkle«瑞普·凡·温克尔», The Legend of Sleepy Hollow«睡谷的传说», The Alhambra«阿尔罕伯拉» (accounts of history 历史传奇故事集 ,1832),Tour on Prairies«草 原漫游记» (1835)
美国文学1
3)
Analytical Approach the elements of a literary work, eg: plot, character, setting, point of view, etc; Thematic Approach ―What is the story, the poem, the play or the essay about?‖ Historical Approach
AMERICAN PURITANISM
idealist dream
a code of values
a philosophy of life a point of view
Features of American Puritan
more practical, tougher they would build the new land to an Eden on earth.
All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.
American Puritanism
Enduring shaping influence on literature
2. Contributing to the development of Symbolism: a technique, widely used
American PuFra bibliotekitanism
Enduring shaping influence on literature
1. Basis of American literature
dreamed of living under a perfect order worked with courage hoped to build an Eden of Garden on earth faced the worst of life with optimism