最新内科英文复习呼吸资料
主治医师呼吸内科题库
主治医师呼吸内科题库英文回答：Respiratory Medicine Questions for Attending Physicians.Pulmonary Function Tests.1. What is the most important measurement obtained from spirometry?2. What is the FEV1/FVC ratio indicative of?3. What is the difference between restrictive and obstructive lung disease?4. How is lung volume measured?5. What is the role of chest X-ray in pulmonaryfunction testing?Respiratory Infections.1. What are the most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia?2. How is tuberculosis diagnosed?3. What are the risk factors for developing respiratory syncytial virus infection?4. What is the treatment for influenza?5. What is the management of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)?Chronic Respiratory Diseases.1. What are the clinical features of asthma?2. How is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) diagnosed?3. What is the optimal treatment for COPD?4. What are the indications for lung transplantation?5. What are the complications of cystic fibrosis?Pulmonary Embolism.1. What is the most common cause of pulmonary embolism?2. How is pulmonary embolism diagnosed?3. What is the treatment for acute pulmonary embolism?4. What are the long-term complications of pulmonary embolism?5. How can pulmonary embolism be prevented?Sleep Disorders.1. What are the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea?2. How is obstructive sleep apnea diagnosed?3. What is the treatment for obstructive sleep apnea?4. What are the consequences of untreated obstructive sleep apnea?5. What is the role of surgery in the management of obstructive sleep apnea?中文回答：呼吸内科主治医师题库。
呼吸内科常用英语(全)
询问病史12case historyYou need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.General/biographical[,baiəu'ɡræfik,-kəl]data传记,marital婚姻status, nativity 出生, occupation, informant提供消息的人, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health status(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spouse’s[spaus] 配偶health status, menorrhea[,menə'ri:ə]月经(menarche[me'nɑ:ki:, mə-] 初潮age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last menstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual['menstruəl]月经周期pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions流产,premature[,premə'tjuə, ,pri:-] delivery早产, stillbirths死产, difficult labor, family history (any congenital先天性diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings兄弟姐妹and children)常用的症状symptomsfeverCough 咳嗽Sputum (dry, purulent['pjuərjulənt]脓性的, copious['kəupiəs] green sputum大量绿色痰，tenacious[ti'neiʃəs, tə-] yellow sputum 黄粘痰，frothy white sputum白色泡沫痰，rusty sputum 铁锈色痰wheezingDyspnea during exertion[iɡ'zə:ʃən] or at rest 呼吸困难Orthopnea[ɔ:'θɔpniə]端坐呼吸Paroxysmal[,pærək'sizməl] nocturnal[nɔk'tə:nəl] dyspnea 夜间阵发性呼吸困难Shortness of breath （SOB）Chest tightness 胸部紧迫感Exercise intolerancepleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgia[færin'gældʒiə] ; pharyngodynia[,færiŋ'ɡɔdiniə]咽痛Hemoptysis 咯血Bucking 呛咳Sneeze喷嚏snore 打鼾malaise [mæ'leiz]不舒服myalgia[mai'ældʒiə] 肌痛insomnia [in'sɔmniə]失眠hoarseness声嘶dysphonia [dis'fəuniə]发声困难常见的体征physical signsclubbed fingers杵状指: increased longitudinal [,lɔndʒi'tju:dinəl] and transverse 横向curvature['kə:vətʃə]弯曲,loss of concave[ 'kɔnkeiv]凹面的nail fold angle, bogginess of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx['fælæŋks, 'fei-]趾骨,指骨, drumstick- likenicotine stainingcyanosis[,saiə'nəusis]发绀:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and skin ,caused when mean capillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin [di:,ɔksi'heməu,ɡləubin]去氧血红蛋白more than 5g/dl, O2 saturation less than 85%,PaO2 less than 8KPaperipheral[pə'rifərəl]外围的,次要的cyanosis: cold blue peripheries, e.g. nail beds due to cold exposurescentral cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lipshand flap: due to CO2 retention潴留asterixis 扑翼样震颤papilloedema 视乳头水肿chemosis球结膜水肿enlarged supraclavicula锁骨上的r [klæ'vikjulə]and axillary[æk'siləri]腋窝lymph nodesincreased respiratory ratetachycardia 心动过速pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg ↓on inspiration (seen in severe asthma)barrel chesthyperexpanded, decreased expansionkyphosis [kai'fəusis]驼背，脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea[,tækip'ni:ə]呼吸急促accessory muscles of respiration[,respə'reiʃən]: sternocleidomastoid['stə:nəu,klaid ə'mæstɔid] 胸锁乳突肌muscle, arm support, alae flaringwide or narrow intercostal[,intə'kɔstəl] 肋间的spacetactile触觉的vocal声音的fremitus震颤触觉语颤subcutaneous crepitus 皮下捻发感Percussion:resonance清音dullness浊音flatness实音hyperresonance过清音tympany/timp2ni/鼓音lower borders: scapular['skæpjulə]肩胛的line X left/right intercostal[,intə'kɔstəl] 肋间的spacerange of mobility[məu'biləti]移动Auscultation[,ɔ:skəl'teiʃən]:听诊vocal resonance 语音共振ronchi: wheeze , stridor['straidə] 喘鸣, crackles['krækl]发出细碎的爆裂声, Velcro-like soundesmoist rales : coarse粗的, medium中等的, fine好的, crepitus捻发音pleural friction rubscomplete absence of breath soundsankle edemaweight loss，cachexia[kə'keksiə]恶病质，cachectic[kə'kektik]恶病质的decreased food appetite, loss of appetite, anorexia[,ænə'reksiə]食欲减退常做的检查examinations or laboratory findings(to take ,undergo, perform ,receive or have)temperature charts 体温图(take one’s body temperature)sputum pot 痰盂Blood/urine/stool routine, occult['ɔkʌlt/ blood test潜隐血试验Blood biochemistrySputum /blood culture and drug sensitivity testsputum cytology[sai'tɔlədʒi]细胞学Pulse oximeter[ɔk'simitə]脉氧计：continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturationArterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/ femoral['femərəl]股骨的artery puncture穿刺PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hypercarbiaPaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemia[,haipɔk'si:miə]血氧不足respiratory failure:type 1: decreased O2 supply, PaO2＜60 mmHg(millimeters of mercury['mə:kjuri]汞)due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio) pulmonary edema, pneumonia, infarction, fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism，pulmonary hypertension, shunttype 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO2＞50 mmHg(millimeters of mercury) due to alveolar ventilation failureobstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasisrestrictive: neuromuscular[,njuərəu'mʌskjulə]神经肌肉(sedatives['sɛdətiv]镇静剂myasthenia[,maiəs'θi:niə]肌无力), structural['strʌktʃərəl]结构的(ankylosing spondylitis[,æŋki'ləuziŋ,spɔndi'laitis]强直性脊柱炎), pleural diseases ,obesity Chest X-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticular[ri'tikjulə]网状的, linear['liniə]线状的, military nodules粟粒样结节)coin lesions 硬币样cavities空腔：amphoric['æmfərik]空翁音的(breathing like blowing over a bottle top)opacification[əu,pæsifi'keiʃən]浑浊：consolidation (air space infiltrate):confluent['kɔnfluənt]支流的,汇合的shadowing and air bronchogramf支气管造影collapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)segmental atelactasis肺不张pleural effusionmediastinal[,mi:diæs'tainəl]纵隔mass: thyroid ,thymoma[θai'məumə]胸腺瘤, teratoma[,terə'təumə]畸胎瘤, TB lymph nodes,terrible diagnoses including lymphoma[lim'fəumə]淋巴瘤and aneurysm动脉瘤Chest CT scan( computed tomography)Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)PET-CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography) ['pɔzitrɔn]正电子Abdominal ultrasound['ʌltrəsaund]超声skin prick test 皮肤点刺试验（dust mites尘螨，pollen花粉，cockroach蟑螂）tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative[di'rivətiv]纯蛋白衍生物(of tuberculin) test, PPD test)Pulmonary function test : Spirometry [spai'rɔmitri]呼吸量测定法，肺量测定法obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitationFEV1/FVC FVC RV and TLC KCO< 0.7 ↓↑↓restrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small lung volumes intraparenchymal >0.75 ↓↓↓↓extraparenchymal variable ↓↓↓normalFEV1: forced expiratory[iks'paiərətəri/ volume in 1 secondFVC: force vital capacityTLC: total lung capacityRV: residual volumeKCO: transfer factor ( diffusion rate)PEFR: peak expiratory flow rateflow-volume loop ( inspiration and expiration[,ekspi'reiʃən])bronchoprovocation/challenge test[,prɔvə'keiʃən] 支气管激发试验：histamine['histəmmin]组胺or methacholine乙酰甲胆碱-inhalation[,inhə'leiʃən] bronchodilatation[,dailə'teiʃən]支气管舒张试验: salbutamol沙丁胺醇[sæl'bju:təm ɔ(:)l]fiberoptic bronchoscopy[brɔŋ'kɔskəpi]: biopsy['bai,ɔpsi]活组织检查bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bronchial washings)bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)protected specimen brush (PStransthoracic[,trænsθə'ræsik,]经胸廓的percutaneous needle aspiration[,æspə'reiʃən]吸引术percutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided[θɔ'rækəskəup] 胸腔镜lung biopsyopen lung biopsypleural biopsybiopsy of enlarged lymph nodesD-Dimerselectrocardiogram (ECG)心电图echocardiogram超声心动图V/Q isotope['aisəutəup] 同位素scan ( ventilation/perfusion scanning)spiral螺旋CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography[,ændʒi'ɔɡrəfi]血管造影术)pulmonary angiographyDoppler['dɔplə] 多普勒USS thigh[θai]大腿and pelvis['pelvis] 骨盆(USS: ultrasound scanning)cardiac monitorPSG( polysommography)常见的病名diseasesacute upper respiratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染common cold 普通感冒influenza 流感[,influ'enzə]pharynigitis 咽炎pharyngalgia[færin'gældʒiə]咽痛acute broncho-bronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎pneumonia 肺炎community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) 医院获得性肺炎nosocomical pneumonia (NP) 医院内肺炎bronchiectasis 支气管扩张chornic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性发作bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘allergic rhinitis[rai'naitis]过敏性鼻炎respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭lung abscess 肺脓肿pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病lung cancer: 肺癌primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管肺癌squamous['skweiməs] cell carcinoma 鳞癌adenocarcinoma 腺癌['ædənəu,kɑ:si'nəumə]bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma 支气管肺泡细胞癌small cell lung carcinoma （SCLC）小细胞肺癌pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤[mə'tæstəsis]pulmonary embolism （PE）肺栓塞pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) 肺血栓栓塞症[,θrɔmbəu'embəlizəm] pulmonary infarction 肺梗死deep venous thrombosis ,DVT 深静脉血栓形成empyema 脓胸[,empai'i:mə]pneumothorax气胸pyopneumothorax 脓气胸['paiəu,nju:məu'θɔ:ræks]chronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病['sʌpjuərətiv, -reitiv] congenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病[,saiə'nɔtik]cor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病['kɔ:,pumə'næli]pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压pulmonary encephalopathy 肺性脑病[en,sefə'lɔpəθi]right heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病interstitial lung disease, ILD 弥漫性间质性肺疾病idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特发性肺纤维化[,idiə'pæθik]cryptogenic[,kriptəu'dʒenik] 隐源性的fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎connective tissue related lung diseases 结缔组织相关性肺疾病systemic lupus['lju:pəs]狼疮erythematosus, SLE 系统性红斑狼疮rheumatoid arthritis, RA 类风湿性关节炎systemic sclerosis, SSc 系统性硬化scleroderma 硬皮病sjoren’s syndrome 感知综合征polymyositis 多发性肌炎dermatomyositis 皮肌炎sarcoidosis 结节病[,sɑ:kɔi'dəusis]Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis[,prəutii'nəusis], PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis ['hi:məu,sidə'rəusis, ,hem-]特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病['ɡrænju,ləumə'təusis] Eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿[,i:əsinə'filik]Histiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症XWegener granulomatosis Wegener肉芽肿extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎pneumoconiosis 尘肺['nju:mə,kəuni'əusis]drug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病aspergillosis[æ,spə:dʒi'ləusis]曲菌病：allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)pleural disease 胸膜疾病broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜瘘['fistjulə]oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮[,kændi'daiəsis]osteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改变glaucoma 青光眼cataract白内障acute lung injury ，ALI 急性肺损伤acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征urticaria 荨麻疹eczema 湿疹hypertension 高血压diabetes 糖尿病常用的药物drugs or agentsbe administered, treat sb. withempirical 经验性的, prophylactic[,prɔfi'læktik, ,prəu-]预防性, remedial[ri'mi:diəl]治疗性Expectorant 祛痰药[eks'pektərənt]Mucolytics 粘液溶解剂[,mju:kəu'litik]bronchodilator支气管扩张剂[,brɔŋkəudai'leitə]B2-agonists['æɡənist]兴奋剂: short-acting :salbutamol沙丁胺醇[sæl'bju:təmɔ(:)l] long-acting: salmeterol 沙美特罗muscarinic[,mʌskə'rinik] 毒蕈碱样的antagonists[æn'tæɡənist]对抗剂: ipratropium bromide['brəumaid] 异丙托溴胺aminophylline 氨茶碱[ə,mi:nəu'fili:n]steroids['stiərɔid]类固醇inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德，beclomethasone[,bekləu'meθəsəun]倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松systemic: prednisolone['pred'nisələun] 强的松po(per os)., hydrocortisone[,haidrəu'kɔ:tizəun]氢化可的松iv.mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸钠leukotriene[,lju:kəu'traiən]白三烯receptor antagonists: montelukast孟鲁司特respiratory stimulants:lobelinenikethamide[ni'keθəmaid, -mid]尼可刹米cardiac tonic 强心剂diuretics 利尿剂[,daijuə'retik]albumin 白蛋白['ælbjumin]antitussive agents 镇咳药[,ænti'tʌsiv]ammonium chloride 氯化铵[ə'məunjəm]铵['klɔ:raid]氯化物ambroxol 氨溴索（mucosolvan 沐舒坦）Pantoloc潘妥洛克常用的治疗措施low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae['kænjuli:]鼻导管，Venturi[ven'tjuəri]文里氏face-mask nebulizer['nebjulaizə]喷雾器: finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial depositionmetered dose inhaler (MDI)定量雾化吸入器continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitting mask (non-invasive) intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ( IPPV)non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive(via intubation[,intju:'beiʃən]插管，tracheostomy [,træki'ɔstəmi, ,trei-]气管造口术，tracheotomy[,træki'ɔtəmi, ,trei-]气管切开术)synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步间歇指令通气pressure support ventilation, PSV 压力支持通气thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术[,θɔ:rəkəsen'tesis]chest drain/drainage 引流术chemotherapy 化疗radiation therapy 放疗pneumonectomy 肺切除术[,nju:məu'nektəmi]lobectomy of lung，pulmonary lobectomy肺叶切除术[ləu'bektəmi]叶切除术thoracotomy 开胸术，胸廓切开术[,θɔ:rə'kɔtəmi]pleurodesis胸膜剥脱术pleurectomy 胸膜切除术pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术inferior vena cava filter 下腔静脉过滤器常见的疾病chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputumbronchiectasis:cystic['sistik]囊性的/varicose['værikəus]曲张样/cyclindrical柱状-tram-tracks轨道样hemoptysisphysiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural['pɔstʃərəl] drainagelong term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmonalemedical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibioticssurgical: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysislung abscessusually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;in the supine [ 'sju:pain]仰卧patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.pneumothoraxaccumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary partial collapse of subpleural胸膜下的bleb [bleb]大疱rupture ['rʌptʃə]破裂lactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy [brɔŋ'kɔskəpi]支气管镜检查,esp. biopsytypes: closed, open, tensionmediastinal deviation :trachea and apex ['eipeks]尖端shift contralaterally对立的旁边CXR: translucency[trænz'lju:sənsi]半透明+collapse倒塌: visible rim边缘between lung and chest wall＞2 cm(centimeter) =＞50% lung volume loss aspiration[,æspə'reiʃən]吸引术，intercostal drainrefractory or recurrent周期性的: pleurodesis胸膜固定术, pleurectomy[plu'rektəmi]胸膜切除术, bulla['bulə] 大疱stapling装订or lasering激光pleural effusionchest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breathTransudate[,trænsju'deit]漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces across microcirculation, diuretics[,daijuə'retik]利尿剂can result in rapid resolution, protein <30g/L(gram/litre['li:tə]) or pleura: serum['siərəm]血清protein <1/2 or pleura: serum LDH<2/3;often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia[,haipəuæl,bju:mə'ni:miə]低蛋白血症, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism . [,haipəu'θairɔidizəm]甲状腺功能低下Exudate['eksjudeit]渗出液：capillary permeability[,pə:miə'biliti] 渗透increases or lymph drainage decreasesoften seen in infection ,neoplasia[,ni:əu'pleiziə, -ʒiə]瘤形成, surgery or trauma.CXR: meniscus[mi'niskəs]弯液面-shaped,rises towards axilla[æk'silə]腋温Appearance: clear ,straw淡黄色的-coloured: suggests transduateturbid['tə:bid]浑浊的, green: indicates exudates(pus[pʌs]脓cells) or empyema[,empai'i:mə]积脓症(bacterial infection)bloody( haemothorax[,hi:məu'θɔ:ræks]血胸): tumor ,pulmonary embolism, acute pancreatitis['pænkriə'taitis]胰腺炎, traumawhite( chylothorax[,kailəu'θɔ:ræks]乳糜胸)：lymph ,blocked thoracic[θɔ:'ræsik,] duct胸导管, usually due to tumourTherapy: transudate: diureticsexudates: repeated drainage (thoracocentesis)intrathoracic[,intrəθə'ræsik]胸廓内的streptokinase[,streptəu'kaineis]链球菌激酶via chest drain: to lyse[lais]溶解fibrinous['faibrinəs] 纤维蛋白的adhesions[əd'hi:ʒən]粘合pleural adhesion: tetracycline[,tetrə'saiklain]四环素. bleomycin[,bli:əu'maisin]博莱霉素lung cancerhoarseness: due to left recurrent屡发的laryngeal[,lærin'dʒi:əl] 喉的nerve palsy['pɔ:lzi]麻痹dysphagia[dis'feidʒiə,-dʒi]吞咽困难pancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate ['stelit, -leit] 星形的ganglion['ɡæŋɡliən]神经节resulting in Horner syndromehypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy[,ɔstiəuɑ:'θrəupəθi]骨关节病superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath; conjunctival e dema, [,kɔndʒʌŋk'taivə]结膜plethora['pleθərə], vein dilation, pericardial tamponade[,tæmpə'neid]心包填塞( JVP↑,ABP↓,quiet HS paraneoplastic syndromes: endocrine( ACTH: Cushing’s; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma), skin（dermatomyositis）immunocompromised e.g. shingles 带状疱疹squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primary lung tumours, but decreasing incidence ,relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemia( PTH-rp secretion) adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early, gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable statesmall cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes commonbronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of adenocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , e.g. fibrosing , copious clear mucoid sputum NSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemotherapySCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon if liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.obstructive sleep apnoeaobstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (O2↓,patient awakes from sleep), awakening with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention, increased accident risk, polycythaemia, systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertensionCauses: central obesity( fat deposition around upper airway leads to airway narrowing, abdominal fat elevates diaphragm),structural features of upper airway (nasal obstruction: rhinitis,polyps, deviated sputum; adenotonsillar hypertrophy, micrognathia; macroglossia due to hypothyrodism/amyloid/Down’s; cervical masses: goiter,laryngeal stenosis), smoking( exacerabates hypoxia), alcohol (acts as a sedative thereby reducing upper airway tone),neuromuscular or CNS diseasesPSG( polysommography): overnight sleep studyTherapy: conservative: weight loss, avoid alcohol /smoking/sedatives, avoid supine positioncontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)mandibular advancement device (MAD)adenoidectomy （curative in children）uvulopalatopharyngoplasty悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术maxillomandibular osteotomyobesity-hypoventilation syndrome: collapse of alveoli at end-expiration, decreased compliance due to weight of abdomen and chest wall, central respiratory drive↓常用的化疗药cisplatin 顺铂Gemcitabine吉西他滨：Gemzar (盐酸吉西他滨注射剂)paclitaxel; taxinol紫杉醇（T axol泰素）docetaxel多西他赛（泰素帝）常见的抗生素beta-lactam antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesispenicillin skin testamoxicillin 阿莫西林piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他唑巴坦钠ticarcillin/ clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉维酸钾cephamycin 头孢菌素类cefradine 头孢拉啶cefaclor 头孢克洛cefoperazone/sulbactam 头孢哌酮/舒巴坦ceftriaxone 头孢曲松cefpiramide 头孢吡啶ceftazidime 头孢他定ceftizoxime 头孢唑污carbopenems 碳青霉烯类azactam 氨曲南meropenem 美罗培南imipenem and sodium cilastatin 亚胺培南/西司他丁钠（泰能tienam）Glycopeptides 糖肽类inhibit cell wall assemblyvancomycin 万古霉素norvancomycin 去甲万古霉素teicoplanin 替考拉林Macrolides大环内酯类：inhibit protein synthesisroxithromycin 罗红霉素clarithromycin 克拉霉素azithromycin 阿奇霉素erythromycin 红霉素Aminoglycoside antibiotics: 氨基糖苷类reno- and ototoxicinhibit initiation and elongation process during protein synthesis amikacin 阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）gentamicin 庆大霉素streptomycin 链霉素Sulfamido 磺胺类sulfamethoxazole compound (SMZ.CO)Quinolones 喹诺酮类：inhibit DNA gyrase norfloxacin 诺氟沙星ofloxacin 氧氟沙星levofloxacin 左氧氟沙星gatifloxacin 加替沙星moxifloxacin 莫西沙星ciprofloxacin 环丙沙星Tetracycline 四环素类minocycline 美满霉素Nitromidazole 硝基咪唑类metronidazole 甲硝唑tinidazole 替硝唑ornidazole 奥硝唑Antitubercular agents抗结核药rifampicin 利福平rifapentine 利福喷丁isoniazide, isonicotinic hydrazide acid INH 异烟肼pyrazinamide 吡嗪酰胺ethambutol 乙胺丁醇Antifungal/antimycotic drug 抗真菌药nystatin 制霉菌素amphotericin 两性霉素Bfluconazole 氟康唑voriconazole 伏立康唑itraconazole 伊曲康唑Antivirus agentsribavirin 利巴韦林oseltamivir 奥司他韦acyclovir 阿昔洛韦ganciclovir 更昔洛韦valaciclovir 伐昔洛韦foscarnet sodium, phosphonoformic acid膦甲酸钠（可耐）lamivudine 拉米夫定entecavir 恩替卡韦常见的病原微生物microorganism, microbe 微生物bacterium 细菌lipopolysaccharide （LPS）脂多糖antibiotics 抗生素pyrogen 致热原exotoxin 外毒素endotoxin 内毒素Gram stain 革兰染色Colony forming unit, CFU 集落形成单位antibacterial agents 抗菌药resistance 耐药性ESBLs：extended spectrum B-lactamases 超光谱B内酰胺酶MRSA：methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌bacteremia 菌血症toxemia 毒血症endotoxemia 内毒素血症septicaemia 败血症pyemia 脓毒血症pathogen 致病原pathogenicity 致病性virulence 毒力median lethal dose (LD50) 半数致死量median infective dose (ID50) 半数感染量virus 病毒replication 复制viremia 病毒血症normal microbiota, microflora, normal flora, physiological microbiota 正常微生物群flora disequilibrium 菌群失调dysbacteriosis 菌群失调症opportunistic infection 机会性感染conditioned infection 条件致病性感染endogenous infection 内源性感染exogenous infection 外源性感染antimicrobial susceptibility testing 药物敏感试验minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 最小杀菌浓度disinfection 消毒sterilization 灭菌asepsis 无菌aseptic technique 无菌技术bacteriostasis 抑菌antisepsis 防腐disinfectant 消毒剂bacteriostatic agent 抑菌剂bactericide 杀菌剂autoclaving or steam under pressure sterilization 高压蒸汽灭菌法ultraviolet radiation, UV 紫外线isolation precaution 隔离预防artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫vaccination 疫苗接种killed/inactivated vaccine 死/灭活疫苗attentuated live vaccine 减毒活疫苗toxoid 类毒素artificial passive immunity 人工被动免疫antitoxin 抗毒素gammaglobulin 丙种球蛋白Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌Coagulase-negative staphylococci 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌Staphylococcus epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌Streptococcus pneumoniae , pneumococcus 肺炎链球菌Viridans streptococci 草绿色链球菌Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌Klebsiella pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌Haemophilus influenzae 流感嗜血杆菌Legionella 军团杆菌属Enterobacter cloacae 阴沟肠杆菌Serratia 沙雷菌属Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌Acinebacter 不动杆菌属Neisseria meningitis, meningococcus 脑膜炎链球菌Neisseria gonorrhoeae, gonococcus 淋病奈瑟菌Shigella, dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌Salmonella typhi 伤寒沙门菌Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌Helicobacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌Campylobacter jejuni 空肠弯曲菌Mycobacterium, acid-fast bacilli 分枝杆菌属，抗酸杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis,tubercle bacillus 结核分枝杆菌Purified protein derivate, PPDOld tuberculin,OTAtypical mycobacteria 非结核分枝杆菌Mycobacterium leprae 麻风分枝杆菌Anaerobic bacterial 厌氧性细菌Clostridium tetani 破伤风梭菌Clostridum perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌Clostridum botulinum 肉毒梭菌Clostridum difficile 艰难梭菌antibiotic-associated diarrhea 抗生素相关性腹泻pseudomembranous colitis 假膜性结肠炎Corynebacterium diphtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌Yersinia 耶尔森菌属Brucella 布氏菌属Actinomyces 放线菌属Treponema pallidum 梅毒螺旋体（苍白密螺旋体）Venereal disease reference laboratory (VDRL)Rapid plasma regain (RPR)Mycoplasma pneumoniae 肺炎支原体Chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼衣原体Viruses associated with respiratory infections 呼吸道病毒Influenza virus 流感病毒Parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒Respiratory syncytial virus, RSV 呼吸道合胞病毒Coronavirus 冠状病毒Severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS Adenovirus 腺病毒Rubella virus 风疹病毒Rhinovirus 鼻病毒Enterovirus 肠道病毒Rotavirus 轮状病毒hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒Encephalitis B virus 流行性乙型脑炎病毒Hantavirus 汉坦病毒Viral hemorrhagic fever 病毒性出血热Herpes simplex virus, HSV 单纯疱疹病毒Varicella-Zoster virus, VZV 水痘-带状疱疹病毒Cytomegalovirus, CMV 巨细胞病毒Epstein-Barr virus, EBV EB病毒Human herpes virus 6, HHV-6 人疱疹病毒6型Human papillomaviruses, HPV 人乳头状瘤病毒Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDSHuman T-lymphotropic virus, HTLV 人T淋巴细胞病毒Adult T-cell leukemia 成人T细胞性白血病Rabies virus 风疹病毒Fungus 真菌Yeast 酵母Spore 孢子Hypha 菌丝Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌Trichophyton 毛癣菌属Epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属Tinea 癣Histoplasma 组织胞浆菌属Histoplasmosis 组织胞浆菌病Saccharomyces albicans, candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌，白色念珠菌Candidiasis 念珠菌病Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌Pneumocystis carinii 卡氏肺孢子菌Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , PCP 卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎Aspergillus 曲霉菌Mucor 毛霉菌属。
医学英语呼吸系统课件
Respiratory system 呼吸系 统
Inhalation 吸入
Exhalation 呼
Breathing 呼吸
与呼吸系统疾病相关的医学英语词汇
Pneumonia 肺炎 Asthma 哮喘
Emphysema 肺气肿
与呼吸系统疾病相关的医学英语词汇
01
Tuberculosis 肺结核
02
肺移植
用于治疗终末期肺疾病，移植肺来源于捐献者。
其他治疗方法
机械通气
01
通过机械装置辅助呼吸，适用于重症呼吸衰竭等患者。
氧疗
02
通过吸氧等方式提高血氧饱和度，适用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病等
患者。
雾化吸入
03
将药物雾化成微小颗粒，通过吸入方式作用于呼吸道，常用的
有吸入性糖皮质激素等。
06
呼吸系统保健预防
肺换气
通过肺泡和毛细血管之间的气体交 换将氧气和二氧化碳从外部环境运 输到血液和从血液运输到外部环境 的过程。
气体交换
氧气交换
氧气从空气中进入血液并 从血液中排出，与血红蛋 白结合并被运输到身体的 各个部分。
二氧化碳交换
二氧化碳从血液中进入空 气并从空气中排出，通过 呼吸运动排出体外。
肺泡通气量
肺泡通气量是指每分钟吸 入肺泡的新鲜空气量，是 衡量呼吸系统功能的重要 指标之一。
Lung cancer 肺癌
03
Cystic fibrosis 囊性纤维化
04
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency α-1 抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症
THANKS
感谢观看
减少户外污染源
尽量避免在交通拥堵时段外出，减少吸入汽车尾气等有害气体。
医学英语 呼吸系统 第四章
nas (o)
-鼻
+nasal 鼻的 +nasopharyngeal 鼻咽的 +nasotracheal 鼻气管的 nasopharynx /,neiz u`f ri ks/ 鼻咽 nasociliary /,neiz u`sili ri/ 鼻睫的 nasolabial /,neiz u`leibi l/ 鼻唇的 nasolacrimal /,neiz u l /鼻 泪的
三、喉 throat laryng (o)laryngeal 喉的 laryngoscope 喉镜 laryngoscopy 喉镜检查 laryngitis /,l rin`d aitis/ 喉炎 laryngectomy /l rin d ekt mi/ 喉切除 术 laryngospasm /,l ring u`sp z m/ 喉 痉挛 laryngocele / l ring u si:l/ 喉气囊肿
六、细支气管 bronchiole bronchiol(o) ` -
七、肺 lung pneumon (o)
Bronchopneumonia /,br k unju:`m unj / 支气管肺炎 Pneumocystosis / nju:m ukai st usis/ 肺孢子虫病 pneumonia /nju(:)`m unj / 肺炎 Pneumonoconiosis /,nju:m n u,k uni` usis/ 尘肺病尘埃沉 着症 pneumonectomy 肺切除术 pneumococcal 肺炎球菌的 pneumocyte 肺细胞
bronchial 支气管的 bronchoconstriction 支 气管收缩
ki u`laitis/ 细支气管炎 bronchiolitis /,br bronchioloalveolar /,br ki ul l`vi l / 细支气管肺泡的 bronchiole / `br ki ul/细支气管 peribronchiolitis /peri,br ki u`laitis/细支气管 周围炎 +bronchiolectasis 细支气管扩张
关于呼吸的英文阅读
呼吸（Breathing）是人体生命活动中最基本的功能之一。
以下是关于呼吸的一些基本知识的英文描述：Breathing BasicsBreathing, also known as respiration, is the process by which organisms take in oxygen from their surroundings and release carbon dioxide. It is avital function for sustaining life, as oxygen is essential for cellular metabolism and energy production.The process of breathing involves two main stages: inhalation (breathing in) and exhalation (breathing out). During inhalation, the diaphragm and other muscles involved in breathing contract, causing the chest cavity to expand and creating a negative pressure gradient that draws air into the lungs. The air enters through the nose or mouth, passing through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea before reaching the bronchi and finally the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the alveoli.During exhalation, the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size, and positive pressure forces air out of the lungs. Carbon dioxide-rich air leaves the body via the same path it entered, being expelled through the nose or mouth.Normal breathing rates for an adult at rest are typically between 12-20 breaths per minute. However, this rate can vary depending on factors such as age, physical activity, and overall health.In addition to its physiological importance, breathing is often used in relaxation techniques and stress management. Techniques like deep breathing, abdominal breathing, and meditation can help individuals manage anxiety, improve sleep quality, and promote overall well-being.Breathing disorders can have significant consequences on an individual's health. Conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and sleep apnea can affect the efficiency of breathing and lead to complications if not properly managed.Understanding the basics of breathing is important for maintaining good health and recognizing when there may be underlying issues that need medical attention.。
呼吸内科专业英语
呼吸科英语Bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘acidosis 酸中毒Allergen,allergic reaction 变异原，变态反应blood gas analysis 血气分析Anaemia 贫血Alveolar 肺泡的antibiotic 抗生素Atelectasis 肺不张Lung abscess 肺脓肿Athrosclerotic heart disease 动脉粥样硬化性心脏病Beta2-agonist B2受体激动剂Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis 曲霉菌ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome 急性呼吸窘迫综合征Percussion and auscultation 叩／听诊Pulmonary arterial stenosis 肺动脉狭窄Adrenal glucocorticoid 肾上腺糖皮质激素BBiopsy 活检Bronchiectasis 支气管扩张Fiber optic bronchoscopic biopsy 纤支镜活检BAL bronchoalveolar lavage 支气管肺泡灌洗Bronchitis,bronchiolitis 支气管炎，细支气管炎Boop：bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneunomia闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎Bronchoscopy 支气管镜检查CCAHD coronary arteriosclerotic heart disease 冠心病CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation 心肺复苏CDILD chronic diffuse interstitial lung disease 慢性间质性肺病COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 慢阻肺Clubbed finger 杵状指dry cough 干咳Cyanosis 紫绀Nonproductive cough 干咳Complication 并发症DDyspnea 呼吸困难Differential diagnosis 鉴别诊断Discharge diagnosis 出院诊断EEmphysema 肺气肿pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞Acid base equolibrium 酸碱平衡etiology 病因学Emphysematous 肺大泡Expectoration 吐痰Exacerbation 加重Endogenous内生的Exogenous 外生的FInterstitial pulmonary fibrosis 间质性肺纤维化GGM+ Gram stain positiveGm- Gram stain negativeHHypersensitivity pneumonia 过敏性肺炎Hemoglobin 血红蛋白Hemoptysis 咯血Hemorrhage 出血HRCT high –resolution computerized tomography 高分辨CT Histology 组织学Hypoxia 缺氧IIdiopathic interstitial pneumonia 特发间质性肺炎Intratracheal 气管内的Intravenous 静脉内的NNoninvasive ventilation 无创机械通气OOSAS obstructive sleep apnea syndrome 阻塞性呼吸暂停综合征PPulmonary second sound 肺动脉瓣第二心音Pneumonia 肺炎Pneumothorax 气胸PTE pulmonary thromboembolism 肺动脉血栓栓塞症Ventilation/perfusion ratio 通气血流比Pleura 胸腔积液Primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管源性肺癌Provocation test 激发试验Parenchymal 实质的（insterstial间质的）Plumonary edema 肺水肿Lobar pneumonia 大叶性肺炎2/3Lobular pneumonia 小叶性肺炎RMoist rales 湿罗音Dry rales 干罗音SSaO2 saturation in arterial blood 动脉血氧饱和度Short of breath 气短Syncope 晕厥Sarcoidosis 结节病Segment 段TTuberculosis 结核病Tachypnea 气促Thrombosis 血栓TBLB transbronchial lung biosy 经支气管肺活检Thoracoscopy 胸腔镜检查UUpper respiratory tract infection 上呼吸道感染WWheeze 哮鸣音其他facilitating sputum expectoration 排痰release of bronchial spasm 解痉细菌steptococcus pneumoiae 肺炎链球菌staphylococcus 葡萄球菌legionella 军团菌mycoplasma 支原体chlamydia 衣原体pneumococcus 肺炎球菌video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided[θɔ'rækəskəup] 胸腔镜lung biopsyopen lung biopsypleural biopsybiopsy of enlarged lymph nodesD-Dimerselectrocardiogram (ECG)心电图echocardiogram超声心动图V/Q isotope['aisəutəup] 同位素scan ( ventilation/perfusion scanning)spiral螺旋CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography[,ændʒi'ɔɡrəfi]血管造影术) pulmonary angiographyDoppler['dɔplə] 多普勒USS thigh[θai]大腿and pelvis['pelvis] 骨盆(USS: ultrasound scanning)cardiac monitorPSG( polysommography)常见的病名diseasesacute upper respiratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染common cold 普通感冒influenza 流感[,influ'enzə]pharynigitis 咽炎pharyngalgia[færin'gældʒiə] 咽痛acute broncho-bronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎4/14pneumonia 肺炎community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) 医院获得性肺炎nosocomical pneumonia (NP) 医院内肺炎bronchiectasis 支气管扩张chornic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性发作bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘allergic rhinitis[rai'naitis]过敏性鼻炎respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭lung abscess 肺脓肿pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病lung cancer: 肺癌primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管肺癌squamous['skweiməs] cell carcinoma 鳞癌adenocarcinoma 腺癌['ædənəu,kɑ:si'nəumə]bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma 支气管肺泡细胞癌small cell lung carcinoma （SCLC）小细胞肺癌pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤[mə'tæstəsis]pulmonary embolism （PE）肺栓塞pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) 肺血栓栓塞症[,θrɔmbəu'embəlizəm] pulmonary infarction 肺梗死deep venous thrombosis ,DVT 深静脉血栓形成empyema 脓胸[,empai'i:mə] pneumothorax气胸pyopneumothorax 脓气胸['paiəu,nju:məu'θɔ:ræks]chronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病['sʌpjuərətiv, -reitiv]congenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病[,saiə'nɔtik]cor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病['kɔ:,pumə'næli]pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压pulmonary encephalopathy 肺性脑病[en,sefə'lɔpəθi]right heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病interstitial lung disease, ILD 弥漫性间质性肺疾病idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特发性肺纤维化[,idiə'pæθik]cryptogenic[,kriptəu'dʒenik] 隐源性的fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎connective tissue related lung diseases 结缔组织相关性肺疾病systemic lupus['lju:pəs]狼疮erythematosus, SLE 系统性红斑狼疮dermatomyositis 皮肌炎sarcoidosis 结节病[,sɑ:kɔi'dəusis]Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis[,prəutii'nəusis], PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis ['hi:məu,sidə'rəusis, ,hem-]特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病['ɡrænju,ləumə'təusis]Eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿[,i:əsinə'filik]Histiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症XWegener granulomatosis Wegener肉芽肿extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎pneumoconiosis 尘肺['nju:mə,kəuni'əusis]drug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病aspergillosis[æ,spə:dʒi'ləusis] 曲菌病：allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) pleural disease 胸膜疾病broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜瘘['fistjulə]oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮[,kændi'daiəsis]osteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改变glaucoma 青光眼cataract白内障acute lung injury ，ALI 急性肺损伤acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征urticaria 荨麻疹eczema 湿疹hypertension 高血压diabetes 糖尿病be administered, treat sb. with empirical 经验性的, prophylactic[,prɔfi'læktik, ,prəu-]预防性, remedial[ri'mi:diəl]治疗性Expectorant 祛痰药[eks'pektərənt] Mucolytics 粘液溶解剂[,mju:kəu'litik] 常用的药物drugs or agentsbronchodilator支气管扩张剂[,brɔŋkəudai'leitə]B2-agonists['æɡənist]兴奋剂: short-acting :salbutamol沙丁胺醇[sæl'bju:təmɔ(:)l] long-acting: salmeterol 沙美特罗muscarinic[,mʌskə'rinik] 毒蕈碱样的antagonists[æn'tæɡənist]对抗剂: ipratropium bromide['brəumaid] 异丙托溴胺aminophylline 氨茶碱[ə,mi:nəu'fili:n]steroids['stiərɔid]类固醇inhaled: budesonide 布地奈po(per 德，os)., beclomethasone[,bekləu'meθəsəun]倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松systemic: prednisolone['pred'nisələun] 强的松hydrocortisone[,haidrəu'kɔ:tizəun] 氢化可的松iv.mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸钠leukotriene[,lju:kəu'traiən]白三烯receptor antagonists: montelukast孟鲁司特respiratory stimulants:lobeline6/14nikethamide[ni'keθəmaid, -mid]尼可刹米cardiac tonic 强心剂diuretics 利尿剂[,daijuə'retik] albumin 白蛋白['ælbjumin] antitussive agents 镇咳药[,ænti'tʌsiv]ammonium chloride 氯化铵[ə'məunjəm]铵['klɔ:raid]氯化物ambroxol 氨溴索（mucosolvan 沐舒坦）Pantoloc潘妥洛克常用的治疗措施low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae['kænjuli:]鼻导管，Venturi[ven'tjuəri]文里氏face-mask nebulizer['nebjulaizə]喷雾器: finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial deposition metered dose inhaler (MDI)定量雾化吸入器via intubation[,intju:'beiʃən]插管，tracheostomy [,træki'ɔstəmi, ,trei-]气管造口术，tracheotomy[,træki'ɔtəmi, ,trei-]气管切开术)synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步间歇指令通气pressure support ventilation, PSV 压力支持通气thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术[,θɔ:rəkəsen'tesis] chest drain/drainage 引流术chemotherapy 化疗radiation therapy 放疗pneumonectomy 肺切除术[,nju:məu'nektəmi]lobectomy of lung，pulmonary lobectomy肺叶切除术[ləu'bektəmi]叶切除术thoracotomy 开胸术，胸廓切开术[,θɔ:rə'kɔtəmi]pleurodesis胸膜剥脱术pleurectomy 胸膜切除术pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术inferior vena cava filter 下腔静脉过滤器cystic['sistik]囊性的/varicose['værikəus]曲张样/cyclindrical柱状-tram-tracks轨道样hemoptysisdeviation :trachea and apex ['eipeks]尖端shift contralaterally对立的旁边CXR: translucency [trænz'lju:sənsi] 半透明+collapse倒塌: visible rim边缘refractory or recurrent周期性的: pleurodesis胸膜固定术, pleurectomy[plu'rektəmi]胸膜切除术, bulla['bulə] 大疱stapling装订or lasering激光常用的化疗药9/14cisplatin 顺铂Gemcitabine吉西他滨：Gemzar (盐酸吉西他滨注射剂) paclitaxel; taxinol紫杉醇（Taxol泰素）docetaxel多西他赛（泰素帝）常见的抗生素beta-lactam antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesispenicillin skin testamoxicillin 阿莫西林piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他唑巴坦钠ticarcillin/ clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉维酸钾cephamycin 头孢菌素类cefradine 头孢拉啶cefaclor 头孢克洛cefoperazone/sulbactam 头孢哌酮/舒巴坦ceftriaxone 头孢曲松cefpiramide 头孢吡啶ceftazidime 头孢他定ceftizoxime 头孢唑污carbopenems 碳青霉烯类azactam 氨曲南meropenem 美罗培南imipenem and sodium cilastatin 亚胺培南/西司他丁钠（泰能tienam）Glycopeptides 糖肽类inhibit cell wall assembly vancomycin 万古霉素norvancomycin 去甲万古霉素teicoplanin 替考拉林Macrolides大环内酯类：inhibit protein synthesis roxithromycin 罗红霉素clarithromycin 克拉霉素azithromycin 阿奇霉素erythromycin 红霉素Aminoglycoside antibiotics: 氨基糖苷类reno- and ototoxic inhibit initiation and elongation process during protein synthesis amikacin 阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）gentamicin 庆大霉素streptomycin 链霉素Sulfamido 磺胺类sulfamethoxazole compound (SMZ.CO)Quinolones 喹诺酮类：inhibit DNA gyrasenorfloxacin 诺氟沙星ofloxacin 氧氟沙星levofloxacin 左氧氟沙星gatifloxacin 加替沙星moxifloxacin 莫西沙星ciprofloxacin 环丙沙星Tetracycline 四环素类minocycline 美满霉素Nitromidazole 硝基咪唑类metronidazole 甲硝唑tinidazole 替硝唑ornidazole 奥硝唑Antitubercular agents抗结核药rifampicin 利福平rifapentine 利福喷丁isoniazide, isonicotinic hydrazide acid INH 异烟肼pyrazinamide 吡嗪酰胺ethambutol 乙胺丁醇Antifungal/antimycotic drug 抗真菌药nystatin 制霉菌素amphotericin 两性霉素Bfluconazole 氟康唑voriconazole 伏立康唑itraconazole 伊曲康唑Antivirus agentsribavirin 利巴韦林oseltamivir 奥司他韦acyclovir 阿昔洛韦ganciclovir 更昔洛韦valaciclovir 伐昔洛韦foscarnet sodium, phosphonoformic acid膦甲酸钠（可耐）lamivudine 拉米夫定entecavir 恩替卡韦常见的病原微生物microorganism, microbe 微生物bacterium 细菌lipopolysaccharide （LPS）脂多糖antibiotics 抗生素pyrogen 致热原exotoxin 外毒素endotoxin 内毒素Gram stain 革兰染色Colony forming unit, CFU 集落形成单位antibacterial agents 抗菌药resistance 耐药性ESBLs：extended spectrum B-lactamases 超光谱B内酰胺酶MRSA：methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌bacteremia 菌血症toxemia 毒血症11/14endotoxemia 内毒素血症septicaemia 败血症pyemia 脓毒血症pathogen 致病原pathogenicity 致病性virulence 毒力median lethal dose (LD50) 半数致死量median infective dose (ID50) 半数感染量virus 病毒replication 复制viremia 病毒血症normal microbiota, microflora, normal flora, physiological microbiota 正常微生物群flora disequilibrium 菌群失调dysbacteriosis 菌群失调症opportunistic infection 机会性感染conditioned infection 条件致病性感染endogenous infection 内源性感染exogenous infection 外源性感染antimicrobial susceptibility testing 药物敏感试验minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 最小杀菌浓度disinfection 消毒sterilization 灭菌asepsis 无菌aseptic technique 无菌技术bacteriostasis 抑菌antisepsis 防腐disinfectant 消毒剂bacteriostatic agent 抑菌剂bactericide 杀菌剂autoclaving or steam under pressure sterilization 高压蒸汽灭菌法ultraviolet radiation, UV 紫外线isolation precaution 隔离预防artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫vaccination 疫苗接种killed/inactivated vaccine 死/灭活疫苗attentuated live vaccine 减毒活疫苗toxoid 类毒素artificial passive immunity 人工被动免疫antitoxin 抗毒素gammaglobulin 丙种球蛋白Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌Coagulase-negative staphylococci 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌Staphylococcus epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌12/14Streptococcus pneumoniae , pneumococcus 肺炎链球菌Viridans streptococci 草绿色链球菌Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌Klebsiella pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌Haemophilus influenzae 流感嗜血杆菌Legionella 军团杆菌属Enterobacter cloacae 阴沟肠杆菌Serratia 沙雷菌属Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌Acinebacter 不动杆菌属Neisseria meningitis, meningococcus 脑膜炎链球菌Neisseria gonorrhoeae, gonococcus 淋病奈瑟菌Shigella, dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌Salmonella typhi 伤寒沙门菌Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌Helicobacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌Campylobacter jejuni 空肠弯曲菌Mycobacterium, acid-fast bacilli 分枝杆菌属，抗酸杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis,tubercle bacillus 结核分枝杆菌Purified protein derivate, PPD Old tuberculin,OT Atypical mycobacteria 非结核分枝杆菌Mycobacterium leprae 麻风分枝杆菌Anaerobic bacterial 厌氧性细菌Clostridium tetani 破伤风梭菌Clostridum perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌Clostridum botulinum 肉毒梭菌Clostridum difficile 艰难梭菌antibiotic-associated diarrhea 抗生素相关性腹泻pseudomembranous colitis 假膜性结肠炎Corynebacterium diphtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌Yersinia 耶尔森菌属Brucella 布氏菌属Actinomyces 放线菌属Treponema pallidum 梅毒螺旋体（苍白密螺旋体）Venereal disease reference laboratory (VDRL)Rapid plasma regain (RPR)Mycoplasma pneumoniae 肺炎支原体Chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼衣原体Viruses associated with respiratory infections 呼吸道病毒Influenza virus 流感病毒Parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒Respiratory syncytial virus, RSV 呼吸道合胞病毒13/14Coronavirus 冠状病毒Severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS Adenovirus 腺病毒Rubella virus 风疹病毒Rhinovirus 鼻病毒Enterovirus 肠道病毒Rotavirus 轮状病毒hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒Encephalitis B virus 流行性乙型脑炎病毒Hantavirus 汉坦病毒Viral hemorrhagic fever 病毒性出血热Herpes simplex virus, HSV 单纯疱疹病毒Varicella-Zoster virus, VZV 水痘-带状疱疹病毒Cytomegalovirus, CMV 巨细胞病毒Epstein-Barr virus, EBV EB病毒Human herpes virus 6, HHV-6 人疱疹病毒6型Human papillomaviruses, HPV 人乳头状瘤病毒Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDSHuman T-lymphotropic virus, HTLV 人T淋巴细胞病毒Adult T-cell leukemia 成人T细胞性白血病Rabies virus 风疹病毒Fungus 真菌Yeast 酵母Spore 孢子Hypha 菌丝Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌Trichophyton 毛癣菌属Epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属Tinea 癣Histoplasma 组织胞浆菌属Histoplasmosis 组织胞浆菌病Saccharomyces albicans, candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌，白色念珠菌Candidiasis 念珠菌病Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌Pneumocystis carinii 卡氏肺孢子菌Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , PCP 卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎Aspergillus 曲霉菌Mucor 毛霉菌属。
医学英语呼吸系统课件
03
呼吸系统的功能
呼吸系统的生理功能
气体交换
呼吸系统的主要生理功能是进行气体交换，即通过吸入氧气并排出二氧化碳来维 持身体正常的代谢活动。
呼吸过程
呼吸过程包括吸氧、二氧化碳排出和血液含氧量的调节等环节，这些环节协同作 用，确保身体获得足够的氧气。
机械通气
机械通气是一种通过机械装置来辅助患者呼吸的治疗方法 ，它包括有创机械通气和无创机械通气两种。
有创机械通气是通过在患者的口腔或鼻腔插入气管插管来 实现机械通气，主要用于病情较重的患者。无创机械通气 则是通过面罩、鼻罩等装置来辅助患者呼吸，主要用于轻 症患者。
手术治疗
手术治疗也是呼吸系统疾病常见的治疗方法之一，包括肺移植、肺切除、气管重 建等手术。
。
肺癌
定义
肺癌是一种发生在肺部的恶性 肿瘤，通常与吸烟、职业暴露
、遗传因素等有关。
症状
肺癌早期可能无明显症状，但随 着病情发展可能出现咳嗽、胸痛 、呼吸困难等症状。
治疗
肺癌治疗主要包括手术、放疗、化 疗等。
05
呼吸系统的检查方法
X光检查
X光透视
可动态观察呼吸系统的器官形态和运动状态
X光摄片ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
适用于观察器官的轮廓和位置关系
手术治疗可以有效地清除病变组织，改善患者的呼吸功能，提高生活质量。但是 手术治疗的难度较大，需要医生具有丰富的经验和技能。
THANKS
谢谢您的观看
喉是呼吸和发音的重要器官，它连接口腔和气管，具有调节 呼吸和辅助发音的功能。
气管和支气管
气管是呼吸系统的主干道，连接喉和支气管，将氧气和空 气引入肺部。
呼吸内科专业英语
呼吸科英语Bronｃhial ａｓthma 支气管哮喘aｃｉdｏｓｉs酸中毒Allergen，alｌｅｒgiｃreaｃtｉon 变异原,变态反应ｂlooｄgas analysis 血气分析Ａnaemia 贫血Alvｅolar肺泡得aｎtibｉotiｃ抗生素Atelectａsis 肺不张Lung ａbscｅss 肺脓肿Athroscｌerotｉc heａrｔdiseａｓｅ动脉粥样硬化性心脏病Ｂetａ２-agonｉst B2受体激动剂Allｅrgiｃbｒｏnchopulmonary asｐeｒgｉlｌosis 曲霉菌ARDS acｕｔe ｒesｐｉrａtory ｄistreｓs ｓyndｒoｍe 急性呼吸窘迫综合征Percussioｎand aｕｓcultatiｏn 叩／听诊Ｐｕlmｏｎary arteｒial stenosis 肺动脉狭窄Adrenal glｕcocｏrtｉcｏid 肾上腺糖皮质激素BBiｏpｓy活检Ｂrｏnchiectasis 支气管扩张Fiber oｐtiｃbｒonchｏscoｐic ｂioｐsy 纤支镜活检BAL bｒonchoａlｖｅolar lａvaｇｅ支气管肺泡灌洗Bronchitis，brｏnchiolitｉｓ支气管炎,细支气管炎Boop：bｒoｎchioliｔｉs obliterans witｈorｇanｉｚingｐｎeuｎomia闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎Brｏｎｃhoｓcｏｐy 支气管镜检查CＣＡHD ｃoronarｙarteriosclｅｒotiｃｈearｔdiseasｅ冠心病ＣＰR cardｉoｐｕlmonaｒy resｕsciｔation 心肺复苏CDILD cｈrｏｎic diffuse inｔeｒstitiaｌlｕng dｉｓeasｅ慢性间质性肺病COPＤchｒｏniｃobsｔruｃｔivｅpulｍoｎaｒy diｓeasｅ慢阻肺Ｃｌuｂｂedｆｉngeｒ杵状指dｒy couｇｈ干咳Cyａnosiｓ紫绀Nｏnproductiｖeｃough干咳plicaｔion 并发症DDｙsｐnea 呼吸困难Differential diaｇnoｓｉｓ鉴别诊断Disｃｈarｇe dｉａgnoｓｉs 出院诊断EEｍｐhysemａ肺气肿pulmonａry embｏliｓm 肺栓塞Aciｄbasｅeqｕolｉbｒium 酸碱平衡etｉolｏgｙ病因学Emｐhｙｓemａｔous肺大泡Exｐecｔoratｉon 吐痰Exacｅｒbａtｉon 加重Enｄogenous内生得Exogenouｓ外生得FIｎterstitial pｕlmonary fibrｏsis 间质性肺纤维化GGM+ ＧrａｍstaiｎposiｔiveGm—Ｇraｍstain negatｉｖeHHｙpersｅnsiｔｉｖity pneumoniａ过敏性肺炎Hemｏｇlｏbｉn 血红蛋白Ｈemopｔｙsｉs 咯血Hｅｍorrhaｇe 出血ＨＲCＴhigｈ–reｓolution puterizeｄｔomography 高分辨CT Hｉstology 组织学Hｙpｏxia 缺氧IIdioｐａthic inｔeｒｓtitial pneumoｎｉa 特发间质性肺炎Ｉntraｔracheaｌ气管内得Intravenous 静脉内得NNｏnｉnvasｉve vｅntilａｔioｎ无创机械通气OＯSAＳobｓｔrｕcｔｉve slｅep apneａsｙnｄromｅ阻塞性呼吸暂停综合征ＰPｕｌmonary secoｎd ｓounｄ肺动脉瓣第二心音Pｎeuｍonia 肺炎Pnｅｕmothoraｘ气胸PTE ｐulmｏｎary ｔｈrｏmboembｏｌiｓm肺动脉血栓栓塞症Ventilatiｏn/perｆusiｏｎratio通气血流比Ｐleurａ胸腔积液Pｒｉｍａｒｙbrｏｎchogenｉc cａrcinｏma 原发性支气管源性肺癌Proｖｏｃaｔiｏn test激发试验Parｅnｃhｙmaｌ实质得（insｔeｒsｔiａl间质得）Ｐlｕｍonary edemａ肺水肿Ｌｏbaｒpneumonia 大叶性肺炎2/３Lobulａr ｐneuｍonｉa小叶性肺炎RMoist rａlｅｓ湿罗音Drｙraｌeｓ干罗音SSaO2 ｓａturationｉn ａｒｔeriａｌｂlood 动脉血氧饱与度Ｓhoｒt of breatｈ气短Syncｏpe 晕厥Saｒcoｉdosiｓ结节病Segment 段ＴTubeｒｃuloｓｉs 结核病Tａchypｎea气促Thromboｓiｓ血栓TBLBｔraｎｓbrｏncｈial lung ｂiosｙ经支气管肺活检Thoｒａcosｃopy胸腔镜检查ＵUｐper resｐirａｔｏｒy traｃt ｉnfectioｎ上呼吸道感染WWｈeｅze 哮鸣音其她faｃilitating sputum eｘpecｔｏraｔion 排痰rｅlease of bronｃｈiaｌspasm 解痉细菌ｓteptocoｃcｕs ｐneｕmoiae肺炎链球菌staphyloｃoccus 葡萄球菌ｌegｉｏnellａ军团菌mycｏplasma 支原体chlａmydia衣原体pneｕmocoｃcus 肺炎球菌vidｅo—aｓｓisted thorａcoｓcoｐｉc—guｉｄｅd[θɔ'ｒækəskəup］胸腔镜lung bioｐｓy opｅn lｕng ｂioｐｓyｐleｕrａｌbｉopsyｂiopsy of enlargｅdｌymph nodeｓD－Dimeｒselectroｃardiograｍ(EＣＧ)心电图echocardioｇraｍ超声心动图V／Ｑisｏｔope[’aｉｓəuｔəup] 同位素scan( ventilａtion/perｆusion scanning）spｉral螺旋CＴ/MRA （MagnetiｃＲesonaｎｃe Anｇiｏgraｐhy［,æｎdʒi'ɔɡrəfi］血管造影术）pulmｏｎaｒy angｉoｇraphyDｏpplｅｒ［’dɔplə］多普勒USS ｔｈigh［θai］大腿aｎd ｐeｌvis［'pelvis］骨盆(USS: ｕlｔrasounｄｓcanｎiｎg）ｃａrdｉaｃmoｎitorPSG( pｏlｙsｏmmｏgraｐhy）常见得病名ｄiseasesａcute ｕpperｒｅspirａｔｏry ｔｒaｃt inｆection 急性上呼吸道感染mon coｌｄ普通感冒infｌuｅnza流感[,infｌu’enｚə]pｈaｒyniｇitis 咽炎pｈaryngａｌgia[færin＇ｇæｌdʒiə］咽痛acｕtｅbｒonｃho-ｂｒoｎcｈiｔiｓ急性气管-支气管炎4/１４ｐneumonia肺炎ｍuｎiｔｙaｃqｕiｒed ｐｎeuｍoｎｉａ(CＡP）社区获得性肺炎hｏsｐital acquirｅd pnｅumonｉa （HＡＰ）医院获得性肺炎ｎosoｉcaｌｐｎeumonia (ＮP）医院内肺炎brｏnｃhieｃtasis 支气管扩张ｃhｏｒnic ｂrｏｎｃhitｉs慢性支气管炎ｐulmonａry ｅｍphysema 肺气肿chｒoｎic obstｒuctiｖe pulmonaｒy dｉｓeａsｅ（acｕte exaｃerbａtｉｎｇ) ＡECOPD COPD急性发作bｒｏnchiａl asthma 支气管哮喘allｅｒgic rｈinｉtis［rai＇naitis］过敏性鼻炎respiratory faｉｌure 呼吸衰竭lung abscess肺脓肿pulmonaｒｙｔｕbeｒculosis 肺结核病ｌunｇcancer：肺癌ｐrimaｒy broｎchｏgenic carcｉnoma 原发性支气管肺癌sｑｕamｏus［＇sｋwｅiməｓ］ceｌｌcａrcinoma鳞癌adenoｃarcinｏｍa 腺癌［＇ædəｎəu，kɑ：si’ｎəｕmə］bronchｏａlｖｅolar cｅｌlｃarcｉnoｍa 支气管肺泡细胞癌ｓmallｃｅlｌlunｇｃａｒｃinoma (SＣLC）小细胞肺癌pulmｏnary ｍｅtａｓｔaｓｉs 肺转移瘤［mə'tæstəsｉs］ｐｕlmonary emｂolism (ＰE）肺栓塞pulmonaｒy tｈrｏmboembｏlisｍ(PTE) 肺血栓栓塞症[，θrɔmbəｕ’embəlizəm] puｌmonary infarｃtioｎ肺梗死deｅp ｖeｎous tｈrombosｉs ，DＶT 深静脉血栓形成emｐｙemａ脓胸[,empai'ｉ：mə］ｐneumothorａｘ气胸pyopneｕｍotｈoraｘ脓气胸［’paｉəu,nju:məu’θɔ:ｒæks]chrｏnic sｕppurａtive diｓｅase 慢性化脓性疾病[’sʌpjuərətiv，-reｉtｉv］ｃongenｉtaｌｃyanｏｔic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病[，saiə'ｎɔtik]ｃｏr pｕlmonaｌe 肺源性心脏病［’kɔ:，pumə’næli］pulmonary hyｐｅrtension 肺动脉高压pulｍonaｒy encｅphａｌopaｔｈy 肺性脑病［en，sefə'lɔpəθi］riｇht hｅart faｉlurｅ；rigｈt—sｉdｅd heａrt faｉlｕrｅ右心衰竭ｐｕlmｏｎary ｖａｓculａｒｄｉseaｓes肺血管疾病iｎterstitiaｌlung disｅasｅ, IＬD弥漫性间质性肺疾病idiｏpathic pulmonａrｙfibｒosｉs, IＰF特发性肺纤维化［,idｉə'pæθｉｋ］crｙptogenic[，ｋｒipｔəｕ＇ｄʒｅnik］隐源性得fiｂｒｏsing alvｅoｌitｉs,CFA 隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎coｎnective ｔisｓue relａteｄｌung ｄiseaseｓ结缔组织相关性肺疾病systemｉc ｌupｕs[＇lju：pəｓ］狼疮ｅryｔhｅmatｏsus，SLＥ系统性红斑狼疮derｍatomyｏsiｔｉs 皮肌炎ｓａｒｃoidｏsis 结节病[,sɑ:kɔi’dəｕsｉs］Ｐulmｏnary alveｏｌarｐroteinosｉｓ[，prəｕtii＇nəuｓｉs］,PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症Iｄiopatｈic pulmoｎary hemosiｄeｒosis ［'ｈi:məu，ｓidə'ｒəｕsｉs，，ｈem—］特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Laｎgerｈａns ｃell graｎｕlomatosis 朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病[’ɡrænjｕ，ləumə'təｕsｉs］Eｏsinopｈilicｇｒａnuloｍa 嗜酸性肉芽肿[，i:əｓinə＇filik]Hisｔiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症XＷeｇｅner granｕlｏｍatosis Weｇener肉芽肿eｘtrinsic ａllergic alｖｅolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎pneｕmoconｉosis 尘肺[’nju：mə,kəuｎi＇əusis］dｒuｇ—inｄuced luｎg disease 药物性肺病aｓｐｅrｇiｌlosiｓ[æ，spə:dʒi’ləusis］曲菌病:alｌｅrｇｉc bronchopuｌmｏｎary asperg ｉｌlosiｓ（ＡBPＡ）pleuraｌdｉsease胸膜疾病ｂronｃhｏ—pｌｅural fisｔｕla支气管胸膜瘘［'fistjuｌə]oral candｉｄiasiｓ口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮［，kændｉ’dａｉəsｉs］oｓtｅoporoｔic bone change 骨质疏松样改变glaｕa青光眼cataract白内障ａｃute luｎg injuｒｙ，ALI 急性肺损伤acute resｐiratoｒy distｒess syndｒｏｍe ,ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征ｕrｔiｃaria荨麻疹ｅczeｍａ湿疹hyｐｅｒｔensioｎ高血压ｄｉabetes 糖尿病be ａdmiｎｉsｔerｅd，treａｔｓb、wiｔh emｐirｉｃａl经验性得，prophｙlａcｔic[，ｐｒɔfi'lækｔik，，prəu—］预防性, remedial[ｒi＇ｍi:ｄｉəｌ］治疗性Ｅxpectoraｎｔ祛痰药[ｅks'ｐekｔərənt］Ｍｕcolytｉcs 粘液溶解剂［，ｍju:kəu’litｉk］常用得药物drｕg ｓoｒaｇentsbroｎｃhoｄilaｔoｒ支气管扩张剂［，ｂrɔŋkəudaｉ’ｌeｉtə]B2-agonistｓ［'æɡəｎiｓｔ］兴奋剂：shoｒt－acｔing ：salｂｕtaｍol沙丁胺醇［sæl＇ｂju:təmɔ（:)ｌ］long－actinｇ: sａlmｅｔeroｌ沙美特罗mｕscarinic[,mʌskə'rinik] 毒蕈碱样得aｎtａgonｉsｔs［æｎ’tæɡəniｓt]对抗剂:ipratｒopi ｕm bromiｄe['bｒəumaiｄ] 异丙托溴胺aｍiｎｏｐhylliｎe 氨茶碱［ə，mi：nəu'fili:n］ｓterｏidｓ［’ｓtiərɔid]类固醇iｎhalｅｄ：budesｏnｉde 布地奈ｐo(ｐeｒ德, os）、，beclometｈａsone［，ｂｅkｌəｕ’meθəsəuｎ］倍氯米松,ｆlｕｔicａｓone氟替卡松ｓｙstemｉc:prednｉsolone［＇preｄ＇nｉsəｌəun］强得松hyｄrocｏｒｔisｏnｅ[,haidrəu＇kɔ：tiｚəun] 氢化可得松ｉv、mast cell sｔabilｉzｅrｓ：cromｏglycateｓodium色甘酸钠leｕkoｔｒｉｅｎe[，lｊu：ｋəu’traiən]白三烯reｃeｐtor aｎｔａgoｎiｓｔs：ｍontelｕｋaｓt孟鲁司特respiraｔoｒy sｔiｍｕlanｔs：lobeline6／14nikethamidｅ[ni＇ｋeθəmaid, －mｉd]尼可刹米cardｉaｃtｏnｉｃ强心剂ｄiurｅｔiｃs 利尿剂［,dａiｊuə’ｒｅｔik］ａlbumiｎ白蛋白[’æｌbjumin］ａntｉtuｓsive agｅnｔｓ镇咳药[,ænti’tʌsiv］aｍｍonium chlｏride氯化铵[ə’ｍəunjəm］铵［’klɔ:ｒaid]氯化物ambroxol 氨溴索(ｍucosolvaｎ沐舒坦)Paｎtｏlｏｃ潘妥洛克常用得治疗措施lｏｗｏr hiｇh flow oxygen：nasａl ｃａnnuｌae［'kænjｕli:］鼻导管，Venturｉ[veｎ'tj ｕəｒi]文里氏ｆａｃｅ-mask nebuliｚer［’ｎebｊｕlａｉｚə］喷雾器：fｉnｅr parｔicｌe ｓize （3to ２0um）ａｌlｏwｓtracheｏbronｃhial ｄｅpositionmeｔｅred doｓe ｉnhaler (ＭDI）定量雾化吸入器via iｎtｕｂatｉon[，inｔｊu：’bｅiʃən］插管,ｔrａcｈeｏｓtomy［,ｔræki'ɔstəmi，，trei-］气管造口术，tｒacheoｔomy[,ｔræki’ɔｔəmi, ，tｒei—]气管切开术）sｙnchroｎizｅd intermitｔｅｎｔmandatｏｒy vｅｎtｉlatｉon,SIMV 同步间歇指令通气preｓsurｅsuppｏｒt ventilatｉon，PＳV压力支持通气thoracｏｃeｎtｅｓis 胸腔穿刺术［，θɔ：rəkəseｎ’tesiｓ］chｅsｔdraiｎ／ｄrainａge 引流术ｃhemotherａｐy 化疗raｄiatioｎtheｒapy 放疗pnｅumoneｃtomy 肺切除术［，ｎｊｕ：məu'ｎeｋｔəmi]lobeｃtoｍy ｏf lｕng，ｐuｌmonaryｌobectomy肺叶切除术［ｌəｕ＇bekｔəmi］叶切除术thoracｏtoｍy 开胸术，胸廓切开术[，θɔ:rə＇ｋɔtəmi］plｅurodesis胸膜剥脱术pleurｅctomy胸膜切除术pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术thrｏmboendarｔｅreｃtomｙ血栓动脉内膜切除术inｆerior vena cava ｆiltｅr下腔静脉过滤器cysｔic['ｓistｉk］囊性得/variｃｏｓe［'væriｋəuｓ］曲张样/ｃyclindｒｉcal柱状-trａｍ－ｔraｃｋs轨道样hｅmoptyｓisｄeｖｉatioｎ：traｃhea ａｎd apex [＇eipeks]尖端ｓhift contralaterａlly对立得旁边ＣＸR: tｒanslucｅnｃｙ[trænz’lｊu:səｎsi] 半透明＋ｃolｌapse倒塌：visible rim边缘ｒefraｃtoｒy or reｃｕｒrent周期性得：plｅurodesｉｓ胸膜固定术，pｌeuｒectｏmy［ｐlｕ’rektəmi]胸膜切除术，ｂｕllａ['bulə］大疱sｔapling装订or laｓeriｎg激光常用得化疗药９/14cisｐlatｉｎ顺铂Geｍcｉtａｂine吉西她滨：Ｇｅmｚar(盐酸吉西她滨注射剂) pａclitａxel; ｔaxinol紫杉醇（Taxol泰素）ｄocｅｔaxel多西她赛(泰素帝) 常见得抗生素beｔa-lacｔａm antiｂiotics: ｉnｈｉbiｔｃｅll wall synｔhesｉｓpｅｎｉｃｉlliｎｓkin tｅstamoxｉcilｌｉｎ阿莫西林piperacilｌin/ｔａzobactａm sｏｄiｕm 哌拉西林/她唑巴坦钠ticarcilliｎ／cｌａvulａｎａｔe potassium 替卡西林/克拉维酸钾ｃepｈamycin头孢菌素类ｃefradiｎｅ头孢拉啶cｅｆacloｒ头孢克洛ｃefoperａzone/sulbａctａm 头孢哌酮／舒巴坦ceｆtｒｉａxone头孢曲松cefpiraｍide 头孢吡啶cｅftazｉdｉme 头孢她定cefｔｉzoxime头孢唑污cａrbｏpeneｍs碳青霉烯类azacｔａm氨曲南meｒopｅnem美罗培南ｉmiｐｅneｍａnｄｓodiuｍciｌａｓｔａtｉn 亚胺培南/西司她丁钠（泰能tｉenａm）Gｌｙｃopeptｉdeｓ糖肽类ｉｎhibit cell walｌassembly ｖanyｃin万古霉素ｎorvanｙcｉｎ去甲万古霉素teicoplａniｎ替考拉林Macrｏｌidｅs大环内酯类: inｈiｂit pｒoｔｅin ｓynthesiｓroxithrｏmｙcin 罗红霉素ｃlａriｔｈromycin克拉霉素aｚｉthｒomyciｎ阿奇霉素erythｒomycin 红霉素Aminogｌycｏｓｉdｅantibiotics：氨基糖苷类ｒenｏ- ａnｄｏtotｏxiｃiｎhibiｔｉnitiａtion aｎd ｅlｏnｇａtion proｃess during prｏtｅin 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类毒素aｒtｉficiａｌpａssive iｍmuniｔy人工被动免疫anｔitoｘin 抗毒素gaｍmａglｏbｕlin丙种球蛋白Ｓtapｈｙlocoｃｃuｓａureus金黄色葡萄球菌Coaguｌａse－ｎegative sｔaphylococｃｉ凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌Ｓｔａphylococcusｅpideｒmidiｓ表皮葡萄球菌12／14Sｔrepｔｏcｏccuｓpnｅumoniae ，pｎｅumococｃuｓ肺炎链球菌Virｉdansｓtrepｔoｃocci 草绿色链球菌Eschｅｒichia ｃｏli大肠埃希菌Ｋlebsiｅlla pneumｏniａｅ肺炎克雷伯菌Pseｕdｏｍｏnas aｅｒugiｎosa 铜绿假单胞菌Haemophiluｓｉnｆluｅnzae流感嗜血杆菌Lｅgｉｏnella军团杆菌属Enterｏbaｃter cｌoacａe 阴沟肠杆菌Serｒａtia 沙雷菌属Proｔｅus vｕlgａris 普通变形杆菌Acineｂａcter 不动杆菌属Ｎeisseｒｉa meningｉｔis, meningococcus 脑膜炎链球菌Neisseria goｎorｒhoeae，gonocｏcｃｕｓ淋病奈瑟菌Shigｅllａ, dyseｎtｅry bacｔerium 痢疾杆菌Ｓaｌmoneｌlａｔyphｉ伤寒沙门菌Ｖiｂｒiｏcholｅrae 霍乱弧菌Helｉｃoｂａｃteｒｐylori幽门螺杆菌Ｃaｍpylｏbaｃteｒjｅjｕnｉ空肠弯曲菌Mycobａcteｒium,ａｃid-ｆaｓｔbａcilli 分枝杆菌属,抗酸杆菌Mycoｂａcteriｕｍｔuｂercｕlｏsiｓ,tuberclｅｂacillus结核分枝杆菌Pｕｒifｉed protein dｅriｖaｔｅ, ＰPＤOld tｕbｅrculin,OＴＡtypical mycobacｔeria 非结核分枝杆菌Ｍyｃobacteｒiuｍleprae 麻风分枝杆菌Ａnaeｒｏbiｃbacｔeｒial 厌氧性细菌Ｃlosｔｒidｉｕm teｔaｎi 破伤风梭菌Cｌｏｓtridum perfrinｇeｎs产气荚膜梭菌Clｏstridｕm boｔuｌｉnum 肉毒梭菌Cloｓtｒｉduｍｄｉfｆｉcilｅ艰难梭菌antiｂｉotiｃ—aｓsociatedｄiarrhea抗生素相关性腹泻pseuｄomemｂｒanous cｏlitis 假膜性结肠炎Coｒynebacteriｕm diphtheriaｅ白喉棒状杆菌Yｅrsｉniａ耶尔森菌属Brucella布氏菌属Acｔinoｍycｅs 放线菌属Treponeｍa ｐallidｕｍ梅毒螺旋体(苍白密螺旋体）Veｎereaｌdｉseaseｒｅferencｅｌaboｒaｔory（VDＲL)Rapｉｄplasma regaｉn （RＰR)Ｍycopｌａｓma pneuｍoniae肺炎支原体Chlａmｙｄia tracｈomatis沙眼衣原体Vｉruｓｅｓaｓsoｃｉａted wｉth ｒeｓpｉratoryｉｎfectｉoｎs呼吸道病毒Iｎｆｌuenzaｖiruｓ流感病毒Parainfｌｕｅnza virｕs 副流感病毒Respiraｔｏrｙsynｃytial vｉruｓ，RＳV 呼吸道合胞病毒13/１4Cｏｒonａｖirｕs 冠状病毒Seｖere acｕte rｅspｉｒａtory syndrｏｍｅ, SＡRSＡｄｅｎｏｖirus 腺病毒Rｕbellａviｒuｓ风疹病毒Rhinovｉrｕs鼻病毒Enｔerovｉｒｕｓ肠道病毒Rotａvirus 轮状病毒hepatｉtｉs Ｂｖirus 乙型肝炎病毒Ｅnｃephaｌitis Ｂvirｕs流行性乙型脑炎病毒Hantａvｉrus 汉坦病毒Vｉral heｍoｒｒｈagic ｆｅver 病毒性出血热Ｈerｐｅs simplex virｕs，ＨSV 单纯疱疹病毒Vaｒｉｃeｌla-Ｚosｔeｒｖiｒus,VZV水痘-带状疱疹病毒Cyｔomegalｏvirus，CMＶ巨细胞病毒Epstein—Bａrr ｖiｒｕｓ，EBＶＥB病毒Hｕman herｐeｓvｉrus ６，HHV-6人疱疹病毒６型Humａn papillomａｖiruses，ＨＰV 人乳头状瘤病毒Huｍａｎimmunodeｆiｃｉency virus,HIV人类免疫缺陷病毒Acquｉｒeｄimmｕnodeficieｎcy syndroｍe，AIDSHuｍan Ｔ－lｙmphotropｉcｖiｒuｓ，ＨTLV人T淋巴细胞病毒Aｄult T—cell ｌｅukemia 成人T细胞性白血病Ｒａbies viｒｕs 风疹病毒Funｇuｓ真菌Ｙeast酵母Spore 孢子Hypｈa 菌丝Dermaｔｏphytes 皮肤癣菌Trｉchopｈｙｔoｎ毛癣菌属Eｐiderｍophyｔon 表皮癣菌属Tiｎｅａ癣Histopｌaｓｍa 组织胞浆菌属Histoplasmosｉs组织胞浆菌病Ｓaccharｏｍｙｃes albicaｎs，candiｄａaｌbｉcans 白假丝酵母菌,白色念珠菌Caｎdｉdiasis 念珠菌病Crｙptocoｃcus nｅoforｍans 新生隐球菌Pneｕｍocyｓtis cａrｉnii 卡氏肺孢子菌Pnｅumocystｉｓcａrinii pneｕmｏnia,ＰCＰ卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎Ａsperｇillus 曲霉菌Mｕcor 毛霉菌属。
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[名词解释]Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)，是一种具有气流受限特征的可以预防和治疗的疾病，气流受限不完全可逆、进行性发展，与肺部对香烟烟雾等有害气体或有害颗粒的异常炎症反应有关。
COPD主要累及肺脏，但也可引起全身(或称肺外)的不良反应。
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease with some significant extrapulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual patients. Its pulmonary component is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles or gases.Horner综合征:肺尖部肺癌又称肺上钩瘤(Pancoast瘤)，易压迫颈部交感神经，引起病侧眼睑下垂、瞳孔缩小、眼球内陷，同侧额部和胸壁少汗或无汗。
Horner’s syndrome :Horner’s syndrome is caused by sup erior sulcus tumors that invade the inferior cervical ganglion, symptoms include enophthalmos (sinking of the eyeball into its cavity), ptosis (droopy upper eyelid), miosis (abnormal contraction of the pupil), anhidrosis (absence of facial sweat).Respiratory failureRespiratory failure is a failure of the process of delivering O2 to the tissues and/or removing CO2 from the tissues. The diagnosis can be confirmed by arterial blood gas analysis. When the level of O2 partial pressure(PaO2) is less than 60mmHg, without PCO2 reduction, it is called respiratory failure type I. When the level of CO2 partial pressure(PaCO2) is more than 50mmHg, it is called respiratory failure type II.Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome :Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome is defined as repeated episodes of cessation of airflow with sleep being greater than 30 times per night, or defined with Apnea- Hypopnea Index (AHI) being greater than 5hepatopulmonary syndrome :hepatopulmonary syndrome is a syndrome of shortness of breath and hypoxemia caused by vasodilation in the lungs of patients with advanced liver disease. The mechanism is unknown but is thought to be due to increased hepatic production or decreased hepatic clearance of vasodilators, possibly involving nitric oxide. The vascular dilatations cause overperfusion relative to ventilation, leading to ventilation-perfusion mismatch and hypoxemia.Apnea- Hypopnea Index:Hypopnea in adults are defined as a 50% reduction in air flow for more than 10 s, followed by a 4% desaturation, and/or arousal. The Apnea- Hypopnea Index (AHI) is expressed as the number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep.[简答题]简述发热患者，应用抗菌药物治疗48～72小时后，症状无改善，其可能的原因是什么？其可能原因有：1.药物未能覆盖致病菌或耐药；2.特殊病原体感染，如结核分枝杆菌、真菌、病毒等；3.出现并发症或存在影响疗效的宿主因素(如免疫抑制)；4.非感染性疾病误诊为肺炎；5.药物热。
对哪些人群应及时进行肺癌排癌检查?凡年龄40岁以上男性长期或重度吸烟者，出现下列症状之一，应警惕有肺癌的可能，进行必要的检查。
①刺激性咳嗽持续2～3周，治疗无效；②原有慢性呼吸道疾病，咳嗽性质改变者。
③持续痰中带血而无其他原因可解释者。
④单侧性局限性哮鸣音，不因咳嗽而改变者。
⑤反复同一部位的肺炎，特别是段性肺炎。
⑥原因不明的肺脓肿，无毒性症状，无大量脓痰、无异物吸入史，抗炎治疗效果不佳者。
⑦原因不明的四肢关节疼痛及杵状指（趾）。
⑧X线上的局限性肺气肿，段、叶性肺不张，孤立性圆形病灶和单侧肺门阴影增深、增大者。
⑨原有的肺结核病灶已稳定，而其他部位出现新病灶。
⑩无中毒症状的血性胸腔积液且进行性增多。
[综合分析题]男性，65岁，因反复咳嗽、咳痰10余年，呼吸困难3年，双下肢水肿1年，加重1周入院。
查体：嗜睡，口唇发绀，球结膜水肿，颈静脉怒张。
气管居中，桶状胸，胸廓扩张度和语颤减弱，叩诊过清音，双肺呼吸音减低，右下肺闻及湿啰音，心率120次/分，闻及早搏，肝界下移，双下肢重度凹陷性水肿。
血气分析：PH7.23，PaO270mmHg，PaO280mmHg，HCO3-50mmol/L，BE 12。
(1) 诊断及诊断依据(4分)（2）为明确诊断，还需进一步做那些实验室检查，各有哪些相应表现（3分）（3）治疗原则及措施（3分）（1）诊断：1.慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺源性心脏病(失代偿期)肺性脑病Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭呼吸性酸中毒合并代谢性碱中毒2.肺部感染诊断依据：1. 症状：反复咳嗽、咳痰10余年，呼吸困难3年，双下肢水肿1年，加重1周；2.体征：嗜睡(肺性脑病)，口唇发绀，球结膜水肿，颈静脉怒张。
气管居中，桶状胸，胸廓扩张度和语颤减弱，叩诊过清音，双肺呼吸音减低(COPD)，右下肺闻及湿啰音(肺部感染)，双下肢重度凹陷性水肿（肺心病失代偿）。
3．血气分析：PH7.23，PaO270mmHg，PaO280mmHg，HCO3-50mmol/L，BE 12。
(Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭,呼吸性酸中毒合并代谢性碱中毒)(2)下一步检查：1.胸部影像学：透亮度增加，肋间隙增宽，膈肌低平，心影狭长。
右下肺动脉干扩张，直径》15mm。
与气管横径之比》1.07，肺动脉段突出或高度》3mm。
右心室增大征。
2.心电图：电轴右偏；顺时针转位；Rv1+Sv5》1.05mv；肺性P波。
3.肺功能：FEV1/FVC<70%。
4.心脏超声：右室流出道，右心室内径增大。
右心室肥厚，右肺动脉内径或肺动脉干增大等。
(3)治疗原则：控制感染，氧疗，控制心衰和心率失常，纠正酸碱失衡，机械通气等。
男性，55岁，因反复咳嗽，咳痰30余年，气促5年，加重1周入院。
患者咳嗽咳痰症状好发余冬春季，常在受凉感冒后加重，每次使用抗菌素可缓解。
1周前因感冒上述症状加重，咳嗽，咳脓痰，下肢浮肿，不能平卧。
体查：T 37.5ºC，P 110次/分，R 25次/分，BP 125/80mmHg，慢性病容，神清合作，端坐体位，口唇发绀，静脉充盈，桶状胸，叩诊过清音，听诊双肺可闻及少许哮鸣音，心率110次/分，律齐，三尖瓣区可闻及收缩期杂音，腹部平软，肝脏肋下2cm，脾脏未扪及，双下肢凹陷性水肿。
检查：血常规：Hb 156g/L，WBC 7.3× 109 /L，N 80%，L20%，Pt 210 × 109 /L胸片：双肺纹理增粗，紊乱，肋间隙增宽，双膈肌低平，右下肺动脉干1.6cmECG：心率110次/分，肢导联QRS波低电压，V1-5 QRS波呈rS 型，Rv1 +Sv5=1.2mv血气分析：PH 7.311，PaO2 67mmHg, PaCO2 80mmHg, HCO3- 31mmol/L问题：1，给出该患者的完整诊断？（4分）慢性支气管炎（喘息型）慢性阻塞性肺气肿慢性肺心病（失代偿期）II型呼吸衰竭2，主要的鉴别诊断（2分）风湿性心脏病冠心病心肌病3，处理原则？（4分）积极控制感染通畅呼吸道，改善呼吸功能纠正缺氧和CO2潴留纠正心衰，防治并发症。