1979年刑事诉讼法
1979年刑事诉讼法2010-10-22 20:23:22| 分类：重要司法解释| 标签：|字号大中小订阅第一编总则[编辑] 第一章指导思想、任务和基本原则第一条中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法，以马克思列宁主义毛泽东思想为指针，以宪法为根据，结合我国各族人民实行无产阶级领导的、工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政即无产阶级专政的具体经验和打击敌人、保护人民的实际需要制定。
第二条中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法的任务，是保证准确、及时地查明犯罪事实，正确应用法律，惩罚犯罪分子，保障无罪的人不受刑事追究，教育公民自觉遵守法律，积极同犯罪行为作斗争，以维护社会主义法制，保护公民的人身权利、民主权利和其它权利，保障社会主义革命和社会主义建设事业的顺利进行。
第三条对刑事案件的侦查、拘留、预审，由公安机关负责。
批准逮捕和检察（包括侦查）、提起公诉，由人民检察院负责。
审判由人民法院负责。
其它任何机关、团体和个人都无权行使这些权力。
人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关进行刑事诉讼，必须严格遵守本法和其它法律的有关规定。
第四条人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关进行刑事诉讼，必须依靠群众，必须以事实为根据，以法律为准绳。
对于一切公民，在适用法律上一律平等，在法律面前，不允许有任何特权。
第五条人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关进行刑事诉讼，应当分工负责，互相配合，互相制约，以保证准确有效地执行法律。
第六条各民族公民都有用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。
人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关对于不通晓当地通用的语言文字的诉讼参与人，应当为他们翻译。
在少数民族聚居或者多民族杂居的地区，应当用当地通用的语言进行审讯，用当地通用的文字发布判决书、布告和其它文件。
第七条人民法院审判案件，实行两审终审制。
第八条人民法院审判案件，除本法另有规定的以外，一律公开进行。
被告人有权获得辩护，人民法院有义务保证被告人获得辩护。
第九条人民法院审判案件，依照本法实行人民陪审员陪审的制度。
第十条人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关应当保障诉讼参与人依法享有的诉讼权利。
对于不满十八岁的未成年人犯罪的案件，在讯问和审判时，可以通知被告人的法定代理人到场。
诉讼参与人对于审判人员、检察人员和侦查人员侵犯公民诉讼权利和人身侮辱的行为，有权提出控告。
第十一条有下列情形之一的，不追究刑事责任，已经追究的，应当撤销案件，或者不起诉，或者宣告无罪：（一）情节显著轻微、危害不大，不认为是犯罪的；（二）犯罪已过追诉时效期限的；（三）经特赦令免除刑罚的；（四）依照刑法告诉才处理的犯罪，没有告诉或者撤回告诉的；（五）被告人死亡的；（六）其它法律、法令规定免予追究刑事责任的。
第十二条对于外国人犯罪应当追究刑事责任的，适用本法的规定。
对于享有外交特权和豁免权的外国人犯罪应当追究刑事责任的，通过外交途径解决。
[编辑] 第二章管辖第十三条告诉才处理和其它不需要进行侦查的轻微的刑事案件，由人民法院直接受理，并可以进行调解。
贪污罪、侵犯公民民主权利罪、渎职罪以及人民检察院认为需要自己直接受理的其它案件，由人民检察院立案侦查和决定是否提起公诉。
第一、二款规定以外的其它案件的侦查，都由公安机关进行。
第十四条基层人民法院管辖第一审普通刑事案件，但是依照本法由上级人民法院管辖的除外。
第十五条中级人民法院管辖下列第一审刑事案件：（一）反革命案件；（二）判处无期徒刑、死刑的普通刑事案件；（三）外国人犯罪或者我国公民侵犯外国人合法权利的刑事案件。
第十六条高级人民法院管辖的第一审刑事案件，是全省（直辖市、自治区）性的重大刑事案件。
第十七条最高人民法院管辖的第一审刑事案件，是全国性的重大刑事案件。
第十八条上级人民法院在必要的时候，可以审判下级人民法院管辖的第一审刑事案件，也可以把自己管辖的第一审刑事案件交由下级人民法院审判；下级人民法院认为案情重大、复杂需要由上级人民法院审判的第一审刑事案件，可以请求移送上一级人民法院审判。
第十九条刑事案件由犯罪地的人民法院管辖。
如果由被告人居住地的人民法院审判更为适宜的，可以由被告人居住地的人民法院管辖。
第二十条几个同级人民法院都有权管辖的案件，由最初受理的人民法院审判。
在必要的时候，可以移送主要犯罪地的人民法院审判。
第二十一条上级人民法院可以指定下级人民法院审判管辖不明的案件，也可以指定下级人民法院将案件移送其它人民法院审判。
第二十二条专门人民法院案件的管辖另行规定。
[编辑] 第三章回避第二十三条审判人员、检察人员、侦查人员有下列情形之一的，应当自行回避，当事人及其法定代理人也有权要求他们回避：（一）是本案的当事人或者是当事人的近亲属的；（二）本人或者他的近亲属和本案有利害关系的；（三）担任过本案的证人、鉴定人、辩护人或者附带民事诉讼当事人的代理人的；（四）与本案当事人有其它关系，可能影响公正处理案件的。
第二十四条审判人员、检察人员、侦查人员的回避，应当分别由院长、检察长、公安机关负责人决定；院长的回避，由本院审判委员会决定；检察长和公安机关负责人的回避，由同级人民检察院检察委员会决定。
对侦查人员的回避作出决定前，侦查人员不能停止对案件的侦查。
对驳回申请回避的决定，当事人可以申请复议一次。
第二十五条本法第二十三条、第二十四条的规定也适用于书记员、翻译人员和鉴定人。
[编辑] 第四章辩护第二十六条被告人除自己行使辩护权以外，还可以委托下列的人辩护：（一）律师；（二）人民团体或者被告人所在单位推荐的，或者经人民法院许可的公民；（三）被告人的近亲属、监护人。
第二十七条公诉人出庭公诉的案件，被告人没有委托辩护人的，人民法院可以为他指定辩护人。
被告人是聋、哑或者未成年人而没有委托辩护人的，人民法院应当为他指定辩护人。
第二十八条辩护人的责任是根据事实和法律，提出证明被告人无罪、罪轻或者减轻、免除其刑事责任的材料和意见，维护被告人的合法权益。
第二十九条辩护律师可以查阅本案材料，了解案情，可以同在押的被告人会见和通信；其它的辩护人经过人民法院许可，也可以了解案情，同在押的被告人会见和通信。
第三十条在审判过程中，被告人可以拒绝辩护人继续为他辩护，也可以另行委托辩护人辩护。
[编辑] 第五章证据第三十一条证明案件真实情况的一切事实，都是证据。
证据有下列六种：（一）物证、书证；（二）证人证言；（三）被害人陈述；（四）被告人供述和辩解；（五）鉴定结论；（六）勘验、检查笔录。
以上证据必须经过查证属实，才能作为定案的根据。
第三十二条审判人员、检察人员、侦查人员必须依照法定程序，收集能够证实被告人有罪或者无罪、犯罪情节轻重的各种证据。
严禁刑讯逼供和以威胁、引诱、欺骗以及其它非法的方法收集证据。
必须保证一切与案件有关或者了解案情的公民，有客观地充分地提供证据的条件，除特殊情况外，并且可以吸收他们协助调查。
第三十三条公安机关提请批准逮捕书、人民检察院起诉书、人民法院判决书，必须忠实于事实真象。
故意隐瞒事实真象的，应当追究责任。
第三十四条人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关有权向有关的国家机关、企业、事业单位、人民公社、人民团体和公民收集、调取证据。
对于涉及国家机密的证据，应当保密。
凡是伪造证据、隐匿证据或者毁灭证据的，无论属于何方，必须受法律追究。
第三十五条对一切案件的判处都要重证据，重调查研究，不轻信口供。
只有被告人供述，没有其它证据的，不能认定被告人有罪和处以刑罚；没有被告人供述，证据充分确实的，可以认定被告人有罪和处以刑罚。
第三十六条证人证言必须在法庭上经过公诉人、被害人和被告人、辩护人双方讯问、质证，听取各方证人的证言并经过查实以后，才能作为定案的根据。
法庭查明证人有意作伪证或者隐匿罪证时，应当依法处理。
第三十七条凡是知道案件情况的人，都有作证的义务。
生理上、精神上有缺陷或者年幼，不能辨别是非、不能正确表达的人，不能作证人。
[编辑] 第六章强制措施第三十八条人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关根据案件情况，对被告人可以拘传、取保候审或者监视居住。
被监视居住的被告人不得离开指定的区域。
监视居住由当地公安派出所执行，或者由受委托的人民公社、被告人的所在单位执行。
对被告人采取取保候审、监视居住的，如果情况发生变化，应当撤销或者变更。
第三十九条逮捕人犯，必须经过人民检察院批准或者人民法院决定，由公安机关执行。
第四十条对主要犯罪事实已经查清，可能判处徒刑以上刑罚的人犯，采取取保候审、监视居住等方法，尚不足以防止发生社会危险性，而有逮捕必要的，应即依法逮捕。
对应当逮捕的人犯，如果患有严重疾病，或者是正在怀孕、哺乳自己婴儿的妇女，可以采用取保候审或者监视居住的办法。
第四十一条公安机关对于罪该逮捕的现行犯或者重大嫌疑分子，如果有下列情形之一的，可以先行拘留：（一）正在预备犯罪、实行犯罪或者在犯罪后实时被发觉的；（二）被害人或者在场亲眼看见的人指认他犯罪的；（三）在身边或者住处发现有犯罪证据的；（四）犯罪后企图自杀、逃跑或者在逃的；（五）有毁灭、伪造证据或者串供可能的；（六）身份不明有流窜作案重大嫌疑的；（七）正在进行＂打砸抢＂和严重破坏工作、生产、社会秩序的。
第四十二条对于下列人犯，任何公民都可以立即扭送公安机关、人民检察院或者人民法院处理：（一）正在实行犯罪或者在犯罪后实时被发觉的；（二）通缉在案的；（三）越狱逃跑的；（四）正在被追捕的。
第四十三条公安机关拘留人的时候，必须出示拘留证。
拘留后，除有碍侦查或者无法通知的情形以外，应当把拘留的原因和羁押的处所，在二十四小时以内，通知被拘留人的家属或者他的所在单位。
第四十四条公安机关对于被拘留的人，应当在拘留后的二十四小时以内进行讯问。
在发现不应当拘留的时候，必须立即释放，发给释放证明。
对需要逮捕而证据还不充足的，可以取保候审或者监视居住。
第四十五条公安机关要求逮捕人犯的时候，应当写出提请批准逮捕书，连同案卷材料、证据，一并移送同级人民检察院审查批准。
必要时，人民检察院可以派人参加公安机关对于重大案件的讨论。
第四十六条人民检察院审查批准逮捕人犯由检察长决定。
重大案件应当提交检察委员会讨论决定。
第四十七条人民检察院对于公安机关提请批准逮捕的案件进行审查后，应当根据情况分别作出批准逮捕，不批准逮捕或者补充侦查的决定。
第四十八条公安机关对被拘留的人，认为需要逮捕的，应当在拘留后的三日以内，提请人民检察院审查批准。
在特殊情况下，提请审查批准的时间可以延长一日至四日。
人民检察院应当在接到公安机关提请批准逮捕书后的三日以内，作出批准逮捕或者不批准逮捕的决定。
人民检察院不批准逮捕的，公安机关应当在接到通知后立即释放，发给释放证明。
公安机关或者人民检察院如果没有按照前款规定办理，被拘留的人或者他的家属有权要求释放，公安机关或者人民检察院应当立即释放。
第四十九条公安机关对人民检察院不批准逮捕的决定，认为有错误的时候，可以要求复议，但是必须将被拘留的人立即释放。
第一章刑事诉讼法概述
第一章刑事诉讼法概述【引出案例1-1】甲和乙（16周岁）因故发生争斗，甲致乙受伤，并导致其神志不清。
公安机关的侦查人员通过讯问甲和询问案件发生时在场的丙，了解了案件发生时的情况。
为确定乙受伤害的状况，公安机关聘请丁对乙的伤情进行了鉴定，鉴定结果为严重脑震荡。
此案经人民检察院提起公诉，人民法院依法开庭审理。
审理时，乙的母亲向法庭提出请求，要求甲赔偿医疗费等费用。
问：1．公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院在处理本案时进行的讯问、询问、起诉、开庭审理等，属于什么活动？其特点是什么？2．规范公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院办案活动以及当事人等活动的法律依据是什么？其表现形式有哪些？【要点提示】在案例1-1中，公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院在处理案件时进行的讯问、询问、起诉、开庭审理等，属于刑事诉讼活动。
刑事诉讼有其特定含义和特征，且必须按照法定阶段次序进行。
规范刑事诉讼活动的法律，称为刑事诉讼法。
第一节刑事诉讼简述一、刑事诉讼的概念刑事诉讼是诉讼的一种。
从词义上说，“诉，告也”；“讼，争也”①。
诉讼就是原告对被告提出告诉，由裁判者解决双方争议的活动。
在中国古代，刑事案件称“狱”，办理刑事案件称“断狱”，《唐律》中就有《断狱》篇。
元代刑律《大元通制》开始以《诉讼》作为篇名，但其内容规定的是控告犯罪的有关问题，与现代意义上的诉讼不完全相同。
中国近代使用的“诉讼”、“刑事诉讼”等概念，于清末时期来自日本。
“诉讼”英语为Procedure、德语为Prozess、法语为Proces，都由拉丁语Procedere ①（东汉）许慎．说文解字转变而来，意思是向前推进、过程、程序。
诉讼法（Procedural Law），直译为程序法，因此，“诉讼”可以从两个层面上去理解：一是由原告、被告和裁判者为构成主体的活动；二是一系列不断向前推进的程序化活动。
根据解决的争议、纠纷的性质不同，现代诉讼可分为刑事诉讼、民事诉讼和行政诉讼三种。
中国法制建设的历程和发展趋势
人民代表大会制度逐步完善
首先，全国人大及其常委会会议正常举行。
其次，与人民代表大会制度有关的法律逐步 完善。
人大的作用得到了进一步发挥
司法机关得到了重建和加强
我国的检察机关是1978年开始重建的，到1997年， 全国已有各类检察院3846个，检察人员20982名。
1989 行政诉讼法 1990 行政复议条例 1994 国家赔偿法 1996 行政处罚法 1999 行政复议法 2000 立法法 2003 行政许可法
我国法律规范体系的宝塔形结构
宪法 法律 行政法规 地方性法规
部门规章和地方政府规章
一住户讨要“视觉卫生权”
乔占祥诉铁道部票价上浮案引起轰动
它们的合法性并服从它们，那种义务来自 这样一个事实：我是构成社会的成员之一 ，社会的法律就是我的法律，制定法律时 我出过力，如果法律是公正的，我可以引 以为荣，如果法律是不公正的，我继续有 义务为其改善而努力。
-----美国学者 科恩
英国学者哈特把守法的动机分为两 种，一种是出于自愿去接受和维护 法律规则，并以法律规则作为自己 行为的指导；一种是通过观察发现 如果不遵守法律规则可能会受到惩 罚，因而被迫服从法律。
财产拆迁、征收私人的不动产，应当按照国 家规定给予补偿。
开采矿藏必须经过行政部门许可
购买的商品房的土地使用期限是 70年。如果需要继续使用土地的 ，应在届满前一年申请续期。
三 对法制建设的几点思考
（一） 充分认识加强法制建设的重要意义
（二）加强法制，必须广泛发扬民主， 坚持和完善人民代表大会制度
（三）加强法制建设，依法治国， 建设 社会主义法治国家，必须全面抓
中国刑事诉讼模式之进程与改革
区域治理RULE OF LAW作者简介：傅宇星，生于2000年，本科，研究方向为个人信息保护。
中国刑事诉讼模式之进程与改革浙江财经大学法学院 傅宇星摘要：刑事诉讼模式主要分为弹劾式诉讼、纠问式诉讼和辩论式诉讼，辩论式诉讼逐渐演化为当事人主义和职权主义。
回顾职权主义和当事人主义两种主要的刑事诉讼模式，以及自1978年至2018年，中国刑事诉讼模式的演变和进程，围绕中国当下的刑事诉讼模式，学界主张各异，但总体上我国的刑事诉讼模式正历经从传统模式到现代模式的转型，其中存在一些现实问题，对于改革的方向也提出相关建议。
关键词：刑事诉讼模式；职权主义；当事人主义中图分类号：D915.3文献标识码：A文章编号：2096-4595（2020）45-0060-0002一、职权主义和当事人主义开启刑事诉讼的方式，可以分为国家追诉和私人追诉两种方式。
在刑事诉讼的历史中，私人追诉的方式又可以分为被害人追诉和公众追诉方式。
一方面，传统的私人追诉模式在英美法系国家的数个世纪的历史长河中，孕育出立法上的当事人主义模式，即争议事实的真相发现基本上留给当事人，法官扮演中立的被动的仲裁者。
另一方面，影响大陆法系国家刑事诉讼程序相当深远的是1532年的《加洛林纳治罪法典》，采行国家追诉为主、自诉为辅的追诉模式。
与英美法系中检察官属于一造当事人的地位略有不同，在大陆法系国家更为强调检察官是客观公正的法律守护人，检察官不是单纯而片面地追求打击犯罪的追诉人，而是负有客观性义务，对被告有利之事实和证据应予收集和上诉。
二、中国的刑事诉讼模式变迁过程：1979—2018年从1979年通过新中国第一部刑事诉讼法，到1996年和2012年刑事诉讼法“大修”，再到2018年刑事诉讼法“小修”，中国的刑事诉讼模式经历怎样的变迁，当下的中国刑事刑事诉讼模式为何，这都是理论界高度讨论的问题。
主要有以下几点观点：一是职权主义模式，在20世纪90年代职权主义和当事人主义模式被引介到中国之初，这些学者认为中国的刑事诉讼模式更注重犯罪控制价值和司法机关的职能发挥。
刑诉法226条讲了什么？
Quality is a matter of tutoring, and it has nothing to do with minors.整合汇编简单易用（页眉可删）刑诉法226条讲了什么？刑诉法第226条第二百二十六条【强迫交易罪】以暴力、威胁手段强买强卖商品、强迫他人提供服务或者强迫他人接受服务，情节严重的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处罚金。
刑讼法全名时刑事诉讼法，那么刑诉法226条是什么？365已经贴心地为您整理出来了，关于刑诉法226条的内容主要是关于强迫交易罪的法律条文相关。
强迫交易的行为也会分成三种，一种是强迫对方买商品，另一种就是强迫买对方的商品，再有就是关于服务的。
一、刑诉法226条是什么第二百二十六条【强迫交易罪】以暴力、威胁手段强买强卖商品、强迫他人提供服务或者强迫他人接受服务，情节严重的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处罚金。
条文注释本罪中的暴力指对他人实行殴打、捆绑等人身强制；威胁指以对他人伤害、杀害、毁坏财产、损害名誉等相恐吓，实行精神强制，使被害人不敢反抗。
强迫交易的行为表现为以下几种：其一，强买商品，一般指以不能为对方接受的低价格强迫对方出售商品；其二，强卖商品，一般指以不能为对方接受的高价格或者违反对方的欣赏习惯强迫对方购买其商品；其三，强迫他人提供服务，一般是强迫对方以无偿地或者以对方不能接受的低价格为其提供服务；其四，强迫他人接受服务，一般指以不能为对方接受的价格或者在对方不需要服务的情况下强迫其接受服务。
实施上述任何一种行为，情节严重的，如给对方造成损失或者违法所得数额较大的；屡教不改，影响恶劣的，等等，都构成本罪。
二、刑讼法中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法是为了保证刑法的正确实施，惩罚犯罪，保护人民，保障国家安全和社会公共安全，维护社会主义社会秩序，根据宪法，制定本法。
第五届全国人民代表大会第二次会议于1979年7月1日通过，自1979年7月1日起施行。
刑事诉讼法(英文版)
中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法（英文版）Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of ChinaCriminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China - 1996(Adopted by the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on July 1, 1979, and amended pursuant to the Decision on Amending the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China adopted by the Fourth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress on March 17, 1996)ContentsPart One General ProvisionsChapter I Tasks and Fundamental PrinciplesChapter II JurisdictionChapter III WithdrawalChapter IV Defense and RepresentationChapter V EvidenceChapter VI Compulsory MeasuresChapter VII Incidental Civil ActionsChapter VIII Time Periods and ServiceChapter IX Other ProvisionsPart Two Filing a Case, Investigation and Initiation of Public ProsecutionChapter I Filing a CaseChapter II InvestigationSection 1 General RulesSection 2 Interrogation of Crime SuspectsSection 3 Questioning of the WitnessesSection 4 Inquest and ExaminationSection 5 SearchSection 6 Seizure of Material Evidence and Documentary EvidenceSection 7 Expert EvaluationSection 8 Wanted OrdersSection 9 Conclusion of InvestigationSection 10 Investigations of Cases Directly Accepted by the People's ProcuratoratesChapter III Initiation of Public ProsecutionPart Three TrialChapter I Trial OrganizationsChapter II Procedure of First InstanceSection 1 Cases of Public ProsecutionSection 2 Cases of Private ProsecutionSection 3 Summary ProcedureChapter III Procedure of Second InstanceChapter IV Procedure for Review of Death SentenceChapter V Procedure for Trial SupervisionPart Four ExectionPart One General ProvisionsChapter I Tasks and Fundamental PrinciplesArticle 1Pursuant to the Constitution and for the purposes of guaranteeing the correct operation of the Criminal Law, punishing crime, protecting the public, safeguarding the security of the State and the public safety of society, and ensuring the socialist order, this Law is enacted.()Article 2The tasks of the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China shall be: to ensure accurate and prompt ascertainment of the facts of crimes, to correctly apply laws, to punish criminal offenders, to guarantee any innocent person from criminal prosecution, to educate citizens to voluntarily observe the law and actively struggle against criminal acts, so as to uphold the socialist legal system, to protect the citizens' rights of person, rights over their property, democratic rights and other rights, and to guarantee the smooth progress of the socialist modernization.()Article 3The public security organs shall be responsible for the investigation, detention, execution of arrests and pre-trial examination in connection with criminal cases. The people's procuratorates shall be responsible for the procuratorial work, the approving of arrests, and the investigation and initiation of public prosecution in connection with cases accepted directly by them. The people's courts shall be responsible for the trial. No other organ, organization or person shall have the rightto exercise such powers, unless the laws otherwise provide.()The people's courts, people's procuratorates and public security organs must, in conducting criminal proceedings, strictly adhere to this Law and the relevant provisions of other laws.()Article 4Subject to the provisions of the law, the State security organs shall handle criminal cases endangering the State security and exercise the same functions and powers as the public security organs.()Article 5The people's courts shall exercise independently the judicial powers as prescribed by the laws, the people's procuratorates shall exercise independently the procuratorial powers as prescribed by the laws, and they shall be free from any interference from any administrative organ, social organization or person.()Article 6The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs must, in conducting criminal proceedings, rely on the masses, stand on facts and under the laws. The law applies equally to all citizens, and no privilege whatsoever is permissible before the laws.()Article 7The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall, in conducting criminal proceedings, divide their functions and responsibilities, coordinate their efforts and check each other so as to ensure the correct and effective enforcement of the law.()Article 8The people's procuratorates shall exercise legal supervision over criminal proceedings according to law.()Article 9Citizens of any nationality shall have the right to use their respective native spoken and written language in the proceedings. The people's court, the people's procuratorate or the public security organ shall provide translations for any party to the proceedings who is not familiar with the local spoken or written language commonly used.()In a place where people of a minority nationality live in a concentrated community or where a number of nationalities co-inhabit, hearings shall be conducted in the spoken language commonly used in the said place, and judgments, notices and other documents shall be issued in the written language commonly used in the said place.()Article 10The people's courts shall, in trying cases, adopt the system whereby the second instance is final.()Article 11All hearings in the people's courts shall be public, unless this Law provides otherwise. The defendants shall have the right to have access to defense, and the people's courts shall be obliged to guarantee their access to defense.()Article 12Prior to a judgment rendered by the people's court according to law, no one may be convicted of guilty.()Article 13The people's courts shall, in trying cases, adopt the system of people's assessors taking part in trials in accordance with this Law.()Article 14The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall guarantee the rights to action for participants in the proceedings as they are so entitled according to law.()With regard to cases of crimes committed by minors under 18 years old, the legal representatives of the crime suspects and defendants may be notified to be present at the time of interrogation and trial.()Participants in proceedings shall have the right to file charges against judicial, procuratorial and investigating personnel whose acts have infringed upon the citizens' rights to action or have caused personal insult thereto.()Article 15Under any of the following circumstances, no criminal responsibility shall be investigated, or the case shall be dismissed if the criminal responsibility has already been investigated, or no prosecution shall be initiated, or the trial shall be arrested, or innocence shall be declared:1. where the circumstance is obviously minor, has caused no serious harm and shall not be deemed as a crime;2. where the time limitation for criminal prosecution of the crime has expired;3. where exemption of criminal punishment has been granted by a special amnesty order;4. where no complaint has been filed or the complaint has been withdrawn if the crime is to bedealt with only upon complaint according to the Criminal Law;5. where the crime suspect or defendant is deceased; or6. where exemption from investigation for criminal responsibility is so provided for by the law.()Article 16The provisions of this Law shall apply to foreigners who commit crimes for which criminal responsibility should be investigated.()With regard to foreigners with diplomatic privileges and immunities who commit crimes for which criminal responsibility should be investigated, such cases shall be settled by means of diplomatic channels.()Article 17Pursuant to international treaties to which the People's Republic of China has accredited or joined, or according to the principle of reciprocity, the judicial organs of our country and judicial organs of foreign countries may request from each other for criminal judicial assistance.()Chapter II JurisdictionArticle 18Criminal cases shall be investigated by the public security organs, unless the law otherwise provides.()The people's procuratorate shall file a case for investigation of a crime of embezzlement and bribery, crime of dereliction of duty by a State functionary, crime infringing upon the citizen's right of the person committed by a State functionary by abusing his power as illegal detention, extorting confessions by torture, reprisal and calumniation or illegal search, or crime infringing upon citizen's democratic right. With regard to any other serious criminal case committed by a State functionary by abusing his power, if it is necessary for the people's procuratorate to take cognizance of directly, the people's procuratorate may file the case for investigation upon the decision of the people's procuratorate at or above the provincial level.()Private cases shall be accepted by the people's courts directly.()Article 19The basic people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of first instance over ordinary criminal cases, with the exception of those falling under the jurisdiction of the people's courts at higher levels as provided for by this Law.()Article 20The intermediate people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of first instance over the following criminal cases:1. counter-revolutionary cases and cases jeopardizing the State security;2. ordinary criminal cases punishable by life imprisonment or the death sentence; and3. criminal cases in which the offenders are foreigners.()Article 21The high people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of first instance over major criminal cases that are of significance to an entire province (or municipality directly under the Central Government or autonomous region).()Article 22The Supreme People's Court shall have jurisdiction as the court of first instance over major criminal cases that are of significance to the whole country.()Article 23A people's court at the higher level may, when necessary, try a criminal case over which a people's court at the lower level shall have jurisdiction as the court of first instance; A people's court at the lower level which considers the circumstances of a criminal case of first instance to be major or complex and considers it to be appropriate to be tried by a people's court at the higher level may request that the case be transferred to the people's court at the next higher level for trial.()Article 24A criminal case shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court in the place where the crime was committed. If it is more appropriate for the people's court in the place where the defendant resides to try the case, that court may have jurisdiction over the case.()Article 25A criminal case under the jurisdiction of several people's courts at the same level shall be tried by the people's court that first accepted it. The case may, when necessary, be transferred to the people's court in the principal place where the crime was committed for trial.()Article 26A people's court at the higher level may appoint a people's court at the lower level to try a case over which jurisdiction is unclear, and may also instruct a people's court at the lower level to transfer the case to another people's court for trial.()Article 27The jurisdiction over cases in special people's courts shall be laid down separately.()Chapter III WithdrawalArticle 28Under any of the following circumstances, a member of the judicial, procuratorial or investigating personnel shall voluntarily withdraw from the case, and any party concerned and its legal representative shall have the right to demand his withdrawal:1. if he is a party to the case or a near relative of the party to the case;2. if he himself or his near relative has an interest in the case;3. if he has served as a witness, expert witness, defender or agent in the case; or4. if he has any other relations with any party to the case that could affect the fair handling of the case.()Article 29No member of the judicial, procuratorial and investigating personnel may accept any treat or gift from the parties and persons entrusted by the parties, and meet, in violation of regulations, any party or any person entrusted by the party.()Any member of the judicial, procuratorial or investigating personnel who violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, shall be investigated his legal responsibilities according to law. Any party and its legal representative shall have the right to demand his withdrawal.()Article 30The withdrawal of a member of the judicial, procuratorial and investigating personnel shall be decided respectively by the president of a court, the chief procurator or the person in charge of the public security organ; the withdrawal of the president of a court shall be decided by the judicial committee of the court; and the withdrawal of the chief procurator or the person in charge of the public security organ shall be decided by the procuratorial committee of the people's procuratorate at the same level.()Prior to a withdrawal decision made on an investigating personnel, he may not suspend the investigations into the case.()If a decision is made to reject the request for withdrawal, the party concerned or its legal representative may apply for one reconsideration.()Article 31The provisions of Articles 28, 29 and 30 of this Law shall also apply to court clerks, interpreters and expert witnesses.()Chapter IV Defense and RepresentationArticle 32In addition to exercising the right to defend himself, a crime suspect or defendant also may entrust one or two persons as his defender(s). The following persons may be entrusted to serve as defenders:1. lawyers;2. persons recommended by the people's organization or the unit to which the crime suspect or defendant belongs; and3. guardians and relatives and friends of crime suspects and defendants.()Persons still serving their criminal sentences or being deprived of or being restricted their freedom of the person according to law may not serve as defenders.()Article 33With regard to the case of public prosecution, the crime suspect shall have the right to appoint his defender as of the day on which the case is transferred for examination and prosecution. As for private cases, the defendants shall have the right to appoint their defendants at any time.()The people's procuratorate shall, within three days from the day on which the case files for examination and prosecution are received, inform the crime suspect his right to appoint the defender. The people's court shall, within three days from the day on which they decide to accept the private case, notify the defendant his right to appoint the defender.()Article 34With regard to a case in which the public prosecutor appears before the court to conduct a public prosecution, if the defendant has not yet entrusted any defender due to financial difficulty or any other reasons, the people's court may appoint a lawyer undertaking the duty of legal aid to provide defense thereto.()If a defendant is blind, deaf or mute, or is a minor, and has not entrusted a defender, the people's court shall designate a lawyer undertaking the duty of legal aid to provide defense thereto.()If a defendant could be sentenced to death, but has not entrusted a defender, the people's court shall designate a lawyer undertaking the duty of legal aid to provide defense thereto.()Article 35The responsibility of the defender shall be: to present, according to facts and the law, materials and opinions to prove the innocence or pettiness of the crime of the crime suspect or the defendant, or to prove to mitigate or exempt his criminal responsibility, and to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the crime suspect and the defendant.()Article 36A defense lawyer may, from the day on which the people's procuratorate begins to examine and prosecute the case, consult, make abstracts of or reproduce the indictment and technical appraisal materials of the case, may meet and correspond with the crime suspect in custody. Any other defender, with permission of the people's procuratorate, also may consult, make abstracts of or reproduce the aforesaid materials, and meet and correspond with the crime suspect in custody.()A defense lawyer may, from the day on which the people's court accepts to hear the case, consult, make abstracts of or reproduce the materials of the facts of the crime charged against in the case, may meet and correspond with the defendant in custody. Any other defender, with permission of the people's court, also may consult, make abstracts of or reproduce the aforesaid materials, and meet and correspond with the defendant in custody.()Article 37A defense lawyer may, with the consent of the witness or any other unit or person concerned, gather therefrom materials related to the case, also may apply to the people's procuratorate or people's court to gather therefrom and order for evidence, or apply to the people's court to notify the witness to appear before the court to testify.()A defense lawyer, with permission of the people procuratorate or the people's court and with the consent of the victim or his near relative and the consent of the witnesses provided by the victim, may gather therefrom materials related to the case.()Article 38A defense lawyer or any other defender may not help a crime suspect or defendant to collude to make his confessions tally, or to conceal, destroy or make false evidence, may not coerce or induce the witness to change his testimony or to make false testimony or to conduct any act that interrupts the prosecution activities of the judicial organ.()If any person violates a provision of the preceding paragraph, legal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.()Article 39In the course of trial, a defendant may refuse to have his defender continue to defend him, and also may entrust his defense to another defender.()Article 40A victim and his legal representative or near relative of a public prosecution case and the partiesand their legal representatives of incidental civil proceedings shall have the right to entrust agents ad litem from the day on which the case is transferred for examination and prosecution. A private prosecutor and his legal representative of a private prosecution case and the parties and their legal representatives of incidental civil proceedings shall have the right to entrust their agents ad litem at any time.()The people's procuratorate shall, within three days from the day on which the case files for examination and prosecution are received, notify the victim and his legal representative or near relative and the parties and their legal representatives of incidental civil proceedings their rights to entrust agents ad litem. The people's court shall, within three days from the day on which it decides to accept the private case, notify the private prosecutor and his legal representative and the parties and their legal representatives of incidental civil proceedings their rights to entrust agents ad litem.()Article 41The entrustment of agents ad litem shall be governed with the reference to the provisions of Article 32 of this Law.()Chapter V EvidenceArticle 42All facts that prove the true circumstances of a case shall be evidence.()Evidence includes the following seven categories:1. material or documentary evidence;2. testimony of witnesses;3. statements of victims;4. statements and apologia of the crime suspects and defendants;5. conclusions of expert witnesses;6. written records of inquests and examination; and7. video and audio materials.()Any of the above-listed evidences must be verified to be true before it can be used as the basis for settling the case.()Article 43Judicial, procuratorial and investigating personnel must, in accordance with the statutoryprocedures, gather various kinds of evidences that can be used to prove the guilt or innocence of crime suspects and defendants and the gravity of the crimes. It shall be strictly forbidden to extort confessions by torture or to collect evidences by coercion, inducement, deceit or any other unlawful means. It must be guaranteed that all citizens who are involved in a case or who have information about the case to objectively and fully provide evidence, and with the exception of special circumstances, they may be brought in to assist the investigations.()Article 44Warrants of arrest submitted for approval by the public security organs, the bills of prosecution by the people's procuratorates and judgments rendered by the people's courts must be faithful to facts. Any one who intentionally conceals facts shall be investigated for responsibility.()Article 45The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall have the power to gather and obtain evidences from relevant units and persons. Units and persons involved shall provide evidence truthfully.()Evidences involving State secrets shall be kept confidential.()Any one who falsifies, conceals or destroys an evidence, regardless of which side of a case he belongs to, must be investigated and brought before the law.()Article 46In settling any case, stress and emphasis must be given to evidences, investigation and study, and oral confessions shall not be readily depended on. Any defendant cannot be found guilty and sentenced to criminal punishment if there is only his statement but no other evidence to support; Notwithstanding, a defendant still may be found guilty and sentenced to criminal punishment if evidences are sufficient and reliable, even without his statement.()Article 47The testimony of witnesses must be questioned and cross-examined in the courtroom by the public prosecutor, the victim, the defendant and the defenders, should the testimonies of witnesses of all sides have been heard and verified can they be used as the basis for settling the case. If the court finds through investigation that a witness has intentionally given false testimony or concealed a criminal evidence, it shall deal with the matter according to law.()Article 48Every person who has information about a case shall have the duty to testify.()Persons with physical or mental defects, minors who cannot distinguish right from wrong or persons who cannot properly express themselves shall be disqualified as witnesses.()Article 49The people's courts, the people's procuratorates and the public security organs shall guarantee the safety of witnesses and their near relatives.()Where a threat, insult, beating or revenge committed against the witness or his near relative constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law; if the circumstance is not yet subjected to criminal punishment, a penalty of public security management may be meted out thereto according to law.()Chapter VI Compulsory MeasuresArticle 50The people's court, the people's procuratorate and the public security organ may, in light of the circumstances of a case, issue a warrant to compel the appearance of the crime suspect or defendant, release him upon bail pending trial or subject him to residential surveillance.()Article 51Under any of the following circumstances, the people's court, the people's procuratorate and the public security organ may subject the crime suspect or defendant to release upon bail pending trial or to residential surveillance:1. if he could be sentenced to punishment of control, criminal detention or could be subjected to accessory punishment separately; or2. if a sentence at or above termed imprisonment could be meted out thereto and the adoption of the release upon bail pending trial or residential surveillance would not likely cause the occurrence of a social danger.()The release upon bail pending trial and residential surveillance shall be executed by the public security organ.()Article 52Crime suspects and defendants already taken into custody, their legal representatives and near relatives shall have the right to apply for their release upon bail pending trial.()Article 53When a people's court, people's procuratorate and public security organ decide to grant the release upon bail pending trial to a crime suspect or defendant, they shall order him to provide a guarantor or deposit a security.()Article 54A guarantor must satisfy the following requirements:1. being not related to the present case;2. being capable of executing the obligation and responsibility under the guarantee;3. enjoying political rights, and freedom of the person not being restricted; and4. having a permanent domicile and regular income.()Article 55A guarantor must be under the following duties:1. supervising the guaranteed in observing the provisions of Article 56 of this Law;2. reporting without delay to the executing organ when he finds that the guaranteed is likely to commit or has already committed an act in violation of a provision of Article 56 of this Law.()Where the guaranteed has an act in violation of a provision of Article 56 of this Law, but the guarantor fails to make a prompt report, a fine shall be imposed on the guarantor, if a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.()Article 56A crime suspect or defendant being released upon bail pending trial must observe the following provisions:1. may not leave the city or county in which he resides without approval of the executing organ;2. shall appear before the court whenever being summoned;3. may not interrupt in any manner the witness to testify; and4. may not destroy or falsify any evidence or collude to make confession tally.()If a crime suspect or defendant being released upon bail pending trial violates a provision of the preceding paragraph and has already deposited a security, the security shall be confiscated, and in light of different circumstances, he shall be instructed to write a statement of repentance, deposit a security or provide a guarantor again, or be subject to residential surveillance or be arrested. If the crime suspect or defendant did not violate the provisions of the preceding paragraph during the period of release upon bail pending trial, the security shall be returned when the period ends.()Article 57A crime suspect or defendant being placed under residential surveillance must observe the following provisions:1. may not leave the residence without approval of the executing organ, or may not leave the designated residence without approval if he does not have a permanent domicile;2. may not meet any other person without approval of the executing organ;3. shall appear before the court whenever being summoned;4. may not interrupt in any manner the witness to testify; and5. may not destroy or falsify any evidence or collude to make confession tally.()A crime suspect or defendant being placed under residential surveillance who violates a provision of the preceding paragraph shall be arrested under a serious circumstance.()Article 58The maximum period for release upon bail pending trial granted by the people's court, people's procuratorate and public security organ may not exceed 12 months, and the maximum period for residential surveillance may not exceed six months.()During the period of release upon bail pending trial or residential surveillance, the investigations, prosecution and trial of the case may not be suspended. If it has been found that no criminal responsibility shall be investigated or the time limit for release upon bail pending trial or residential surveillance has expired, it shall be discharged promptly. In that case the person being released upon bail pending trial or placed under residential surveillance as well as the relevant units shall be promptly notified thereof.()Article 59An arrest of a crime suspect or a defendant must be approved by a people's procuratorate or decided by a people's court, and shall be executed by a public security organ.()Article 60When facts prove that a crime suspect or defendant has committed a crime and he could be sentenced to a criminal punishment of not less imprisonment, and if such measures as releasing upon bail pending trial or placing under residential surveillance would not be sufficient to prevent the occurrence of danger to society and an arrest is necessary, the crime suspect or defendant shall be arrested without delay according to law.()A crime suspect or defendant being arrested who is suffering from serious illness or is a pregnant woman or a woman breast-feeding her own baby may be allowed to be subjected to such measures as release upon bail pending trial or residential surveillance.()Article 61Under any of the following circumstances, a public security organ may initially detain an active。
李化伟案：见证“疑罪从有”到“疑罪从无”
李化伟案：见证“疑罪从有”到“疑罪从无”————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：李化伟案：见证“疑罪从有”到“疑罪从无”-法律李化伟案：见证“疑罪从有”到“疑罪从无”30年前发生在辽宁的一起杀人案让一名无辜者——被害人的丈夫被判死缓。
判决执行16年后，被害人的丈夫被认定无罪获释并获国家赔偿。
这个过程，也是我国《刑事诉讼法》逐渐变得科学、严密的过程。
文／王秀敏1986年，当大街小巷流行着崔建嘶哑嗓音喊出的摇滚歌曲《一无所有》时，辽宁省大石桥市的李化伟才23岁。
这一年，他几乎到了一无所有的境地——不但失去了新婚的妻子，还失去了人身自由。
妻子遇害——丈夫遭嫌疑被判死缓1986年10月29日，李化伟的妻子在家中遇害身亡，颈部、腹部被砍数刀。
李化伟因有重大嫌疑被逮捕。
当时，案件唯一的证据是从李化伟的衬衣上提取到他的妻子留下的喷溅型血迹。
一般情况下，人活着的时候，血液才会从伤口里喷射出来，形成喷溅型血迹。
当地公安局据此推断，当死者受伤出血尚未死亡的时候，李化伟在现场。
因此，他衬衣的领口上才会有喷溅型血迹。
李华伟究竟是不是凶手？他会面临什么样的审判？审判应该走什么样的程序？这涉及《刑事诉讼法》的相关规定。
我国第一部《刑事诉讼法》是1979年颁布的。
此后，我国刑事诉讼司法改革一直没有停止。
改革会给一些案件带来决定性的影响，包括李化伟案。
李化伟始终坚称自己没有杀害自己的妻子。
同时，在现场发现的凶器菜刀上，警方提取了一枚指纹。
这枚指纹既不是李化伟的，也不是他的家人的，同样的指纹还留在碗柜、录音机上。
与此同时，警方还从炕上提取了41~ 42码的布鞋足迹。
但是，当地公安局无法确定这些痕迹到底是谁留下的，又是如何留下的。
据当时命案侦查组组长孙文龙回忆：“当时提取的指纹肯定不是李化伟的，这个足迹是何人留下的，到最后也没有解释清楚，包括我在内。
中国证据法40年读后感
中国证据法40年读后感在当代中国，1978年是值得铭记的一个年份。
这一年，党的十一届三中全会胜利召开，不仅宣告了我国改革开放新时代的到来，而且提出了加强社会主义法制的任务，标志着我国法治建设的扬帆起航。
在加强法制建设的大背景下，与其他法学学科一样，证据法学学科也开始恢复重建。
40年过去，伴随着依法治国的全面推进和巨大进步，我国证据法律制度基本形成，证据法学呈现出繁荣发展的局面。
总结我国证据法学过去40年的发展历程、规律、意义，展望其未来走向，具有承前启后的特殊意义。
目前，回顾总结证据法学发展历程的文献，大多是用一些抽象的词概括各阶段证据法学的总体发展特点，包括证据立法、制度、理论研究、学科建设等内容，比如，有的将我国证据制度40年历程分为恢复重建、初步形成、快速发展等三个时期，有的将证据法学科建设30年历程分为重建、发展和繁盛三个时期。
这类总结性文献有利于我们全面了解证据法学的发展变化情况，但由于其没有按照证据法的理论基础来呈现证据法的发展历程，缺乏逻辑主线，因而不利于我们清晰了解证据法学的发展规律和展望其未来走向。
鉴于证据属性是证据法学的“本体论”问题，是构建证据制度的理论基础，本文试图以证据属性为逻辑主线，描述过去40年我国证据法学的发展规律。
本文论证的命题是:改革开放以来，证据“客观说”在相当长一段时间内主导着我国证据法学的发展，不仅扭曲了证据理论，而且给立法和司法实践带来了严重后果，不过，自1996年以后，理论界和实务界对证据属性的认识出现了由执迷于客观性到接受证据相关性的转型趋势。
这一转型趋势的出现有复杂的成因和重要法治意义，并对我国证据法学的未来发展产生深刻影响。
二、证据“客观说”占主导地位的阶段：1978—1996 年1978年召开的党的十一届三中全会确立了“实事求是，解放思想”的路线，摒弃了过去以“阶级斗争为纲”的错误。
在这一背景下，20世纪60年代开始的一场围绕证据是否具有“阶级属性”的争论也就此终结。
新刑诉法172条内容有哪些？
新刑诉法172条内容有哪些？第一百七十二条：自诉案件的特殊结案方式，人民法院对自诉案件，可以进行调解；自诉人在宣告判决前，可以同被告人自行和解或者撤回自诉。
本法第一百七十条第三项规定的案件不适用调解。
刑诉法即中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法，应用于刑事案件，具有强制性。
2018年3月对旧的刑诉法进行了修订，完善和升级。
不过对于其具体内容许多人不甚了解，就难以做到懂法，所以下面让我们跟随小编来了解一下新刑诉法172条的具体内容。
▲刑事诉讼法的修订(1979年7月1日第五届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过，根据1996年3月17日第八届全国人民代表大会第四次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的决定》第一次修正，根据2012年3月14日第十一届全国人民代表大会第五次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的决定》第二次修正)▲刑事诉讼法第172条原文第一百七十二条人民检察院认为犯罪嫌疑人的犯罪事实已经查清，证据确实、充分，依法应当追究刑事责任的，应当作出起诉决定，按照审判管辖的规定，向人民法院提起公诉，并将案卷材料、证据移送人民法院。
即有证据证明发生了犯罪事实，有证据证明犯罪事实是犯罪嫌疑人实施的，证明嫌疑人事实犯罪行为的证据已有查证属实的▲刑事诉讼法释义：第172条第一百七十二条【自诉案件的特殊结案方式】人民法院对自诉案件，可以进行调解;自诉人在宣告判决前，可以同被告人自行和解或者撤回自诉。
本法第一百七十条第三项规定的案件不适用调解。
▲条文注释本条规定了自诉案件的特殊结案方式。
不同于公诉案件，人民法院对自诉案件可以调解，通过对双方进行说服和教育，使之达成解决纠纷的协议。
自诉人也可以在判决宣告之前，同被告人自行协商取得和解或撤回起诉。
但是，由于公诉转自诉案件是公安机关或者检察机关不恪守职责，应当进行侦查起诉而没有侦查起诉的案件，人民法院如不依法处理，会造成不良影响，不利于惩罚犯罪和维护法律的公正性、严肃性。
关于论控审分离原则
关于论控审分离原则论控审分离原则，进而提出构建合理的控审分离制度构架的建议。
控审分离原则是现代刑事诉讼普遍遵循的原则，也是现代刑事诉讼文明、民主、科学的重要标志。
我国1979年的《刑事诉讼法》和1996年修订的《刑事诉讼法》尽管没有明确规定控审分离原则，但都在一定程度上体现了这一原则。
但对于这一原则的规定还不够彻底，还有很多程序的规定与控审分离原则的精神相悖离。
这种状况不仅不符合程序正义的要求，也不利于保障被追诉人的人权，甚至会导致司法权威的下降，阻碍我国法治的进程。
为此，本文对我国刑事诉讼程序设计中的控审不分问题及其原因进行分析，提出解决控审不分问题的对策，为我国正在进行的刑事司法改革提供一些建议。
一、控审分离原则概述(一)控审分离原则的涵义控审分离原则早在奴隶社会审判活动中就已经确立，一度为封建纠问式诉讼所抛弃，在资产阶级反封建革命中重新得到确认，成为现代刑事诉讼活动的重要原则。
控审分离原则主要包括以下内容：1、控诉职能和审判职能分别由国家不同专门机关承担。
控诉职能主要由检察机关承担，审判职能由审判机关承担。
检察机关行使控诉权，审判机关行使审判权。
检察机关不能分享审判权、审判机关也不能分割控诉权。
控诉权和审判权的独立性应受到同等的保护。
2、审判以起诉为前提，未经起诉的案件，法院不得径行判决，即不告不理。
它是控审分离原则的核心。
不告不理包括程序和实体上的双重内容。
程序上，体现在控诉权作为一种请求法院对被告人进行审判并追究其刑事责任的请求权，在发动审判程序上具有主动性。
相对于控诉权来说，依赖于审判程序发挥其功能的审判权的行使具有被动性。
在实体上，包括对人的效力和对事的效力两方面。
对人的效力方面，审判只限于起诉书中载明的犯罪嫌疑人;对事的方面，审判只限于起诉书中载明的犯罪事实。
也就是说，法院对起诉书中载明的内容才能审理和判决，因为作为国家利益的代表，司法机关在刑事诉讼过程中要通过行使司法权保障刑罚权行使，国家放弃自己的义务将不仅是一种放任行为，而且是一种犯罪行为(注1)对于虽在庭审过程中发现，但未被指控的犯罪嫌疑人或犯罪事实，只要检察机关或自诉人及法定代理人未追加，审判机关不得自动将其归于审判权适用范围内。
刑事诉讼法再修改的基本理念与主要内容.
刑事诉讼法再修改的基本理念与主要内容安徽师范大学法学院副教授奚玮尊敬的各位法官:大家好!非常高兴有这样一个机会与大家共同学习、交流。
我今天所讲的题目是“刑事诉讼法再修改的基本理念与主要内容”。
现行刑事诉讼法从1979年的164个条文,到1996年的225个条文,法律条文的规定显得非常简单、概括、抽象,因为数量少,所以满足不了刑事诉讼的需要,实践中也缺乏可操作性。
因而就产生公安机关有自己的规定、人民检察院有自己的规则、人民法院有自己的解释。
这些规定、规则和解释中,程序与程序、程序与规则、程序与原则、制度与规则之间冲突碰撞,缺乏有机衔接与制度配套。
而且,有些法律条文本身也缺乏科学性。
为了维护法治权威,增强刑事诉讼程序的可操作性,亟需由国家最高权力机关通过立法的方式增添和修改法律条文。
更为重要的是,与1996年刑事诉讼法修改的历史背景相比,中国社会各个方面发生了很大的变化,其中有几个因素对刑事诉讼法的再修改有重大影响:一方面是两次“修宪”的影响。
具有“应用宪法”之称的刑事诉讼法应当在宪法修正之后与之俱进,通过修改积极彰显宪法的精神,落实宪法的要求,保障宪法的实施。
另一方面是执政理念的变化。
贯彻落实科学发展观、构建和谐社会已经成为时代的主旋律,成为执政的新理念。
在刑事司法领域,党和国家明确提出要实施“宽严相济的刑事司法政策”,为在刑事司法领域中推动“社会和谐”指引了方向。
第三,我国于1998年签署了《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》。
我国《刑事诉讼法》的现有规定与上述两个公约的有关要求相比,显然还存在一定的差距和不足,因此在刑事诉讼法再修改时需要参照国际人权公约中的相关内容对我国的刑事诉讼制度和程序予以进一步完善。
第四,2005年我国批准了《联合国反腐败公约》,该公约从实体与程序两个方面对各缔约国的反腐败工作提出了新的要求,这同样需要对我国《刑事诉讼法》中的相应条款进行修改以贯彻落实该公约的要求。