机械电子工程专业英语翻译
第一篇 机械元件 尽管如此简单，但是任何一台机器都是由每个单一的部分象机械元件或零件所组合成的。因此，如果一台机器被完全地拆卸开，就会看到一堆简单的零件，例如螺母、螺栓、弹簧、齿轮、凸轮和轴——所有机器的标准组件构成单元，都执行了确切的功能和其它机械元素的有效结合。有时，某些零件是成对关联的，象螺母和螺栓，或是键和轴。在其它的实例中，一堆机械元件组合装配在一起，例如轴承、联轴器和离合器。 大多数的机械元素的实例是一个齿轮，基本上，是一个蜗轮和一个蜗杆结合成一对啮合齿轮。这个齿轮的旋转运动在轮毂或是轴上，驱动其他的齿轮运动，更快或更慢些，这取决于基轮的齿数。制造齿轮的材料决定了它的强度和齿轮表面的硬度，也尽可能地决定了它的尺寸。它在外形的改变促成了不同的用途。这些应用，就和在大多数的机械元件中一样，已经发展形成许多的标准形式例如直齿圆柱齿轮、圆锥齿轮、斜齿轮和蜗轮。每一种这样形式齿轮的生产制造及其用途都必须建立在特殊科技发展的基础上。 其它重要的机械零件已经从轮子和杆件基础上演变。轮子上必须配有可进行旋转运动的轴。轮子通过键被固定在轴上，然后轴通过联轴器与其他的轴相连。轴被放置在轴承中，比如滑动轴承、球轴承或滚柱轴承。轴可以通过一个离合器分开或制动器停止。它可以通过安装有一根平带，一根V带或是一根锁链的皮带轮或链轮而转动，同时联接它到另一根轴的皮带轮或链轮上。支撑结构将会通过螺栓或铆钉装配在一起，或是被焊在一起。这些机械零件确定的功用依赖于结构受力和被使用材料的强度有关的知识。在设计中，计算必须考虑在简化结构中材料和其受力相适合。 其他的机械零件也已经发展了，它们在结构上的功能更特别。被普遍利用的机械零件已经被发展成为标准设计。制造业的专家们已专注于标准零件的发展，他们大批量地生产这些零件，并且在减少成本的同时拥有很高的水准。 这门课程“机械零件”，作为工程学的一个分支，在机械生产制造的环境的基础上，概述了零件设计的方法、准则和标准，目的是，给予它们最有利的形式和尺寸，选择确定必需的材料，精确度和表面光洁度，供给适当的制造环境。与此同时，对于设计师而言，一个主要的任务应是确保材料尽可能的经济。 第二篇 齿轮 齿轮是直接接触的传动机构，它们通常成对生产，传递运动和力从一个旋转轴到另一个，或从一根轴到一个齿条，这都依靠于齿形的啮合设计。 当一个齿轮拥有笔直且平行于轴线的轮齿时，它就被称为直齿圆柱齿轮。一个直齿圆柱齿轮仅可以用来联接平行轴。平行轴，尽管如此，也能通过其它类型的齿轮相联接，而且，一个直齿圆柱齿轮可以与一个不同类型的齿轮紧密配合。 由于紧密配合的一对齿轮的节圆之间发生相对滚动，所以在它们之间的齿距必须相等。齿距因为分度圆而被知晓，它是轮齿尺寸的一个参数，指的是相邻轮齿在节圆上对应点之间的距离。 为了预防由于润滑油的热膨胀而造成卡住，和对在制造过程中形成的不可避免的误差进行补偿，所有的传动齿轮之间必然会有强烈的撞击。这就意味着，在相互啮合的一对齿轮的节圆上，小齿轮的齿侧间隙必须大于大齿轮的齿厚，反之亦然。在仪表齿轮上，相互间的撞击可以通过从中间断裂的齿轮而被消除，这种齿轮的一半和其它的齿轮保持相互旋转的运动。一根发条使破裂的轮齿受力，从而占有小齿轮的所有间隙。 如果一个渐开线直齿轮由橡胶制造，均匀的扭转，以至于尾部相对于与其他有关联的轴有旋转，那么轮齿开始是直的且平行于轴线，到后来会变成斜的。然后这个齿轮将会变成一个斜齿轮。 斜齿轮拥有一定的优势；例如当连接并行轴时，与和它一样的齿数、切削刀具的直齿圆柱齿轮相比，它们有较高的承载能力。正由于轮齿之间的啮合传动，所以齿轮在运转时是平稳的，能够运转在比直齿轮更高的线速度下。线速度是节圆的速度。因为轮齿弯向旋转中心轴线，所以斜齿轮产生轴的运动。如果被单独使用，这种猛冲会直接加载在轴承上。重载撞击的问题可以通过在间隙处切削两部分相对斜齿的方式解决。依靠这种制造方法，齿轮会成为具有连续轮齿的人字形样式，或是一种双斜齿轮，在其两半部分之间有间隙，可以允许刀具自由进出。 斜齿轮也被利用于连接不平行的，不相交的轴，与此轴成任何角度。90°是齿轮使用的最广泛的角度。当轴线是平行的，在啮合齿轮上轮齿之间的接触是线接触，不管轮齿是直的还是斜的。当轴线是成角度的，接触便成为点接触。正因如此，相交轴线的斜齿轮并没有像平行轴线的直齿轮那样拥有更大的承载能力。它们相比较而言不受未对准的影响，但是，它们在仪表和定位装置中是频繁使用的，此时摩擦力是阻碍它们运动的唯一的力。 具上所言，适用于平行轴线的齿轮的关于滚动节圆的概念，并不适合于不平行的，不相交的轴线。这意味着，在一对齿轮上高的速率，比如100，当轴是相交的，比起当它是并行时更容易获得。要是为平行轴线，那么齿轮将会有一个不切实际的直径。要是为相交轴，齿轮可以拥有唯一的斜齿，或螺纹，且对于足够的强度尽可能的大。这种小齿轮就像是一个螺钉，而副齿轮则拥有100个轮齿。 为了达到线接触和改善相交轴的斜齿轮的承载能力，齿轮某种程度上采用和螺母包围螺钉一样的方式。结果也就是圆柱齿轮和蜗轮。蜗轮加工制造成沙漏的形状，代替圆柱形，以便它们部分的包住齿轮。这样的结果便是拥有了更高的承载能力。 由于在轮齿上产生附加的滑行运动，无论怎样，蜗轮产生比并行轴齿轮更容易获得的简单的传动方式。正因为它们的类似性，蜗轮和齿轮的效率取决于和螺钉一样相同的因素。多重螺纹的蜗轮拥有更大的牵引角和更高的效率。对于有15°牵引角和低于0.15摩擦系数的摩擦力而言，效率的变化范围从大约55%到95%，而且，齿轮能够带动蜗轮。如此的单位促成了点速度的增加，它们被利用于驱动飞机引擎上的超大电机。在自锁的蜗轮中，齿轮不能驱动蜗轮，而且效率低于50%。 锥齿轮被普遍地应用于在一定的角度内传输旋转运动和扭转力。轴线如果延伸将相交的连接轴，通常（但不是必须的）与另一个轴互成直角。锥齿轮的斜表面是滚动的，被切去顶端的圆锥体，在齿厚和齿高上逐渐变小的轮齿，通常是直的或是弯曲的。虽然曲形轮齿的锥齿轮被称为螺旋伞齿轮，但是轮齿的曲线通常是一种圆弧。轮齿的弯曲导致了重叠的齿形，和比直齿更为平稳的动力传输。为了得到高的速度和扭转力，螺旋伞齿轮优越于直齿锥齿轮，大体上与斜齿轮用于连接并行轴时优越于正齿轮一样。 当改为不相交轴的时候，螺旋伞齿轮被称为偏轴伞齿轮。这些齿轮的斜表面不是圆锥形，而且它们的分度圆直径不相等。因此，小齿轮会有很少的齿，而且加工制造尽可能的大用来承受载荷。这允许有比相交轴更高的速率，正如具有相交轴线的斜齿轮和蜗轮一样能够供给比平行轴的斜齿轮更高的速率。成比例的光滑表面要求的不存在是有益的。 偏轴伞齿轮被利用在汽车上用来连接主动轴和从动轴。在主动轴上的小齿轮的轴线在从齿轮轴线的下方，这可使轴的低点不相交，几个齿轮轴会被驱动，从在简单的小齿轮轴上被配好的小齿轮，当在卡车的串联式轮轴中。 第三篇 带轮和带 带传动被广泛的应用于传输功率和作为机床上变速的一种方式。 在简单的两轮被互相带动的带传动中，其中的一个是主动的，另一个是从动的。被安装在发动机轴上的带轮就是主动带轮。被带动的轮子就被称为从动带轮。如果主、从动带轮是同样的尺寸，即拥有一样的直径，那么两个轮子将以同样的速度转动。尽管如此，假如主动轮是从动轮尺寸的两倍，从动轮或更小的带轮，将以较大带轮或是主动轮两倍的速度进行旋转运动。从这个例子中，我们得到了带轮越小则转速越大，带轮越大则转速越慢这样的基本准则。 另外还有，带轮尺寸与主动轮和从动轮之间传输的功率大小有关。例如，当一个小的主动带轮带动一个大的从动带轮时，我们则可以在从动轮上获得更大的功率。 在机床上有常用的四种基本带传动方式。它们是： 平带轮和平带 这是最原始的和最简单的带轮和带的方式。带轮是一个单一的轮，或是有三或四个不同的直径。一个拥有三四个基本直径的整体式带轮被称为锥齿轮。实际上，带轮不是平的。它是中间稍大，两头渐缩的轮子。我们通常称它为crowned pulley。带轮在中间处造以较大的直径，因为平带通常往轮子的最高处滑动。 平带用于连接任何一对中间距离大的轴，最常用于连接平行轴。当轴不是平行时，它将承受带轮更大的载荷，相比平行轴而言。带轮必须被安装好，让它的中心线和轴线相平行；否则，带将脱落。为了适应这种需求，可以利用惰轮来引导皮带。 然而成功的利用钢带的摩擦传动，有许多种材料，如皮革、橡胶、纤维、橡胶布或强化塑料。皮革是最广泛利用的皮带材料。 V带和带轮 这种带轮有允许一根V带精确装入到沟槽中。V带是无头带（是一整根），与沟槽的边缘相接触，而非底部。它们运行得比平带更为平稳，通常被大量利用于高速机械中。 V带可以一根或多根同时使用。对于一些大尺寸的带的一束，从1个到14个沟槽，作为标准制造单元都是可能的。由于在沟槽中的楔紧作用，V带需要承受的张力比平带要小。这会减小在轴和轴承上的所受载荷。 V带更适用于小中心距的传动。当速率大于3：1时，V带传动的优势不经利用大的和贵的在低速轴上的带槽带轮即可获得。这就是我们所知的带传动，它由一个小的槽轮、一个大的平带轮和一套V带组成。因为相当大的速率，在大带轮上的包角是很大的，甚至没有沟槽，在皮带上的摩擦力将是相等的，或者大于小槽轮上的摩擦力。V带传动被经常地用在冲床上，在发动机上的槽轮和飞轮（with an uncrowned cylindrical periphery）用作从动轮。 尽管可用的V带的横截面的形状几乎都是标准的，但是结构零件的构成和它们在横截面上的分布并不是。然而，大多数的V带是按这样的方式构成的，弯曲应变被柔性材料所承受，同时传输的载荷被更强硬的材料来承受，位于中间平面处，在此处没有弯曲应变。
电子信息与通信工程专业英语课文翻译1.4
基础电子学电子学衍生于对电力的研究和应用，是工程学和应用物理学的领域。
电力涉及力的产生，传输与使用金属导体。
电子学利用电子不同的运动方式及通过供气材料，如硅与锗等半导体，其他设备如太阳能电池，LED，微波激射器，激光及微波管等实现。
电子学应用于包括广播、雷达、电视、卫星系统传输，导航辅助设备系统，控制系统，空间探测设备，微型设备如电子表，许多电气设备和电脑等方面。
1.电子学的开端电子学的历史始于20世纪，包括三个关键元素：真空管，晶体管和集成电路。
19世纪早期是理论和发明取得重大发展的时代。
发现了红外线和紫外线。
道尔顿在1808年提出了原子理论。
在1840年之前就发现了热电效应、电解效应和光电效应。
20年之间相继产生了工作在低压下的放电管，辉光放电，新型电池及早期的扩音器。
因此，在1800—1875年之间，发现了基本的物理现象，电话，留声机，麦克风及扬声器等在实际应用中达到了极致。
至于19世纪末期，无线电报，磁记录，阴极射线示波器等都被发明了。
20世纪早期也见证了现代电子技术的开端。
1880年爱迪生发明了白炽灯成为现代电子领域的历史先驱者。
他发现有微弱的电流从加热的灯丝流向真空管内附着的金属板。
这就是众所周知的“爱迪生效应”。
如果使用了一个非电器的热源，注意到电池仅是必要的用来加热灯丝使电子移动。
1904年，约翰利用爱迪生效应发明了二极管，李.德.佛列思特紧接着在1906年发明了三极管。
这些真空管设备使电子能源控制的放大及传输成为可能。
20世纪初真空管的引入使现代电子学快速成长。
采用真空管让信号的控制成为可能，这是早期的电报电话电路不可能实现的，也是早期用高压电火花产生无线电波的发射机所不能实现的。
电子管首先应用于无线通信。
Guglielmo Marconi于1896年开辟了无线电报的发展，于1901年实现了远距离广播交流。
早期的收音机包括了无线电报（摩尔斯电码信号传输）或收音机电话（语音留言）。
电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 17 译文
Unit 17 计算机和网络Unit 17-1第一部分：计算机的进展计算机和信息技术的进展计算机和信息技术的诞生可以追溯到许多世纪以前。
数学的发展引起了计算工具的发展。
据说17世纪法国的Blaise Pascal构建了第一台计算机。
在19世纪，常被推崇为计算之父的英国人Charles Babbage设计了第一台“分析机”。
该机器有一个机械的计算“工厂”，类似于19世纪早期的提花织布机，采用穿孔卡片来存储数字和处理要求。
Ada Lovelace和他（Charles Babbage）致力于设计并提出了指令序列的概念——程序。
到1871年Babbage逝世，这台机器还没有完成。
将近一个世纪以后，随着电子机械计算机的发展（程序）这一概念再次出现。
1890年，Herman Hollerith采用穿孔卡片帮助美国人口普查局分类信息。
与此同时，电报电话的发明为通信和真空管的发展奠定了基础。
这一电子器件能够用于存储二进制形式的信息，即开或关，1或0。
第一台数字电子计算机ENIAC（电子计数积分计算机，见图17.1）是为美国军队开发的，并于1946年完成。
普林斯顿的数学教授V on Neumann对（程序）这一概念作了进一步深入的研究，加入了存储计算机程序的思想。
这就是存储在计算机内存中的指令序列，计算机执行这些指令完成程序控制的任务。
图17.1 ENIAC：第一台数字化电子计算机从这一阶段开始，计算机和计算机编程技术迅速发展。
从真空管发展到晶体管，大大减小了机器（计算机）的尺寸和成本，并提高了可靠性。
接着，集成电路技术的出现又减小了计算机的尺寸（和成本）。
20世纪60年代，典型的计算机是基于晶体管的机器，价值50万美金，并需要一个大空调房和一名现场工程师。
现在相同性能的计算机只要2000做芯片的单个集成电路来实现。
微处理器和微型计算机的发展微型计算机随着集成电路（或芯片）技术的发展而发展。
这一技术使得计算机逻辑被“烧入”芯片层中。
院系专业中英文对照大全
特殊教育系department of special education工学院school of Engineering; the engineering college; technicalcollege农学院agriculture college; school of agriculture经济管理学院economy management college商学院business School; school of business森林系forestry department造园系garden construction department社会学系department of sociology民族学系department of ethnology, department of ethnography表演系acting department; department of performing arts病理学系department of pathology材料科学系department of material science材料科学与工程学院 a school of material science and engineering材料与冶金学院school of materials science and metallurgy财税学系department of public finance and tax测量系department of survey成人教育学院school of adult education城市科技学院city college of science and technology出国留学人员培训部school of study-abroad language programs传播与艺术学院school of arts & communication大气物理系department of atmospheric physics大学部the university section大学外语教学部department of foreign languages Teaching大众传播系department of mass communication德语系department of German studies地理系geography department; department of geography地球科学系department of globe science; department of geosciences地球物理系geophysics department; department of geophysics地政系department of land administration地质系geology department地质学系department of geology电机工程系department of electrical engineering电力工程系department of electric power engineering电力物理系department of power physics电力系electric power department电脑通信系department of computer and information电信工程系department of telecommunication engineering电影学院 a school of cinema; film department电子工程系department of electronic engineering电子物理学系department of electro-physics电子系electronic department电子与信息工程学院school of electronics and information engineering 雕塑学系department of sculpture东亚语言文化学院school of East Asian languages and culture东方语言文学系department of Oriental languages and literature 东欧语系department of East European languages俄语系department of Russian studies儿童福利系department of child welfare法律系law department; department of law法学院school of Law; law school法西语系department of French & Spanish studies纺织系department of textile technology高等技术学院school of advanced technology高等职业技术学院school of higher vocational education高分子系department of polymer science高级翻译学院school of advanced translating and interpreting高职部school of higher vocational education工程技术学院School of engineering and technology工程科学系department of engineering science工程力学系department of engineering mechanics工程物理系department of engineering physics工科department of engineering工商管理学院school of business administration工业工程系department of industrial engineering工业管理系department of industrial management工业设计系department of industrial design公共管理系department of public administration公共事务系department of public affairs and service管理科学系department of management science管理学院school of administration; school of management 国画系department of traditional Chinese painting国际关系学系department of international relations国际贸易系department of international tr ade国际商学院school of international business国际文化交流学院school of international cultural exchange国际学院international school; school of international studies 国际政治系international politics department国际政治学系department of international politics国际政治学院school of international politics海军科学系department of naval science海事法规及经济学系department of maritime law and economics海洋气象学系department of ocean meteorology海洋学系department of oceanography海洋与地球科学学院 a school of ocean and earth science海洋运输学系department of marine transportation汉学院school of Chinese studies航海技术学系department of maritime technology航海科学系department of nautical science航海学系department of navigation航空工程系department of aeronautical engineering航空工程学院school of aeronautical engineering核物理工程系department of nuclear physics engineering航运管理系department of transportation management合作经济系department of cooperative economics森林系forest department造园系garden construction department河海工程系department of river and harbor engineering核能技术研究所Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology核子工程系department of nuclear engineering洪堡学院school of Humboldt护理系department of nursing护理学院school traditional Chinese nursing化工机械系department of chemical engineering mechanics化工系chemical engineering department化学工程系department of chemical engineering化学工程学院school of chemical engineering化学系chemistry department; department of chemistry环境工程系department of environmental engineering环境科学与工程学院school of environmental science and engineering环境与市政工程学院School of Environmental and Munic ipal Engineering会计统计系department of accounting and statistics机电工程学院 a mechanical and electrical school机械工程系department of mechanical engineering机械工程学院mechanical school机械工程与自动化学院school of mechanical engineering and automation机械系department of mechanical engineering基础学院school of foundation studies基础医学院school of preclinical medicine计算机工程与科学系department of computer engineering and science计算机科学系department of computer science计算机科学与技术系department of computer science and technology技术物理学系department of technical physics继续教育学院school of further education; school of continuing education;school of continuing studies家政系department of home economics建筑工程系department of architecture and civil engineering建筑与城市规划系department of architecture and urban planning建筑与城市规划学院school of architecture and urban planning健康卫生系department of health science交通管理学院school of communications management交通管理系department of communications management交通运输学院school of traffic and transportation教育系department of education解剖系department of anatomy文学院school of arts理学院school of sciences经济管理工程系department of economic and management engineering经济管理学院school of economics and management经济学系department of economics精密仪器系department of precision instrument考古系archaeology department考古学系department of archaeology科学学院school of sciences控制工程系department of control engineering口腔医疗系department of stomatology矿业系department of mining劳工关系系department of labor relations力学系department of mechanics力学与建筑工程学院School of Mechanics and Architecture engineering,历史学系department of history临床医学院school of clinical medicine旅馆业行政管理系department of hotel administration and management旅游事业系department of tourist industry旅游学院school of tourism轮机工程系department of marine engineering水利系department of water resources食品工业系department of food technology农学系department of agronomy农学院school of agriculture农业工程系department of agricultural engineering农业化学系department of agricultural chemistry农业机械系agriculture machinery department农业教育系department of agricultural education农业经济系department of agricultural economics农业推广系department of agricultural extension农业学院school of Agriculture女子学院women’s college培训学院school of education and training企业管理系department of business administration; department ofbusiness management汽车工程系department of automobile engineering汽车营销学院school of automobile marketing人文科学部school of humanities and science医学院medical school; medical college建筑系construction department美术学院school of arts and design农学院agriculture college热能工程系department of thermal engineering人类学系department of anthropology人文学院 a research institute for the humanities软件学院school of software森林系department of forestry商用数学系department of commercial mathematics英语系English department社科部department of social science神学系department of theology神学院theological school; divinity school生化系department of biochemistry生理教育健康学系department of physiological education and health science 生理学系department of physiology生命科学学院school of life science; academy of life science生命科学与技术学院school of life science and technology生物学系department of biology食品科学系department of food science食品营养系department of food and nutrition science市政系department of municipal administration兽医系department of veterinary medicine数力系mathematics and mechanics department数学科学系department of mathematics and science数学系department of mathematics水产学系department of fishery technology水利工程系department of hydraulic engineering水利系department of water conservancy; hydraulic engineeringdepartment水土保持系department of water and soil maintenance体育部department of physical education; physical educationdepartment体育系department of physical education天文系department of astronomy图书馆学系department of library science土地资源系department of land resources土壤资源系department of soil resources林业资源学院school of forest resources土木工程学院school of civil engineering土木系civil engineering department外国语言文学系department of foreign lan gu ages and literature外交系department of foreign affairs; department of foreign studies 外语系department of foreign languages；foreign languages department网络教育学院school of online education; virtual school卫生系department of public health文法系department of humanities & social science文法学院school of humanities and law；school of liberal arts and law文学院college of liberal arts; school of arts and literature文字文学系department of letters无线电电子学系department of radio electronics物理无线电系physics and radio engineering department物理学系department of physics西方语言文学系department of Western languages and literature石油工程学院school of petroleum engineering戏剧系department of theatricals系department, program细菌学系department of bacteriology现代远程教育学院modern distance education school心理学系department of psychology新闻系department of journalism新闻与传播学院school of journalism & communication信息工程学院information engineering school信息科学与工程学院school of information science and engineering信息科学与技术学院 a school of information science and technology畜牧系department of animal husbandry学院school; college牙医学系department of dentistry牙医学院school of dentistry亚非语系department of Asian-African languages研究生部graduate school; graduate program研究生院graduate school眼耳鼻喉系department of ophthalmology and otolaryngology药学系department of pharmacy冶金系department of metallurgy医学工程系department of medical engineering医学系department of basic medical science医学院medical school医院行政管理系department of hospital administration艺术系department of fine and applied arts; arts department艺术学院school of arts音乐系department of music银行系department of banking印刷系department of printing英文学院school of English studies英语教育学院school of English education影视传媒学院school of movie & TV studies船政系shipping management department渔业学系department of fishery园艺系department of horticulture原子能系department of atomic energy远程教育学院school of distance education院系colleges and departments运输管理系department of transportation management造船学系department of naval architecture哲学系department of philosophy针灸学院school of acupuncture, moxibustion & tuina政教系political education department政治教育系department of political education政治经济系political economy department; department of politicaleconomy政治系department of political science职教学院School of V ocational Education 3-year program)职业技术教育学院 a school of vocational and technical education职业技术学院 a school of vocational education; advance vocational school 植物系department of botany中国语言文学系department of Chinese language and literature中文系Chinese language and literature department水利系department of water resources国际教育学院school of International Education中药学院school of Chinese medicine中医学院school of traditional Chinese medicine专业major资源与土木工程学院school of resources and civil engineering自动化系department of automation; department of automationtension。
工程机械专业英语讲义
Chapter one The Basic of Engineering Machinery Lesson 1 The basic machines一、vocabulary(词汇)pryvt.窥视,撬;n.杠杆,杠杆作用,窥探,探究者to pry up a floorboard撬起一块地板Can you help me pry the cover off this wooden box without breaking it?你能不能帮我不打破这个木箱盖而撬开它?fulcrumn.支点;adj.可转动的,支点adjustable fulcrum(跳板)可调整支点的活动装置brake beam fulcrum制动梁支点brake lever fulcrum制动杠杆支点, 制动梁支柱seesawn.杠杆,上下运动,交替;adj.上下运动的,杠杆式的play at seesaw玩跷跷板the seesaw between the attackers and the defenders攻守双方的拉锯战valven.阀, [英] 电子管, 真空管空调阀air cylinder valve气筒阀air escape valve泄气阀amplifying valve (=amplifier valve)放大(电子)管angle valve角阀angle back-pressure valve背压角阀pivotn.枢轴, 支点, (讨论的)中心点, 重点pivot on以...为轴心而转动; 绕着...转动视...而定; 随...而转移pivot upon以...为轴心而转动; 绕着...转动视...而定; 随...而转移二. sentence（句子）见教材p25附加句原文：By means of these different shapes cans can change rotating into reciprocating (back andforth or up and down ) motion or into oscillating or vibrating motion译文：借助不同的形状，凸轮可以把旋转运动变为往复式运动（来回运动或上下运动），还可以变成摆动或震动。
电子信息工程专业英语英译汉翻译
1 The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.晶体管开启了现代电脑工业的革命2 The storage cell only requires one capacitor and one transistor, whereas a flip-flop connected in an array requires 6 transistors.存储单元仅需要一个电容和晶体管，并而不像触发器整列那样需要6个晶体管3 There has been a never ending series of new op amps released each year since then, and their performance and reliability has improved to the point where present day op amps can be used for analog applications by anybody.从此以后每年都有新系列的运放发布，他们的性能和可靠性得到了提升，如今任何人都能用运放来设计模拟电路。
4 This is capable of very high speed conversion and thus can accommodate high sampling rates, but in its basic form is very power hungry.它具有高速转换能力，从而能适应高速采样速率，但它的基本形式非常耗电。
5 During the “on” period , energy is being stored within the core material of the inductor in the form of flux.在”on”阶段，能量以涌浪形式存储在电感的核芯材料里面6 The design goal of frequency synthesizers is to replace multiple oscillators in a system, and hence reduce board space and cost.频率合成器的设计目标是取代系统中多个振荡器，从而减小板卡面积和成本。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业英语课文翻译-Unit1-9
U 1The use of metals has always a key factor in the development of the social systems of man. Of the roughly ['rʌfl ɪ] 100 basic elements of which all matter is composed, about half are classified as metals.金属的开发利用在人类社会系统的发展中扮演了了重要的角色，世界的物质大概由100种基本元素构成，其中一半是金属元素。
The distinction[dɪ'stɪŋkʃən] between a metal and a nonmetal is not always clear cut. The most basic definition centers around the type of bonding existing between the atoms of the element, and around the characteristics [,kærəkt ə'ristiks] of certain of the electrons[ɪ'lɛk,trɑn] associated with these atoms.金属与非金属的区分不是十分的清晰，最重要（基本）的在于元素原子之间的连接形式以及和原子相关联的电子的确定特性。
in a more practical['præktikəl] way, however, a metal can be defined as an element which has a particular package of properties.然而，在更多的实践当中，金属定义为具有一种整体特性的元素。
电子信息工程专业英语课文翻译
电子信息工程专业英语教程第三版译者：唐亦林p32In 1945 H. W. Bode presented a system for analyzing the stability of feedback systems by using graphical methods. Until this time, feedback analysis was done by multiplication and division, so calculation of transfer functions was a time consuming and laborious task. Remember, engineers did not have calculators or computers until the '70s. Bode presented a log technique that transformed the intensely mathematical process of calculating a feedback system's stability into graphical analysis that was simple and perceptive. Feedback system design was still complicated, but it no longer was an art dominated by a few electrical engineers kept in a small dark room. Any electrical engineer could use Bode's methods find the stability of a feedback circuit, so the application of feedback to machines began to grow. There really wasn't much call for electronic feedback design until computers and transducers become of age.1945年HW伯德提出了一套系统方法，用图形化方法来分析反馈系统的稳定性。
电子信息工程专业专业英语三千字翻译
Unit3 computer architecture and microprocessors3--1 Computer Architecture1) Computer architecture , in computer science , is a general term referring to the structure of all or part of computer system . The term also covers the design of system software , such as the operating system (the program that controls the computer) , as well as referring to the combination of hardware and basic software that links the machines on a computer network . Computer architecture refers to an entire structure and to the details needed to make it functional . Thus , computer architecture covers computer systems , microprocessors , circuits , and system programs . Typically the term does not refer to application programs , such as spreadsheets or word processing , which are required to perform a task but not to make the system run .2)1.Design Elements3) In designing a computer system , architects consider five major elements that make up the system's hardware : the arithmetic /logic unit , control unit , memory , input , and output . The arithmetic /logic unit performs arithmetic and compares numerical values . The control unit directs the operation of the computer by taking the user instructions andtransforming them into electrical signals that the computer 's circuitry can understand . The combination of the arithmetic /logic unit and the control unit is called the central processing unit (CPU) . The memory stores instructions and data . The input input and output sections allow the computer to receive and send data , respectively .4) Different hardware architectures are required because of the specialized needs of systems and users . One user may need a system to display graphics extremely fast , while another system may have to be optimized for searching a database or conserving battery power in a laptop computer .5) In addition to the hardware design , the architects must consider what software programs will operate the system . Software , such as programming languages and operating systems , makes the details of the hardware architecture invisible to the user . For example , computers that use the C programming language or a UNIT operating system may appear the same from the user's viewpoint , although they use different hardware architectures .6)2.Processing Architecture7) When a computer carries out an instruction , it proceeds through five steps . First ,the control unit retrieves theinstruction from memory , for example , an instruction to add two numbers . Second , the control unit decodes the instruction into electronic signals that control the computer . Third , the control unit fetches the data (the two numbers) . Fourth , the arithmetic/logic unit performs the specific operation ( the addition of the two numbers ) . Fifth , the control unit saves the result ( the sum of the two numbers ) .8) Early computers used only simple instructions because the cost of electronic capable of carrying out complex instructions was high . As this cost decreased in the 1960s , more complicated instructions became possible . Complex instructions ( single instructions that specify multiple operations ) can save time because they make it unnecessary for the computer to retrieve additional instructions . For example , if seven operations are combined in one instruction , then six of the steps that fetch instructions are eliminated and the computer spends less time processing that operation . Computers that combine several instructions into a single operation are called complex instruction set computers ( CISC ) .9) However , most programs do not often use complexinstructions , but consist mostly of simple instructions . When these simple instructions are run on CISC architectures , they slow down processing because each instruction--whether simple or complex --takes longer to decode in a CISC design . An alternative strategy is to return to designs that use only simple , single--operation instruction sets and make the most frequently used operations faster in order to increase overall performance . Computers that follow this design are called reduced instruction set computers ( RISC ) .10) RISC designs are especially fast at the numerical computations required in science , graphics , and engineering applications . CISC designs are commonly used for non-numerical computations because they provide special instruction sets for handling character data , such as text in a word processing program . Specialized CISC architectures , called digital signal processors , exist to accelerate processing of digitized audio and video signals .11)3.Open and Closed Architectures12) The CPU of a computer is connected to memory and to the outside world by means of either an open or a closed architecture . An open architecture can be expanded after the system has been built , usually by adding extra circuitry ,such as a new microprocessor computer chip connected to the main system . The specifications of the circuitry are made public , allowing other companies to manufacture these expansion products .13) Closed architectures are usually employed in specialized computers that will not require expansion , for example , computers that control microwave ovens . Some computer manufacturers have used closed architectures so that their customers can purchase expansion circuitry only from them . This allows the manufacture to charge more and reduces the options for the consumer .14)work Architecture15) Computers communicate with other computers via networks . The simplest network is a direct connection between two computers . However , computers can also be connected over large networks , allowing users to exchange data , communicate via electronic mail , and share resources such as printers .16) Computers can be connected in several ways . In a ring configuration , data are transmitted along the ring and each computer in the ring examines this data to determine if it is the intended recipient . If the data are not intended fora particular computer , the computer passes the data to the next computer in the ring . This process is repeated until the data arrive at their intended destination . A ring network allows multiple messages to be carried simultaneously , but since each message is checked by each computer , data transmission is slowed .17) In a bus configuration , computers are connected througha single set of wires , called a bus . One computer sends data to another by broadcasting the address of the receive and the data over the bus . All the computers in the network look at the address simultaneously , and the intended recipient accepts the data . A bus network , unlike a ring network , allows data to be sent directly from one computer to another . However , only one computer at a time can transmit data . The others must wait to send their messages .18) In a star configuration , computers are linked to a central computer called a hub . A computer sends the address of the receiver and the data to the hub , which then links the sending and receiving computers directly . A star network allows multiple messages to be sent simultaneously , but it is more costly because it uses an additional computer , the hub , to direct the data .19)5.Recent Advances20) One problem in computer architecture is caused by the difference between the speed of the CPU and the speed at which memory supplies instructions and data . Modern CPUs can process instructions in 3 nanoseconds ( 3 billionths of a second ) . A typical memory access , however , takes 100 nanoseconds and each instruction may require multiple accesses . To compensate for this disparity , new computer chips have been designed that contain small memories , called caches , located near the CPU . Because of their proximity to the CPU and their small size , caches can supply instructions and data faster than normal memory . Cache memory stores the most frequently used instructions and data and can greatly increase efficiency .21) Although a large cache memory can hold more data , it also becomes slower .To compensate , computer architects employ designs with multiple caches . The design places the smallest and fastest cache nearest the CPU and locates a second large and slower cache farther away . This arrangement allows the CPU to operate on the most frequently accessed instructions and data at top speed and to slow down only slightly when accessing the secondary cache . Using separatecaches for instructions and data also allows the CPU to retrieve an instruction and data simultaneously .22) Anther strategy to increase speed and efficiency is the use of multiple arithmetic/logic units for simultaneous operations , called super scalar execution . In this design , instructions are acquired in groups . The control unit examines each group to see if it contains instructions that can be performed together . Some designs execute as many as six operations simultaneously . It is rare , however , to have this many instructions run together ,so on average the CPU does not achieve a six-fold increase in performance . 23) Multiple computers are sometimes combined into single systems called parallel processors . When a machine has more than one thousand arithmetic/logic units , it is said to be massively parallel . Such machines are used primarily for numerically intensive scientific and engineering computation .Parallel machines containing as many as sixteen thousand computers have been constructed .3-3 VLIW Microprocessors24) When Transmeta Corp. revealed its new Crusoe of processors last month ,experts weren’t surprised to learn that the chips are based on Very Long Instruction Word(VLIW)technology .VLIW has become the prevailing philosophy of microprocessor design , eclipsing older approaches such as RISC and complex instruction set computing(CISC) .25) All microprocessor designs seek better performance within the limitations of their contemporary technology. In the 70s of 20th century ,for example ,memory was measured in kilobytes and very expensive .CISC was the dominant approach because it conserved memory .26) In the CISC architecture . there can be hundreds of program instructions-simple commands that tell the system to add numbers, store values and display results. If all instructions were the same length , the simple ones would waste memory .Simple instructions require as little as 8 bits of storage space , while the most complex consume 120 bits .27) Variable-length instructions are more difficult for a chip to process, though, and the longer CISC instructions are especially complex. nonetheless ,to maintain software compatibility, modern chips such as Intel’s Pentium III and Advanced Micro Devices Inc.’s Athlon must still work with all troublesome CISC instructions that were designed in the 1980s , even though their original advantage-memory conservation-isn’t as important .28) In the 1980s , RAM chips got bigger and bigger in capacity while their prices dropped . The emphasis in CPU design shifted to relatively simple , fixed-length instructions , always 32 bits long .Although this wastes some memory by making programs bigger ,the instructions are easier and faster to execute .29) The simplicity of RISC also makes it easier to design superscalar processors-chips that can execute more than one instruction at a time .This is called instruction-level parallelism. Almost all modern RISC and CISC processors are superscalar. But achieving this capability introduced significant new levels of design complexity.30) VLIW chips can cost less , burn less power and achieve significantly higher performance than comparable RISC and CISC chips But there are always trade-offs. One is code expansion-programs grow larger , requiring more memory. Far more important , though , is that compilers must get smarter .A poor VLIW complier will have a much greater negative impact on performance than would a poor RISC or CISC compiler .31) VLIW isn’t a magic bullet , but it’s the new wave in microprocessor design .Within a few years , it’s certain that at least some of your software will be running on VLIW chips .单元3 电脑体系和微处理器3-1 电脑体系电脑体系，在电脑科技中，是一个依据整个或部分电脑结构的通用术语，这个术语也包含软件系统的设计，例如这个操作系统（控制电脑的程序），以及依据这个在电脑网络中连接主机的硬件和基本的软件的结合体。
机械工程焊接专业英语词汇学习
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激光切割 laser cutting(lc); laser beam cutting电⼦束切割 electron beam cutting喷⽓激光切割 gas jet laser cutting碳弧切割 carbon arc cutting⽔下切割 underwater cutting喷⽔式⽔下电弧切割 waterjet method underwater arc cutting氧⽭切割 oxygen lancing; oxygen lance cutting溶剂氧切割 powder lancing⼿⼯⽓割 manual oxygen cutting⾃动⽓割 automatic oxygen cutting仿形切割 shape cutting数控切割 nc (numerical-control) cutting快速切割 high-speed cutting垂直切割 square cut叠板切割 stack cutting坡⼝切割 beveling; bevel cutting碳弧⽓割 carbon arc air gouging⽕焰⽓刨 flame gouging⽕焰表⾯清理 scarfing氧熔剂表⾯修整powder washing预热⽕焰preheat flame预热氧preheat oxygen切割氧cutting oxygen/ cutting stream切割速度cutting speed切割线lone of cut/ cut line切割⾯face of cut/ cut face切⼝kerf切⼝上缘cutting shoulder切⼝宽度kerf width后拖量drag切割⾯平⾯度evenness of cutting surface/ planeness of cutting surface割纹深度depth of cutting veins/ stria depth切割⾯质量quality of cut face上缘熔化度shoulder meltability/ melting degree of shoulder切⼝⾓kerf angle缺⼝notch挂渣adhering slag结瘤dross割炬cutting torch/ cutting blowpipe/ oxygen-fuel gas cutting torch割枪cutting gun割嘴cutting nozzle/ cutting tip快速割嘴divergent nozzle/ high-speed nozzle表⾯割炬gouging blowpipe⽔下割炬under-water cutting blowpipe⽔下割条electrode for under-water cutting粉剂罐powder dispenser数控切割机nc cutting machine门式切割机flame planer光电跟踪切割机photo-electric tracing cutting⽕焰切管机pipe flame cutting machine磁轮式⽓割机gas cutting machine with magnetic wheels焊接结构welded structure/ welded construction焊件weldment焊接部件weld assembly组装件built-up member接头设计joint design焊接应⼒welding stress焊接瞬时应⼒transient welding stress焊接残余应⼒welding residual stress热应⼒thermal stress收缩应⼒contraction stress局部应⼒local stress拘束应⼒constraint stress固有应⼒inherent stress固有应变区inherent strain zone残余应⼒测定residual stress analysis逐层切割法sach’s methodx射线衍射法x-ray stress analysis⼩孔释放法mathar method固有应变法inherent strain method消除应⼒stress relieving局部消除应⼒local stress relieving应⼒重分布stress redistribution退⽕消除应⼒stress relieving by annealing温差拉伸消除应⼒low temperature stress relieving机械拉伸消除应⼒mechanical stress relieving应⼒松弛stress relaxation焊接变形welding deformation焊接残余变形welding residual deformation局部变形local deformation⾓变形angular distortion⾃由变形free deformation收缩变形contraction deformation错边变形mismatching deformation挠曲变形deflection deformation波浪变形wave-like deformation⽕焰矫正flame straightening反变形backward deformation焊接⼒学welding mechanics断裂⼒学fracture mechanics弹塑性断裂变形elasto-plastic fracture mechanics线弹性断裂⼒学linear elastic fracture mechanics延性断裂ductile fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture应⼒腐蚀开裂stress corrosion cracking热应变脆化hot straining embrittlement临界裂纹尺⼨critical crack size裂纹扩展速率crack propagation rate裂纹张开位移（cod）crack opening displacement拘束度restraint intensity拘束系数restraint coefficient应变速率strain rate断裂韧度fracture toughness应⼒强度因⼦stress intensity factor临界应⼒强度因⼦critical stress intensity factors应⼒腐蚀临界应⼒强度因⼦critical stress intensity factor of stress corrosion cracking j积分j-integration罗伯逊⽌裂试验robertson crack arrest testesso试验esso test双重拉伸试验doucle tension test韦尔斯宽板拉伸试验well’s wide plate test帕瑞斯公式paris formula断裂分析图fracture analysis diagram焊接车间welding shop焊接⼯作间welding booth焊接⼯位welding post/ welding station焊接环境welding surroundings焊⼯welder电焊⼯manual arc welder⽓焊⼯gas welder焊接检验员weld inspector焊⼯培训welders training焊⼯模拟训练器trainer of synthetic weld焊⼯考试welder qualification test焊⼯合格证welder qualification/ welder qualified certification 钢板预处理steel plate pretreatment喷沙sand blast喷丸shot blast矫正straighten开坡⼝bevelling (of the edge)/ chanfering装配assembly/ fitting安装erect刚性固定rigid fixing装配焊接顺序sequence of fitting and welding焊接⼯艺评定welding procedure qualification焊接⼯艺规程welding procedure specification焊接⼯艺试验welding procedure test焊接⼯艺卡welding procedure card⼯序operational sequence焊接材料消耗定额welding consumables quota焊接⼯时定额welder-hour quota清渣slag removal清根back gouging/ back chipping锤击peening返修次数number of rewelding焊接⼯作台welding bench装焊平台welding platen电磁平台electromagnetic platen焊接翻转机welding tilter焊接回转台floor turnable positioner焊接变位机positioner焊接滚轮架turning rolls焊接操作机manpulator焊⼯升降台welder’s lifting platform焊接夹具welding jig/ fixture磁⼒夹紧器magnetic jig螺旋推撑器screw operated tensioning unit焊丝盘绕机welding wire coiler焊条压涂机welding electrode extrusion press红外线加热器infra-red heater⼲燥箱dryer焊条保温筒thermostat for electrode流量计flow meterco2预热器co2 heaterco2⼲燥器co2 desiccator焊接电缆welding cable电缆夹头welding connector地线earth lead地线夹头earth clamp焊接参数记录仪welding parameter recorder焊缝检测规weld gauge喷嘴通针tip cleaner测温笔tempil stick敲渣锤chipping hammer焊接衬垫backing/ welding backing保留垫板fusible backing/ permanent backing临时垫板temporary backing焊剂垫flux backing惰性⽓体衬垫inert-gas backing引弧板run-on tab/ end tab/ starting weld tab引出板run-off tab/ end tab定位板strong-back加强勒stiffener嵌条insert套环ferrule⾯罩helmet滤光镜⽚filter glass/ welding glass防护镜⽚cover glass/ plain glass⽓焊眼镜welding goggles焊接机器⼈welding robot点焊机器⼈spot welding robot弧焊机器⼈arc welding robot切割机器⼈cutting robot焊接机器⼈⽣产线robot line for welding焊接机器⼈⼯作站welding robot station机器⼈运动⾃由degree of free for robot机器⼈⼯作空间robot working space轨迹重复精度path repeatability点位重复精度ptp repeatability焊接专家系统welding expert system焊接机器⼈⽰数welding robot play back焊接图象识别pattern recognition for welding焊接图象处理welding image processing计算机辅助焊接⼯艺设计computer-aided welding process programming (cawpp)计算机辅助焊接结构设计computer-aided design for welding structure焊接烟尘weld fume焊接发尘量total amount of fumes焊接烟尘浓度weld fume concentration焊接烟尘容限浓度threshold limit values of weld fume (tlv)焊接发尘速率weld fume emission rate焊接有害⽓体welding toxic gases/ weld harmful gases标定卫⽣空⽓需要量nominal hygienic air requirement焊⼯尘肺pheumocomsis of welder焊⼯锰中毒chronic occupational manganese poisoning of welder焊⼯氟中毒fluorosis of welder焊⼯⾦属烟热metal fume fever of welder电光性眼炎eye-flash (arc eye)电光性⽪炎electro-photo dermatitis电弧紫外线灼伤ultraviolet ray burn防电击装置voltage reducing device除尘装置dust collection device焊⼯⼿套welding gloves护脚welding spats防护鞋shielding shoes焊接⽋缺welding imperfection焊接缺陷weld defect⽓孔blowhole/ gas pore针尖状⽓孔pinhole密集⽓孔porosity条⾍状⽓孔wormhole裂纹crack表⾯裂纹surface crack咬边undercut焊瘤overlap凹坑pit烧穿burn through塌陷excessive penetration未焊透incomplete penetration/ lack of penetration未熔合lack of fusion/ incomplete fusion未焊满incompletely filled weld根部凹陷root concavity电弧擦伤arc scratch夹渣slag inclusion夹杂物inclusion夹钨tungsten inclusion⽩点fish eye/ flake错边misalignment/ dislocation试件test piece试样test specimen⽆损检验nondestructive test破坏检验destructive test外观检查visual examination超声波探伤ultrasonic inspection直射法超声波探伤straight beam method斜射法超声波探伤angle beam method液浸法超声波探伤immersion method射线探伤radiographic inspection/ radiographyx射线探伤x-ray radiographic inspectionγ射线探伤gamma-ray inspectionx射线⼯业电视探伤x-ray industrial television inspection 磁粉探伤magnetic particle inspection电磁探伤electromagnetic inspection/ eddy current test 探伤灵敏度flaw detection sensitivity渗透探伤penetration inspection荧光探伤flurescent penetrant inspection着⾊探伤dye penetrant inspection密封性检验leak test⽓密性检验air tight test枕形⽓密检验pillow test耐压检验pressure test⽔压检验hydraulic test⽓压检验pneumatic test液晶检验liquid crystal test声发射检测acoustic emission testing⾯弯试验face bend testing背弯试验root bend test侧弯试验side bend test横弯试验horizontal bend test纵弯试验axial bend test压扁试验squeezing test。
机械电子工程专业英语翻译
第一篇机械元件尽管如此简单，但是任何一台机器都是由每个单一的部分象机械元件或零件所组合成的。
因此，如果一台机器被完全地拆卸开，就会看到一堆简单的零件，例如螺母、螺栓、弹簧、齿轮、凸轮和轴——所有机器的标准组件构成单元，都执行了确切的功能和其它机械元素的有效结合。
有时，某些零件是成对关联的，象螺母和螺栓，或是键和轴。
在其它的实例中，一堆机械元件组合装配在一起，例如轴承、联轴器和离合器。
大多数的机械元素的实例是一个齿轮，基本上，是一个蜗轮和一个蜗杆结合成一对啮合齿轮。
这个齿轮的旋转运动在轮毂或是轴上，驱动其他的齿轮运动，更快或更慢些，这取决于基轮的齿数。
制造齿轮的材料决定了它的强度和齿轮表面的硬度，也尽可能地决定了它的尺寸。
它在外形的改变促成了不同的用途。
这些应用，就和在大多数的机械元件中一样，已经发展形成许多的标准形式例如直齿圆柱齿轮、圆锥齿轮、斜齿轮和蜗轮。
每一种这样形式齿轮的生产制造及其用途都必须建立在特殊科技发展的基础上。
其它重要的机械零件已经从轮子和杆件基础上演变。
轮子上必须配有可进行旋转运动的轴。
轮子通过键被固定在轴上，然后轴通过联轴器与其他的轴相连。
轴被放置在轴承中，比如滑动轴承、球轴承或滚柱轴承。
轴可以通过一个离合器分开或制动器停止。
它可以通过安装有一根平带，一根V带或是一根锁链的皮带轮或链轮而转动，同时联接它到另一根轴的皮带轮或链轮上。
支撑结构将会通过螺栓或铆钉装配在一起，或是被焊在一起。
这些机械零件确定的功用依赖于结构受力和被使用材料的强度有关的知识。
在设计中，计算必须考虑在简化结构中材料和其受力相适合。
其他的机械零件也已经发展了，它们在结构上的功能更特别。
被普遍利用的机械零件已经被发展成为标准设计。
制造业的专家们已专注于标准零件的发展，他们大批量地生产这些零件，并且在减少成本的同时拥有很高的水准。
这门课程“机械零件”，作为工程学的一个分支，在机械生产制造的环境的基础上，概述了零件设计的方法、准则和标准，目的是，给予它们最有利的形式和尺寸，选择确定必需的材料，精确度和表面光洁度，供给适当的制造环境。