2012年职称英语理工类A级补全短文集中训练

2012年职称英语理工类A级补全短文集中训练1Financial RisksSeveral types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business. They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk,__1__ which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or__2__. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk,__3__.Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers __4__. International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. __5__, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipatea d, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.Exercise:A to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planningB any other disagreement over which payment is withheldC however, is competitionD so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular marketE Before rates were permitted to floatF After serious consideration参考答案: CBDAE2012年职称英语理工类A级补全短文集中训练2Lowering the Risk of Heart DiseaseLike millions of other Americans, I come from a family with a histotry of the heart disease. My father had his first three heart attacks when he was only thirty-one. _____________(46) I grew up with heart disease. It was there, but I didn’t t ake it seriouly.When I was thirty-one, my blood cholesterol（胆固醇）level was measured for the first time.It was 311 mg/dl, the doctor told me- an extremely high level that put me at a very high high risk of heart disease, especially with my family history. He sent me to the National Institutes of Health（NIH）to be screened for participation in a clinical trial._____________(47)At NIH, physicians explained the degree of risk associated with my blood cholesterol level and the nature of the experiment. This test involves putting a tube through a leg artery（动脉）up to the heart._____________（48）Learning about the risks of the experiment as well sa the risk associated with my raised blood cholesterol level scared the life out of me. Although I was excluded from participating in the study, the experience may well have saved my life.For the first time, I began to realize the seriousness of high blood cholesterol.___________(49) But equally important, I got a taste of what it is like to be a patient, to have tests done on me and to think of myself as sick.This was hard to take.This experience taught me two lifesaving lessons. First, although I felt fit and strong, I was actually at high risk for heart disease because of my high blood cholesterol level. And with my family histaory, it could not beignored.________________(50)A Second, I could lower my blood cholesterol level simply by changing what I ate.B I was three years old at that time.C There is not enough oxygen in the blood.D It was a heart attack just waiting to happenE The trial was designed to test the effect of lowering blood cholesterol on the risk of heart disease.F The death rate for the test was only 1 in 100, I was assured.2012年职称英语理工类A级补全短文集中训练3Like fine food, good writing is something we approach with pleasure and enjoy from the first taste to thelast._______(46) Quite the contrary, just as the cook has to undergo an intensive training, mastering the skills of his trade, the writer must sit at his desk and devote long hours to achieving a style in his writing, whatever its purpose-school work, matters of business, or purely social communication.___________(47)There are still some remote places in the world where you might find someone to do your business or social writing for you, for a fee. There are a few mangers who are lucky enough to have the service of that rare kind of secretary who can take care of all sorts of letter writing with no more than a quick note to workfrom._____________(48)We have to write school papers, business papers or home papers. We are constantly called on to put words to paper. It would be difficult to count the number of such words, messages, letters, and reports put to the mails or delivered by hand, but the daily figure must be enormous.__________(49) We want to arouse and hold the interest of readers. We want whatever we write to be read, from first word to last, not thrown into some “letters-to-be-read” file or into a wastepaper basket._____________(50)A But for most of us, if there is any writing to be done, we have to do it ourselves.B However, the managers may sometimes cause the writers a lot of trouble.C Any good writers, like good cooks, do not suddenly appear full-blown(成熟的)D What is more, everyone who writes expects, or at least hopes, that his writing will be read.E This is the reason we bend our efforts toward learning and practicing the skills of interesting, effective writing.F You may be sure that the greater the effort, the more effective the writing, and the more rewarding.2012年职称英语理工类A级补全短文集中训练4Success StoriesOne of the most successful fashion companies in the world is Benetton. The Benetton family opened their first shop in Italy in 1968.__________(46)Benetton followed four marketing principles in order to achieve their success.The first principle is Consumer Concept. To build a successful business, you have to develop products around things people value, especially quality___________(47) He created clothes to match people’s wants: the style is casual; the colors and patterns are bold; and the quality is excellent.The system link is another feature of good marketing. For Benetton, this means waiting to get information about what customers like and what they dislike before making the clothes______________(48)The Information Link mean s making sure the company responds quickly to people’s demands._________(49) This information is then sent to the main office in Italy. Benetton can use this information to identify popular products and to continue making them; it can also identify less popular products and stop making them.A final important marketing principle is the Retail Link. There are benentton stores in countries around the world. All the stores have the same clothing, the same window displays, and the same approach to sales._________(50)The things people like about Benetton stores are that the quality is always high and the prices are generally low. And that spells success.A The founder of Benetton began by asking people what they wantedB There used to be a good reason for thisC When something is sold at a Benetton store, the store records information about the type, size, and color of the item.D Today, there are Benetton shops in major cities all over the world.E This means that customers can go into any Benetton store in the world and be sure of what they are buying.F In other words, Benetton’s clothes are made to order.2012年职称英语理工类A级补全短文集中训练5Ruining the RuinsAcid rain (酸雨)is now a familiar problem in the industrialized countries in Europe. Harmful gases are produced by power stations and cars. They dissolve in rainwater and this makes acid rain, which damages trees, rivers and streams.Acid rain is also capable of dissolving some rocks. And buildings made of soft rock, such as limestone (石灰石), are particularly badly affected. The acid rain attacks the rock, and so carvings and statues are eroded (受腐蚀) more quickly.__________(46) According to a report in the New Scientist, acid rain is being blamed for the rapid decay of ancient ruins in Mexico. The old limestone buildings in places like Chichen Itza, Tulum and Palenque are wearing away very quickly indeed. These sites are the remains of the buildings built by the Mayas between 250 BC and AD900, and the spectacular ruins of Mayan civilization are visited by thousands of tourists every year.But those ruins are in danger of being seriously damaged by pollution. At many sites the stone has been covered with a layer of black substance. ________________(47).Scientists estimate that about one millimeter of stone is worn away every twelve years. ________________(48) The acid rain is said to be caused by pollution from oil wells in the Gulf of Mexico. Car exhaust gases are also a problem. Local volcanic eruptions make the problem even worse. Nevertheless, with enough money and effort, researchers say that many of the problems could be solved and the rate of erosion reduced. ____________ (49).Mexico’s current lack of funds is also partly due to oil. The country has rich oil fields and a few years ago, when oil was expensive, Mexico was selling large quantities of oil to the USA and earning a lot of money. __________ (50) However, the price of oil then dropped, and Mexico has been left owing enormous sums of money and with not enough income from oil sales to pay back the loans. So unless the price of oil rises, it is unlikely that Mexico will be able to afford to clean up the pollution and save its Mayan ruins from destruction.A At others the painted surfaces inside temples are lifting and flaking off () and the stone is being eaten away.B That is enough to have caused some of the ancient carvings to become seriously damaged already.C These measures would reduce the pollution, but would not stop it completely.D The government was therefore able to borrow huge sums of money from banks around the world, thinking they would have no problem repaying their debts.E The problem, however, is not just a European one.F However, the Mexican government does not have enough money to do the work, and needs to spend what money it has on the Mexican people.2012年职称英语理工类A级补全短文集中训练6What is a ProfitEntrepreneurship is directly responsible for production. The business person (entrepreneur) takes a cue from consumers in deciding what they want - or, in the case of a new product, __1__.Profit means different things to different people. According to some public opinion polls, many people are not sure what it is, but they are sure __2__. Workers may look at profit as an unfairly large payment to the entrepreneur that deprives them of a higher wage. The business person thinks of profit __3__. During negotiations before the settlement of the second baseball strike in August, 1985, the Players' Association claimed the owners had made profits of $91 million, an accounting firm said owner profits were $43 million, and the owners insisted they had lost $9 million. The truth was that all three were correct. The disparity in the figures was due to the fact that each group was defining profit differently. Let us now see if we can develop a more exact definition of what profit is.Gross profit is the difference between what a business firm sells its product for and what it costs to produce that product. The merchant buys $200,000 worth of merchandise during the year and sells it for $270,000. His gross profit is $70,000. The percentage difference between his cost and the selling price is 35 percent, and he calls this markup.Net profit is __4__--rent, wages, and interest-and setting aside money to allow for the loss due to depreciation (wearing out) of capital. Our merchant has to subtract from his gross profit his payments for rent ($6,000), wages ($20,000), interest on money borrowed ($1,000), repairs and upkeep ($1,000), taxes ($1,000), electricity and other expenses $1,000. Expenses for operating the business come to $30,000. Gross profit is $70,000, and net profit is $40,000.Economists have a narrower definition of what constitutes profit. They are concerned with payment for all the resources that hava e gone into production, __5__, like those listed above, or from inside the business.Exercise:A what profit really meansB it is too large and represents too much of the consumer's dollarC whether they come from outside the businessD as the difference between total revenue and total costE what the business person has left after paying expensesF what they might want参考答案: DBECA。