美国政府预算结构和体制(中英文)

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Federal Departments联邦政府部门
Department of State国务院 国务院 Department of the Treasury财政部 财政部 Department of Defense国防部 国防部 Department of Justice司法部 司法部 Department of the Interior内政部 内政部 Department of Agriculture农业部 农业部 Department of Commerce商务部 商务部 Department of Labor劳工部 劳工部 Department of Health and Human Services卫生与公众服务部 Department of Housing and Urban Development住房和城市发展部 Department of Transportation交通运输部 交通运输部 Department of Energy能源部 能源部 Department of Education教育部 教育部 Department of Veterans Affairs 退伍军人事务部 Department of Homeland Security 国土安全部
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Functional Area 功能区域预算
A functional area budget is presented by “function” or national needs功能区域预算根据 “功能”或国家性需求而编制 A function must have a common end or ultimate purpose addressed to an important national need, e.g., national Defense所谓功能，是指必须有一个共同的目的，或 最终目的是服务于重要的国家性需求的，比如国防 A functional area budget crosses department and agency lines功能区域预算可跨部门或
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Separation of Powers 三权分立
Under separation of powers, the powers of the three branches of the U.S. federal government -executive, legislative and judicial -are kept separate and distinct 在三权分立的体系下，美国联邦政府三大 机关所拥有的权力—行政权、立法权和司法权相互 分离、相互独立 The separation of powers establishes the framework for the U.S. federal budget Process三权分立为美国联邦预算过程提供了框架
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Agency-Based Budget 机构预算
Budget requests are by departments and agencies in these departments部门和部门内机构的 预算要求 An example of a department is the department of Commerce 制定商务部预算的例子 An example of an agency in the Department of Commerce is the Bureau of the Census制定商务部下属人口普查局的预算的例子
星期一之前向国会提交预算提案
The President's budget serves as a "starting point" for the Congress to consider. Congress is under no obligation to adopt all or any of the President's budget and often makes significant changes 总统的预算提案只作为国会预算考虑的起点。国会对提案
Base-line budget also called “Current Services Budget”基线预算又称为“当前服务预算” Tells what budget levels would be if no policy changes were to occur in the new fiscal year基线预算表明，如果在新的财政年度里没 有任何政策变化，预算水平将是什么样的
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Budgeting in the U.S 美国的预算
The Federal Government: Three branches 联邦政府： 联邦政府：三大机关
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The Executive Branch 行政机关
The executive branch is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land 行政机关负责国家法律的执行 The executive branch includes the president, vice president and department heads who are members of what is called the president’s “cabinet”行政机关包括总统、副总统 和各部部长，即所谓的总统“内阁”的成员
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Judicial Branch 司法机关
The judicial branch of the federal government is comprised of federal courts 联邦政府的司法机关由 联邦法院构成 Courts decide arguments about the meaning of laws and how they are applied 法院拥有对法律条文和法律 运用的解释权 They also decide if laws violate the Constitution法院还 可以裁定各种法律是否违宪
不必全盘采纳，也不一定要采纳其中某一部分，反而国会往往对总统 的预算提案会做重大的改变
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Phase II: Congressional Consideration 第二阶段:国会审议
The Congressional phase of the budget cycle is fragmented and complicated预算周期中的国会 审议阶段是碎片化的、复杂化的 Four sets of committees in both houses of Congress have specific budget responsibilities 参议院和众议院里的四套委员会班子都对预算负有 特定的责任
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From the President to Congress 从总统到国会
The President is required to submit to Congress a proposed budget by the first Monday in February 总统必须在二月份的第一个
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President’s Budget Submitted to Congress in Three Formats 总统以三种形式向国会提交预算
Base Line基线预算 Agency–based机构预算 Functional Area功能区域预算 Area
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Base Line Budget 基线预算
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Parliament and the King 议会和国王
The King of England and the Parliament often disagreed on the budget 英格兰国王和议会常常对预算产生分歧 Because of this, the U.S. Constitution incorporated what are called the “separation of powers” with three branches of government each having its own responsibilities and powers 因此，美国宪法中体现出所谓的三权分立，政府的 三大机关各自被赋予了不同的责任和权力。
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Historical Context of Budgeting in the U.S. 预算在美国的历史背景
The origins of public budgeting in the U.S. was influenced by early English history美国公共预算的起源受英国早期历史的影响 In England, a large leather bag was used by the king’s treasurer to carry the documents explaining the king’s fiscal needs 英格兰财政大臣使用一种皮质大袋子，里面 装着说明国王的财政需求的各种文件。 The bag was called the “budget” from the French word for “leather bag” 这种袋子就称作“budget” ，该词源自法语中对“皮袋子”的称呼。
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What is a Government Budget? 什么是政府预算？
A government’s budget is an itemized summary of estimated or intended expenditures for a given period along with proposals for financing them 政府预算是特定时期内的预计开支或计划开支， 及提议为这些开支提供资金的分类科目。
Government Budget Structures and Institutions in the U.S. 美国政府预算结构和体制