M3.2

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各种加工方法能达到的表面粗糙度

ID加工方法表面粗糙度Ra(μm)ID加工方法表面粗糙度Ra(μm) 1自动气割、带锯或圆盘锯割断50～12.526锪倒角（孔的） 3.2～1.62切断（车）50～12.527带导向的锪平面 6.3～3.23切断（铣）25～12.528镗孔（粗镗）12.5～6.34切断（砂轮） 3.2～1.629镗孔（半精镗金属） 6.3～3.25车削外圆（粗车）12.5～3.230镗孔（半精镗非金属） 6.3～1.66车削外圆（半精车金属） 6.3～3.231镗孔（精密镗或金刚石镗金属）0.8～0.27车削外圆（半精车非金属） 3.2～1.632镗孔（精密镗或金刚石镗非金属）0.4～0.28车削外圆（精车金属） 3.2～0.833高速镗0.8～0.29车削外圆（精车非金属） 1.6～0.434铰孔（半精铰一次铰）钢 6.3～3.210车削外圆（精密车或金刚石车金属）0.8～0.235铰孔（半精铰一次铰）黄铜 6.3～1.611车削外圆（精密车或金刚石车非金属）0.4～0.136铰孔（半精铰二次铰）铸铁 3.2～0.812车削端面（粗车）12.5～6.337铰孔（半精铰二次铰）钢、轻合金 1.6～0.813车削端面（半精车金属） 6.3～3.238铰孔（半精铰二次铰）黄铜、青铜0.8～0.414车削端面（半精车非金属） 6.3～1.639铰孔（精密铰）钢0.8～0.215车削端面（精车金属） 6.3～1.640铰孔（精密铰）轻合金0.8～0.416车削端面（精车非金属 6.3～1.641铰孔（精密铰）黄铜、青铜0.2～0.117车削端面（精密车金属）0.8～0.442圆柱铣刀铣削（粗）12.5～3.218车削端面（精密车非金属）0.8～0.243圆柱铣刀铣削（精） 3.2～0.819切槽（一次行程）12.544圆柱铣刀铣削（精密）0.8～0.420切槽（二次行程） 6.3～3.245端铣刀铣削（粗）12.5～3.221高速车削0.8～0.246端铣刀铣削（精） 3.2～0.422钻（≤φ15mm） 6.3～3.247端铣刀铣削（精密）0.8～0.223钻（＞φ15mm）25～6.348高速铣削（粗） 1.6～0.824扩孔、粗（有表皮）12.5～6.349高速铣削（精）0.4～0.225扩孔、精 6.3～1.650刨削（粗）12.5～6.3ID加工方法表面粗糙度Ra(μm)ID加工方法表面粗糙度Ra(μm) 51刨削（精） 3.2～1.676抛光（精密）0.1～0.02552刨削（精密）0.8～0.277抛光（砂带抛光）0.2～0.153刨削（槽的表面） 6.3～3.278抛光（砂布抛光） 1.6～0.154插削（粗）25～12.579抛光（电抛光） 1.6～0.01255插削（精） 6.3～1.680螺纹加工/切削/板牙、丝锥、自开式板牙头 3.2～0.856拉削（精） 1.6～0.481螺纹加工/切削/车刀或梳刀车、铣 6.3～0.857拉削（精密）0.2～0.182螺纹加工/切削/磨0.8～0.258推削（精）0.8～0.283螺纹加工/切削/研磨0.8～0.05059推削（精密）0.4～0.02584螺纹加工/滚轧/搓丝模 1.6～0.860外圆磨内圆磨（半精、一次加工） 6.3～0.885螺纹加工/滚轧/滚丝模 1.6～0.261外圆磨内圆磨（精）0.8～0.286齿轮及花键加工/切削/粗滚 3.2～1.662外圆磨内圆磨（精密）0.2～0.187齿轮及花键加工/切削/精滚 1.6～0.863外圆磨内圆磨（精密、超精密磨削）0.050～0.02588齿轮及花键加工/切削/精插 1.6～0.864外圆磨内圆磨（镜面磨削外圆磨）< 0.05089齿轮及花键加工/切削/精刨 3.2～0.865平面磨（精）0.8～0.490齿轮及花键加工/切削/拉 3.2～1.666平面磨（精密）0.2～0.0591齿轮及花键加工/切削/剃0.8～0.267珩磨（粗、一次加工）0.8～0.292齿轮及花键加工/切削/磨0.8～0.168珩磨（精、精密）0.2～0.02593齿轮及花键加工/切削/研0.4～0.269研磨（粗）0.4～0.294齿轮及花键加工/滚轧/热轧0.8～0.470研磨（精）0.2～0.02595齿轮及花键加工/滚轧/冷轧0.2～0.171研磨（精密）< 0.05096刮（粗） 3.2～0.872超精加工（精）0.8～0.197刮（精）0.4～0.0573超精加工（精密）0.1～0.0598滚压加工0.4～0.0574超精加工（镜面加工、两次加工）< 0.02599钳工锉削12.5～0.875抛光（精）0.8～0.1100砂轮清洗50～6.3。

ASTM D2344_D2344M_美国材料和实验协会标准

3.2Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:3.2.1balanced laminate ,n —a continuous ﬁber-reinforcedlaminate in which each +u lamina,measured with respect to thelaminate reference axis,is balanced by a –u lamina of the samematerial (for example,[0/+45/–45/+45/–45/0]).3.2.2short-beam strength ,n —the shear stress as calculatedin Eq 1,developed at the specimen mid-plane at the failureevent speciﬁed in 11.6.3.2.2.1Discussion —Although shear is the dominant appliedloading in this test method,the internal stresses are complexand a variety of failure modes can occur.Elasticity solutions byBerg et al (1)7,Whitney (2),and Sullivan and Van Oene (3)have all demonstrated inadequacies in classical beam theory indeﬁning the stress state in the short-beam conﬁguration.Thesesolutions show that the parabolic shear-stress distribution aspredicted by Eq 1only occurs,and then not exactly,on planesmidway between the loading nose and support points.Awayfrom these planes,the stress distributions become skewed,withpeak stresses occurring near the loading nose and supportpoints.Of particular signiﬁcance is the stress state local to theloading nose in which the severe shear-stress concentrationcombined with transverse and in-plane compressive stresseshas been shown to initiate failure.However,for the moreductile matrices,plastic yielding may alleviate the situationunder the loading nose (1)and allow other failure modes tooccur such as bottom surface ﬁber tension (2).Consequently,unless mid-plane interlaminar failure has been clearly ob-served,the short-beam strength determined from this testmethod cannot be attributed to a shear property,and the use ofEq 1will not yield an accurate value for shear strength.3.2.3symmetric laminate ,n —a continuous ﬁber-reinforcedlaminate in which each ply above the mid-plane is identicallymatched (in terms of position,orientation,and mechanicalproperties)with one below the mid-plane.3.3Symbols :b —specimen width.CV —sample coefficient of variation (in percent).F sbs —short-beam strength.h —specimen thickness.n —number of specimens.P m —maximum load observed during the test.x i —measured or derived property for an individual specimenfrom the sample population.x ¯—sample mean (average).4.Summary of Test Method4.1The short-beam test specimens (Figs.1-4)are center-loaded as shown in Figs.5and 6.The specimen ends rest ontwo supports that allow lateral motion,the load being appliedby means of a loading nose directly centered on the midpointof the test specimen.5.Signiﬁcance and Use5.1In most cases,because of the complexity of internalstresses and the variety of failure modes that can occur in thisspecimen,it is not generally possible to relate the short-beam strength to any one material property.However,failures are normally dominated by resin and interlaminar properties,and the test results have been found to be repeatable for a given specimen geometry,material system,and stacking sequence (4).5.2Short-beam strength determined by this test method can be used for quality control and process speciﬁcation purposes.It can also be used for comparative testing of composite materials,provided that failures occur consistently in the same mode (5).5.3This test method is not limited to specimens within the range speciﬁed in Section 8,but is limited to the use of a loading span length-to-specimen thickness ratio of 4.0and a minimum specimen thickness of 2.0mm [0.08in.].6.Interferences 6.1Accurate reporting of observed failure modes is essen-tial for meaningful data interpretation,in particular,the detec-tion of initial damage modes.7.Apparatus 7.1Testing Machine ,properly calibrated,which can be operated at a constant rate of crosshead motion,and which the error in the loading system shall not exceed 61%.The load-indicating mechanism shall be essentially free of inertia7Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of thisstandard.N OTE 1—Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5-1982and ANSI/ASM B46.1-1986.N OTE 2—Ply orientation tolerance 60.5°relative to –B–.FIG.1Flat Specimen Conﬁguration(SI)lag at the crosshead rate used.Inertia lag may not exceed 1%of the measured load.The accuracy of the testing machine shallbe veriﬁed in accordance with Practices E 4.7.2Loading Nose and Supports ,as shown in Figs.5and 6,shall be 6.00-mm (0.250-in.)and 3.00-mm (0.125-in.)diametercylinders,respectively,with a hardness of 60to 62HRC,asspeciﬁed in Test Methods E 18,and shall have ﬁnely groundsurfaces free of indentation and burrs with all sharp edgesrelieved.7.3Micrometers —For width and thickness measurements,the micrometers shall use a 4-to 5-mm (0.16-to 0.2-in.)nominal diameter ball interface on an irregular surface such asthe bag side of a laminate and a ﬂat anvil interface on machinededges or very smooth tooled surfaces.A micrometer or caliperwith ﬂat anvil faces shall be used to measure the length of thespecimen.The accuracy of the instrument(s)shall be suitablefor reading to within 1%of the sample dimensions.For typicalsection geometries,an instrument with an accuracy of 60.002mm (60.0001in.)is desirable for thickness and width mea-surement,while an instrument with an accuracy of 60.1mm(60.004in.)is adequate for length measurement.7.4Conditioning Chamber ,when conditioning materials atnonlaboratory environments,a temperature/vapor-level-controlled environmental conditioning chamber is required thatshall be capable of maintaining the required temperature towithin 63°C (65°F)and the required vapor level to within63%.Chamber conditions shall be monitored either on an automated continuous basis or on a manual basis at regular intervals.7.5Environmental Test Chamber ,an environmental test chamber is required for test environments other than ambient testing laboratory conditions.This chamber shall be capable of maintaining the test specimen at the required test environment during the mechanical test method.8.Sampling and Test Specimens 8.1Sampling —Test at least ﬁve specimens per test condi-tion unless valid results can be gained through the use of fewer specimens,as in the case of a designed experiment.For statistically signiﬁcant data,consult the procedures outlined in Practice E 122.Report the method of sampling.8.2Geometry :8.2.1Laminate Conﬁgurations —Both multidirectional and pure unidirectional laminates can be tested,provided that there are at least 10%0°ﬁbers in the span direction of the beam (preferably well distributed through the thickness),and that the laminates are both balanced and symmetric with respect to the span direction of the beam.8.2.2Specimen Conﬁgurations —Typical conﬁgurations for the ﬂat and curved specimens are shown in Figs.1-4.For specimen thicknesses other than those shown,the following geometries are recommended:Specimen length =thickness 36Specimen width,b =thickness 32.0N OTE 2—Analysis reported by Lewis and Adams (6)has shown that a width-to-thickness ratio of greater than 2.0can result in a signiﬁcant width-wise shear-stress variation.8.2.2.1For curved beam specimens,it is recommended that the arc should not exceed 30°.Also,for these specimens,the specimen length is deﬁned as the minimum chord length.8.3Specimen Preparation —Guide D 5687/D 5687M pro-vides recommended specimen preparation practices and should be followed where practical.8.3.1Laminate Fabrication —Laminates may be hand-laid,ﬁlament-wound or tow-placed,and molded by any suitable laminating means,such as press,bag,autoclave,or resin transfer molding.8.3.2Machining Methods —Specimen preparation is impor-tant for these specimens.Take precautions when cutting specimens from the rings or plates to avoid notches,undercuts,rough or uneven surfaces,or delaminations as a result of inappropriate machining methods.Obtain ﬁnal dimensions by water-lubricated precision sawing,milling,or grinding.The use of diamond tooling has been found to be extremely effective for many material systems.Edges should be ﬂat and parallel within the speciﬁed tolerances.8.3.3Labeling —Label the specimens so that they will be distinct from each other and traceable back to the raw material,in a manner that will both be unaffected by the test method and not inﬂuence the test method.9.Calibration 9.1The accuracy of all measuring equipment shall have certiﬁed calibrations that are current at the time of use of theequipment.N OTE 1—Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5-1982and ANSI/ASME B46.1-1986.N OTE 2—Ply orientation tolerance 60.5°relative to –B–.FIG.2Flat Specimen Conﬁguration (InchPound)10.Conditioning10.1Standard Conditioning Procedure —Unless a differentenvironment is speciﬁed as part of the test method,conditionthe test specimens in accordance with Procedure C of TestMethod D 5229/D 5229M,and store and test at standardlaboratory atmosphere (2363°C (7365°F)and 50610%relative humidity).11.Procedure11.1Parameters to Be Speciﬁed Before Test :11.1.1The specimen sampling method and coupon geom-etry.11.1.2The material properties and data-reporting formatdesired.N OTE 3—Determine speciﬁc material property,accuracy,and data-reporting requirements before test for proper selection of instrumentation and data-recording equipment.Estimate operating stress levels to aid in calibration of equipment and determination of equipment settings.11.1.3The environmental conditioning test parameters.11.1.4If performed,the sampling test method,coupon geometry,and test parameters used to determine density and reinforcement volume.11.2General Instructions :11.2.1Report any deviations from this test method,whether intentional or inadvertent.11.2.2If speciﬁc gravity,density,reinforcement volume,or void volume are to be reported,then obtain these samples from the same panels as the test samples.Speciﬁc gravityandN OTE 1—Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5-1982and ANSI/ASM B46.1-1986.N OTE 2—Ply orientation tolerance 60.5°relative to –A–.FIG.3Curved Specimen Conﬁguration(SI)density may be evaluated by means of Test Methods D 792.V olume percent of the constituents may be evaluated by one ofthe matrix digestion procedures of Test Method D 3171,or forcertain reinforcement materials such as glass and ceramics,bythe matrix burn-off technique of Test Method D 2584.V oidcontent may be evaluated from the equations of Test MethodD 2734and are applicable to both Test Methods D 2584andD 3171.11.2.3Condition the specimens as required.Store the speci-mens in the conditioned environment until test time,if the testenvironment is different from the conditioning environment.11.2.4Following ﬁnal specimen machining and any condi-tioning,but before testing,measure and record the specimenwidth and thickness at the specimen midsection and thespecimen length to the accuracy speciﬁed in 7.3.11.3Speed of Testing —Set the speed of testing at a rate of crosshead movement of 1.0mm (0.05in.)/min.11.4Test Environment —If possible,test the specimen under the same ﬂuid exposure level as that used for conditioning.However,if the test temperature places too severe requirements upon the testing machine environmental chamber,test at a temperature with no ﬂuid exposure control.In this case,a restriction must be placed upon the time from removal of the specimen from the conditioning chamber until test completion to inhibit nonrepresentative ﬂuid loss from the specimen.Record any modiﬁcations to the test environment and specimen weight change after removal from conditioning until test completion.11.4.1Monitor the test temperature by placing an appropri-ate thermocouple at specimen mid-length to be located ontheN OTE 1—Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5-1982and ANSI/ASME B46.1-1986.N OTE 2—Ply orientation tolerance 60.5°relative to –A–.FIG.4Curved Specimen Conﬁguration (InchPound)underside of the beam.11.5Specimen Insertion —Insert the specimen into the testﬁxture,with the toolside resting on the reaction supports asshown in Fig.5or Fig.6.Align and center the specimen suchthat its longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the loading noseand side supports.Adjust the span such that the span-to-measured thickness ratio is 4.0to an accuracy of 60.3mm(0.012in.).The loading nose should be located equidistantbetween the side supports to within 60.3mm (0.012in.).Boththe loading nose and side supports should overhang thespecimen width by at least 2mm (0.08in.)at each side.In thecase of the ﬂat laminate test,each specimen end shouldoverhang the side support centers by at least the specimenthickness.11.6Loading —Apply load to the specimen at the speciﬁedrate while recording data.Continue loading until either of thefollowing occurs:11.6.1A load drop-off of 30%,11.6.2Two-piece specimen failure,or11.6.3The head travel exceeds the specimen nominal thick-ness.11.7Data Recording —Record load versus crosshead dis-placement data throughout the test method.Record the maxi-mum load,ﬁnal load,and the load at any obvious discontinui-ties in the load-displacement data.11.8Failure Mode —Typical failure modes that can be identiﬁed visually are shown in Fig.7.However,these may be preceded by less obvious,local damage modes such as transply cracking.Record the mode and location of failure,if possible identifying one or a combination of the modes shown.12.Calculation 12.1Short-Beam Strength —Calculate the short-beam strength using Eq 1as follows:F sbs 50.753P m b 3h (1)where:F sbs =short-beam strength,MPa (psi);P m =maximum load observed during the test,N (lbf);b =measured specimen width,mm (in.),and h =measured specimen thickness,mm (in.).12.2Statistics —For each series of test methods,calculate the average value,standard deviation,and coefficient of varia-tion (in percent)for each property determined asfollows:FIG.5Horizontal Shear Load Diagram (CurvedBeam)FIG.6Horizontal Shear Load Diagram (FlatLaminate)x 5~(i –1n x i !/n (2)s n –15Œ~(i 51nx i 2–n ~x !2!/~n –1!(3)CV 51003s n –1/x(4)where:x ¯=sample mean (average);s n–1=sample standard deviation;CV =sample coefficient of variation,%;n =number of specimens;and x i =measured or derived property.13.Report13.1Report the following information,or references point-ing to other documentation containing this information,to themaximum extent applicable (reporting of items beyond thecontrol of a given testing laboratory,such as might occur withmaterial details or panel fabrication parameters,shall be theresponsibility of the requester):N OTE 4—Guides E 1309,E 1434,and E 1471contain data reportingrecommendations for composite materials and composite materials me-chanical testing.13.1.1This test method and revision level or date of issue.13.1.2Whether the coupon conﬁguration was standard orvariant.13.1.3The date and location of the test.13.1.4The name of the test operator.13.1.5Any variations to this test method,anomalies noticedduring testing,or equipment problems occurring during testing.13.1.6Identiﬁcation of the material tested including:mate-rial speciﬁcation,material type,material designation,manufac-turer,manufacturer’s batch or lot number,source (if not from manufacturer),date of certiﬁcation,expiration of certiﬁcation,ﬁlament diameter,tow or yarn ﬁlament count and twist,sizing,form or weave,ﬁber areal weight,matrix type,prepreg matrix content,and prepreg volatiles content.13.1.7Description of the fabrication steps used to prepare the laminate including:fabrication start date,fabrication end date,process speciﬁcation,cure cycle,consolidation method,and a description of the equipment used.13.1.8Ply orientation and stacking sequence of the lami-nate.13.1.9If requested,report density,volume percent rein-forcement,and void content test methods,specimen sampling method and geometries,test parameters,and test results.13.1.10Average ply thickness of the material.13.1.11Results of any nondestructive evaluation tests.13.1.12Method of preparing the test specimen,including specimen labeling scheme and method,specimen geometry,sampling method,and coupon cutting method.13.1.13Calibration dates and methods for all measurements and test equipment.13.1.14Details of loading nose and side supports including diameters and material used.13.1.15Type of test machine,alignment results,and data acquisition sampling rate and equipment type.13.1.16Dimensions of each test specimen.13.1.17Conditioning parameters and results.13.1.18Relative humidity and temperature of the testing laboratory.13.1.19Environment of the test machine environmental chamber (if used)and soak time at environment.13.1.20Number of specimens tested.13.1.21Speed oftesting.FIG.7Typical Failure Modes in the Short BeamTest13.1.22Maximum load observed during the test,for eachspecimen.13.1.23Load-displacement curves for each specimen.13.1.24Failure mode of each specimen,identiﬁed if pos-sible from Fig.7.14.Precision and Bias14.1Precision —The data required for the development of aprecision statement is not currently available for this testmethod.14.2Bias —Bias cannot be determined for this test method as no acceptable reference standard exists.15.Keywords 15.1composite materials;resin and interlaminar properties;short-beam strengthREFERENCES(1)Berg,C.A.,Tirosh,J.,and Israeli,M.,“Analysis of Short BeamBending of Fiber Reinforced Composites,”in Composite Materials:Testing and Design (Second Conference),ASTM STP 497,ASTM,1972,pp.206-218.(2)Whitney,J.M.,and Browning,C.E.,“On Short-Beam Shear Tests forComposite Materials,”Experimental Mechanics ,V ol 25,1985,pp.294-300.(3)Sullivan,J.L.,and Van Oene,H.,“An Elasticity Analysis for theGenerally and Specially Orthotropic Beams Subjected to ConcentratedLoads,”Composites Science and Technology ,V ol 27,1986,pp.182-191.(4)U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Aviation Administration,“Test Methods for Composites a Status Report:V olume III Shear Test Methods,”Report No.DOT/FAA/CT-93/17,III,FAA Technical Cen-ter,Atlantic City,1993.(5)Cui,W.,Wisnom,M.R.,and Jones,M.,“Effect of Specimen Size on Interlaminar Shear Strength of Unidirectional Carbon Fibre-Epoxy,”Composites Engineering ,V ol 4,No.3,1994,pp.299-307.(6)Adams,D.F.and Lewis,E.Q.,“Current Status of Composite Material Shear Test Methods,”SAMPE ,V ol 31,No.6,1994,pp.32-41.The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every ﬁve years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.Individual reprints (single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@ (e-mail);or through the ASTM website().。

3.2m球磨机粉磨石灰石工艺

3.2m球磨机粉磨石灰石工艺
球磨机是一种常用的粉磨设备，用于矿石、建筑材料、冶金等行业中的磨矿操作。

下面是一个简单的3.2m球磨机粉磨石灰石的工艺流程：
1. 物料准备：
•石灰石矿石经过采矿和初步破碎后，被输送到球磨机的进料口。

2. 破碎与预处理：
•石灰石可能需要经过初步破碎和预处理，以确保适合球磨机的进一步处理。

这可能包括颚式破碎机、锤式破碎机等设备。

3. 石灰石进料：
•经过预处理的石灰石被输送到3.2m球磨机的进料口，通常通过皮带输送机等设备。

4. 磨矿操作：
•石灰石在球磨机中进行磨矿操作。

球磨机内部装有一定数量的磨球，通过回转筒体，磨球对石灰石进行碾磨。

石灰石在球磨
机内不断受到磨损和粉碎，逐渐变成粉状。

5. 分类：
•磨矿完成后，通过气流或机械分类器对产生的粉末进行分类，以确保满足所需颗粒度的产品要求。

分级操作将细粉和粗粉分
开。

6. 产品收集：
•完成分类后，所得的细粉通过风力输送或机械输送被收集到相
应的储存或包装设备。

7. 控制系统：
•整个工艺过程通常由控制系统监测和控制。

这包括监测球磨机的运行状态、调整进料速率、维护设备稳定性等。

8. 排放处理：
•在一些情况下，需要对工艺中产生的粉尘和废气进行处理，以符合环保要求。

这只是一个概述，具体的工艺流程可能根据实际情况和石灰石的特性而有所不同。

在设计和运行过程中，还需考虑工厂的产能、能耗、设备耐磨性、产品质量等因素。

光洁度与粗糙度Ra、Rz数值对照换算表单位μm

光洁度与粗糙度Ｒａ、Ｒｚ数值对照换算表(单位：μｍ)另附：表面粗糙度国际标准表面光洁度等级与表面粗糙度高度参数推荐转换表表面光洁度等级与表面粗糙度高度参数推荐转换表（一）表面光洁度（ＧB1031-68）级别代号 Ra Rz ▽ 1>40 ∽80 um> 160 ∽320 um▽ 2>20 ∽40 um> 80 ∽160 um▽ 3 >10 ∽20 um> 40 ∽80 um▽ 4>5 ∽10 um > 20 ∽40 um▽ 5>2.5 ∽5 um> 10 ∽20 um▽ 6>1.25 ∽2.5 um> 6.3 ∽10 um▽ 7>0.63 ∽1.25 um> 3.2 ∽6.3 um▽ 8>0.32 ∽0.63 um> 1.6∽3.2 um▽ 9>0.16 ∽0.32 um> 0.8 ∽1.6 um▽ 10>0.08 ∽0.16 um> 0.4 ∽0.8 um▽ 11>0.04 ∽0.08 um> 0.2 ∽0.4 um▽ 12>0.02 ∽0.04 um> 0.1 ∽0.2 u m▽ 13>0.01 ∽0.02 um> 0.05 ∽0.1 um▽ 14≤0.01 um≤0.05 um表面光洁度等级与表面粗糙度高度参数推荐转换表（二）表面粗糙度（ＧB1031-83）级别代号Ra RzⅠⅡⅢ▽1 50um 100um 80um 32 0um▽2 25um 50um 40um 1 60um▽3 12.5um 25um 20um 8 0um▽4 6.3um 12.5um 10um40um▽5 3.2um 6.3um 5um20um▽6 1.60um 3.2um 2.5um 1 0um▽7 0.80um 1.60um 1.25um 6.3 um▽8 0.40um 0.80um 0.63um 3.2 um▽ 9 0.20um 0.40um 0.32um 1.60um▽10 0.100um 0.20um 0.16um 0.80um▽11 0.050um 0.100um 0.08um 0.40um▽12 0.025um 0.050um 0.04um0.20um▽13 0.012um 0.025um 0.02um 0.100um▽14 0.012um 0.01um 0.050um轮廓算术平均偏差Ra ——在取样长度l内，轮廓偏距绝对值的算术平均值。

论永顺M_L3.2级地震与高家坝水库的关系

地震记载。２１００年９月１日ＭＬ．是首次地震，震中就在离水库不足２ｋ的两岔乡政６３２级ｍ
１６Ｏ
华南地震
３１卷
府。这次地震发生后相继发生了帆１、Ｍ．．６０和ＭＯ．余震（表２。同时从距水库仅７级见）
童琼，童迎世。童敏，
长沙４００）１０４
（．南省地震局吉首地震台，湖南吉首４６０；２湖南省地震局，湖南１湖１００．
摘要：从高家坝水库的基本特征出发，结合库区和坝址区的地质与构造、ＭＬ．地震前后水３２级
岩层产状Ｎ８～２．倾角３～。１ｏ２ｏｏ８地下水主要是岩溶水，接受大气降水补给，以岩溶泉或地下暗河为主要排泄方式
２期
童
琼等：论永顺ＭＬ．地震与高家坝水库的关系３２级
１５０
ｎ一井首车断裂．Ｆ一斗卡塔断裂．Ｆ一迪吴家断裂盐２金３冗
ＨｕａｒｖｎｅｎｎＰｏｉｃ）
表２的定位结果显示震源深度在６７ｋｍ，但岩溶等引发的塌陷地震．其震源深度一般不可能达到６７ｋ～ｍ这种深度，定位的深度明显偏深。地震台网中心测定的震源深度只能作为参考，因为按规范深度误差可以达￣０ｋ１ｍ。经查阅建库前的地勘资料，库区溶洞、漏斗和暗河最深只有１００ｍ：结合台站记录地震波的初动和震后有感范围偏小的情况。此次地５

水泥磨规格3.2m

水泥磨规格3.2m水泥磨是一种用于生产水泥的设备，其规格为 3.2m，属于比较常见的水泥磨型号之一。

以下是对水泥磨规格3.2m的详细说明：一、基本参数水泥磨规格3.2m是一种比较通用的型号，其磨机直径为3.2米，长度在10-15米之间，属于长磨机。

这种型号的水泥磨通常适用于中小型水泥厂的生产线，可以满足不同种类和规格的水泥生产需求。

二、结构特点水泥磨主要由进料装置、磨机本体、出料装置和传动装置等部分组成。

其中，进料装置通常采用斜槽、皮带输送机或者提升机等设备将物料送入磨机内部；磨机本体由研磨体、衬板和隔仓板等组成，是水泥磨的核心部分；出料装置一般采用空气输送斜槽或者振动筛等设备将磨好的水泥排出；传动装置则由电机、减速机和轴承座等组成，为磨机的运转提供动力。

三、工作原理水泥磨的工作原理主要是通过磨机的旋转运动，将物料进行反复的碾压、研磨和冲击，从而将物料磨细，达到所需的水泥细度。

在磨机旋转的过程中，研磨体和衬板之间会产生摩擦力，使得物料在摩擦力的作用下不断被磨细。

同时，隔仓板的作用可以将物料进行分级研磨，保证不同粒度的物料都能够得到充分的研磨。

四、操作流程水泥磨的操作流程主要包括以下步骤：1.启动前检查：在启动水泥磨之前，需要对设备进行检查，确保进料装置、出料装置、传动装置等各部分都处于正常状态，无异常情况。

2.启动操作：启动水泥磨的传动装置，让磨机开始旋转。

然后逐渐增加喂料量，并观察磨机的运行状态，确保其运转正常。

3.生产操作：在磨机正常运转后，可以根据生产需求进行生产操作。

根据物料的性质和产品要求，可以调整喂料量、研磨体级配和隔仓板的分隔比例等参数，以保证生产出的水泥质量符合要求。

4.停机操作：当需要停机时，首先需要逐渐减少喂料量，待磨机内的物料全部磨完后，再停止传动装置，关闭各部分的电源。

5.维护保养：定期对水泥磨进行检查和维护保养，保证设备的正常运行。

例如检查传动装置的润滑情况、清理进料和出料装置的堵塞物等。

1603 AC800M control builder 使用入门介绍

Control IT3.2 (AC800M control builder)使用入门介绍一、首次启动控制器控制器启动前首先要进行编程软件升级，使之与所用控制器匹配安装完control builder软件后，按照ABB Industrial IT-Engeineer IT-Control Builder MProfessional3.2-serial Firmware Upgrade步骤启动软件升级。

PC与控制器AC800M之间用COM4相连接。

通过点击connect进行升级。

通过IPconfig命令检查PC的IP址与控制器是否匹配。

如图示设置PC的IP用IPConfigTool进行设置。

开始--程序--ABB Industrial IT-Engeineer IT-Control Builder MProfessional3.2-IPConfig带有冗余CPU的IP设置：二、Control Builder 布局Controlbuilder的布局窗口分为项目浏览窗和信息窗：浏览窗分为库、应用、控制器。

信息窗分为描述、检查、信息。

Control builder 结构构成：工具条说明：在线和下载的进入方法：编程过程中进求助在线帮助的方法（按F1）。

按F1进入相关在线帮助通过Ｈelp-Manual 进入在线手册帮助。

组态控制器硬件组态三、控制器硬件带cpu 、Ｉ／Ｏ、、Ｉ／Ｏ、和现场总线的树形结构和现场总线的树形结构和现场总线的树形结构。

在项目树里的硬件如下图示在项目树里的硬件如下图示：：通过双击或鼠标右击打开编缉器进行相应硬件的属性设置通过双击或鼠标右击打开编缉器进行相应硬件的属性设置。

通过右击鼠标添加想要新硬件到组态树结构中通过右击鼠标添加想要新硬件到组态树结构中：：。

右键添加硬件时只提供相关联的可选硬件类别。

所选被添加硬件在屏幕底端有相应的介绍性帮助性信息提供所选被添加硬件在屏幕底端有相应的介绍性帮助性信息提供。

M移动公司客户价值评价

M移动公司客户价值评价以上的区分方法没有考虑客户的成本、潜在价值等因素，仅仅考虑了客户性质、消费情况，必然将导致高价值部分未能进行有效的客户管理。

而对于非VIP 客户，在营销和服务中基本采用普惠政策，没有进一步进行区分。

在重组之前，客户管理关系显得不太紧迫，M移动公司在当地通信市场占有率超过80%，有绝对优势的品牌、服务效应，客户流失不严重。

但是随着重组和3G竞争的来临，客户关系管理将愈来愈重要。

如何更好更科学的进行客户价值管理，利用好有限的营销成本进行必要的服务、营销资源的倾斜，做好客户价值的进一步提升及客户保持就显得更加重要。

3.1.2 M移动公司产品及其特性市场营销学认为，产品就是指企业提供给市场的用于满足人们某种欲望和需要的事物，包括实物、服务、场所、组织、思想、主意等。

产品不仅包括传统的有形实物产品的范围，还包括无形的服务，这种产品概念通常称为产品整体概念。

按现中国移动业务种类区分，业务主要如下表所示：程，客户只有在购买并使用后才能有所感受，即使感受到也很难对移动通信服务的质量作精确客观的量化评价。

因此，服务更强调客户以往的消费经验、其他消费者的推荐和权威部门的评价，移动通信服务企业的形象和信誉比一般企业的形象和信誉更为重要，只有使客户得到满意的感知，才能将移动的服务由无形转为有形。

第二，移动通信服务产品具有生产与消费同时进行的特点。

移动通信企业提供服务的过程，同时也是顾客消费过程，二者在时间上是无法分割的。

如果在生产消费的过程中，客户没有得到满意的感知，那么事前准备和事后挽救都将于事无补。

第三，移动通信服务产品具有不可贮存性的特点。

移动通信产品不能像实物产品那样被存储起来。

虽然移动通信产品的生产过程也可以在需要之前准备，但是如果生产出来的产品没有被立刻消费掉，这样就会造成机会损失和设备折旧。

第四，移动通信服务具有非所有权转让的特点。

客户在享受移动通信服务的过程中，支付各种移动通信服务费用，但并未发生任何网络设备、线路等实体所有权的转移。

3.2利用牛顿环测定透镜的曲率半径

知，则可由上式计算出透镜的曲率半径 R ，反之，如透镜的曲率半径 R 为已知，则可算出
人射光波的波长。
实验仪器及其描述：
牛顿环是由一平凸透镜 L 和精磨的平玻璃板 P 叠合装在金属框架中构成的，如图三所示，框架边上有三个螺钉 H 用以调节 L 和 P 之间接触点，以改变干涉圆环的形状和位置，
中的集合关系可得：
R 2 R d2 r 2 R 2 2Rd d 2 r 2
因 R>>d，故可略去 d2 而得
r2 2Rd 或 d r 2
①
2R
入射光
当光线垂直人射时，在平凹透镜的上下缘面
上反射光线的光程差为： 2n0d
②
R
式中 n0 为透镜折射率，由于光在平凹透镜上下缘面
n0r 2 m R
化简得
r 2 mR
⑤
n0
式中 r 为第 m 个亮圈的半径，同理可导出暗圈的半径为
r 2m 1R
⑥
n0
2
例如，选取第 m 个和第 n 个清楚的干涉亮环(或暗环)，测量第 m 个第 n 个亮环(或暗环)
的半径，由这两个差值来计算 R 或。由⑤式或⑥式可得：
上反射光线的光程差为：
2d
(2)
2
式中是因为光在平面玻璃面上反射时有 2
半波损失，将(1)式代入（2)式就得到以 O
r
d
图二
为圆心，半径为 r 的圆周上各点处的光程差为：
r2
(3)
R2
当 m 时，对应亮环
当 2m 1 时，对应暗环
2 式中 m 为干涉级数， m 可为 0、1、2……
1．用分振幅的方法实现双光束干涉。 2．通过实验加深对等厚干涉原理的理解和现象的认识。 3．掌握用牛顿环测定透镜曲率半径的方法。 4．学会调节和使用读数显微镜。 5. 观察等厚干涉现象。

3.2线性相关与线性无关

的“接长”向量组；而把向量组1 ,2 ,,m 称为向量组1 , 2 ,, m 的“截短”向量组。
定理3.2.4可以简述为“相关组的截短向量组必为相关组”.它的等价说法是“无关组的接长向量组必为无关组”.
注意: “扩充或子组”与“接长或截短”的区别，前者是维数不变，向量个数增减；后者是向量个数不变，维数增减.
不妨设km 0, 则有
如果m k11
m
k1mk(mk111
m1 ,
k
则
m
1
m
1
).
k11 km1 m1 1 • m 0.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
由于k个数k1 ,, km1 , km 1不全为零，故
1
,
2
,,
线性
m
相
关
。
例11设1 ,2 ,,m线性相关，m 1且1 0.
证明：存在某个t
这就是说，若方阵的行列式等于零，则它的行向量组
和列向量组都线性相关；若方阵的行列式不为零，则
它的行向量组和列向量组都线性无关。
定理3.2.1m个n维向量1,2 ,,m (m 2)线性相关
定理3.2.3可以简述为“相关组的扩充向量组必为相关组”，或者“部分相关，整体必相关”.它的等价说法是“无关组的子向量组必为无关组”或者“整体无关，部分必无关”.
定理3.2.4 设有两个向量组，它们的前n个分量对应相等： i (ai1, ai2 ,, ain ),i 1,2,, m;
i (ai1, ai2 ,, ain , ai,n1 ),i 1,2,, m.

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外研英语初二（上）Module 3测试(二)一.找出左栏单词的英文解释。

1. several A. find out sth. the first time2. alone B. some , but not many3. discover C. two times4. prefer D. not long ago5. twice F. by oneself, with no other people6. recently G. like better二.翻译句子。

1. 在南美有上百万的人做同样的事。

There are _____ _______ people in North America doing the same thing.2.一些宇宙飞船已到达了太阳系之外。

Some spacecrafts have already been to the ______ ________.3.在别的行星上我们没有发现生命。

We haven’t found life _____ ______ _______ yet.4.他们为什么还没有给我们发送信息。

Why ____ they ___ us a message?5.到那里已经用了几个月的时间。

It has ______ several months to ______ there.三．单项选择。

( )1. Ninety ____ teachers and students plant _____ trees every year.A. thousands, million ofB. thousand, millions ofC. thousands of, millions ofD. thousand, million( )2.—I hear your father ___ to Japan once.--Yes. He ____ there last year.A. has been, wentB. has been, has beenC. went, has beenD. goes, went ( )3. We ___ found life on other planet ____.A. don’t, yetB. haven’t, yetC. haven’t, alreadyD. didn’t, already ( )4.—Who has cleaned the blackboard?-- John_____.A. cleanB. doesC. didD. has( )5. It’s hard fo r scientists ___ how large the universe is.A. understandB. understandingC. understoodD. to understand( )6. Write to us when you ___ America.A. reach inB. reach toC. reach at D .reach( )7. When she woke up, she found herself ___ in the room.A. alongB. lonelyC. onlyD. alone( )8. They ___ most of the universe so far.A. have visitedB. visitedC. have visited toD. visiting( )9.—Where is Lin Tao?--He ___ the shop. He will be back in an hour.A. goesB. has gone toC. goD. will go( )10.—Have you ever been to Water Park, Tom?--No, I’ve __ been there.A. everB. already C .never D. just四．句型转换。

1. My brother began to learn English three years ago. (改同义句)My brother ____ _____ English _____ three years.1.My father bought a new car just now. (用just 改写)I ____ just ____ a new car.3. He goes to see his grandpa sometimes. (就画线部分提问)______ ______ ______ he go to see his grandpa?4.I spent 15 yuan on a book. (改写同义句)I ______ 15 yuan _____ the book.5. Li Lei h asn’t come to school because he’s ill. (就画线部分提问)_______ ______ he come to school?五．完型填空。

July 20th, 1969 wan an important day. Two Americans(1) ____ on the moon. They were the first men on the moon. Their names were Armstrong and Aldrin. Theywent(2) ___ a spaceship, whose name was Apollo II. Apollo II(3) ______ the earth on July 16th and went 385,000 (4)_____. The journey(5) ____ three days. On July 20th the spaceship got to the east of Tranquility. Armstrong stepped onto the moon. The two men walked on the(6) ___ of the moon. They (7)___ up some rocks and put them in the spaceship. They jumped (8)______. They were tired from their moon walk. (9)_____ they took a rest. On July 21st Apollo II left the moon and (10)___ the earth. ( )1. A. reached B .landed C. arrived D. went( )2. A. in B. by C. on D. with( )3. A. left B. began C. started out D. went out( )4. A. kilometers B. metres C. kilogrammes D. li( )5. A. spent B. took C. passed D. got( )6. A. ground B.surface C. earth D. floor( )7. A. look B. gave C. picked D. made( )8. A. down and up B. up and down C. from side D. down and down ( )9. A. but B. after C. so D. when( )10. A. returned to B. returned back C. came D. came back连线中考( ) 1. --How long ____ the film KING KONG _______?-- For just several years.(06黑龙江省哈尔滨市中考试题)A. did, beginB. has, begunC. has, been on( ) 2. --_______ have you been away from your hometown?--For about 13 years. (06 辽宁省沈阳市中考试题)A. How soonB. How farC. How longD. How often( ) 3. My father ____ on business for two weeks. He’ll return in 3 days.(06河北省中考试题)A. leftB. has leftC. has goneD. has been away( )4. --Is that Chris speaking?--Sorry, he isn’t in. He _____ abroad on business. (06安徽省中考试题)A. goesB. wentC. has goneD. will go( )5.—How long does it ___ you to go to the post office, Jack?--About half an hour. (06山东省济南市中考试题)A. takeB. spendC. costD. pay参考答案一. 1. B 2. F 3. A 4. G 5. C 6. D二. 1. millions, of 2.sollar, system 3. on, other, planet 4. haven’t, sent 5. has, taken, get三. 1. B 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.A 9.B 10.C四. 1.has, learnt, for 2. have, had 3.How, often, does 4.paid, for 5.Why, hasn’t 五．1.C 2. A 3. A 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.A六．1. in 2. car 3.himself 4.fifteen 5.to 6.too 7.to 8.saying 9.sixteen 10.clothes连线中考1. C2. C3.D4. C5.A。