英语四级写作--简单句变长难句
应试作文的评分标准尽管描述语言不同，但都可以分为内容、组织和语言三个方面，如果是应用文，还要看语域(主要指语言使用是否符合场合)和格式。
新四级作文的评分标准也不能脱离以上三大方面：内容按照题目提纲扩展即可；组织除了要注意段与段之间的连贯与衔接之外，还要特别注意考生最容易忽略的句与句之间的逻辑性；最难提高的是语言，即用词的丰富性和句子的复杂性。
要拿到新四级写作高分，就必须在语言上有所起色，语言是绕不过去的一个心结，那么语言突破之路，到底在何方呢？答曰：简单句。
这是从广大考生的实际出发给出的回答。
因为学了很多年的英语，大部分考生还是能够写出一些东西的，最起码能够写出一些英语的简单句吧。
简单句包括S+V(主谓句)，S+V+O(主谓宾)，S+V+O+O(主谓宾宾)，S+V+O+C(主谓宾宾补)，S+V+C(主系表)，复杂一些的句子无不是由这些简单句演变而来的。
用简单句写复杂思想学了这么多年英语，为什么还不能写出好的句子？原因在于想得太复杂了。
我们可以将要表达的汉语思想，全部说成简单的句子，而简单句，在写作时是考生可以掌控的。
之后再将简单句加以润色、组合，使之登堂入室，夺取高分。
例如写这句话：大学生刚刚毕业就想立刻找到高薪的工作是不可能的。
看到这样的汉语句子，一般我们的反应是要用It is impossible for sb. to do sth.. 这样的句型，然后想着往里填词：在sb. 的位置填上“刚刚毕业的大学生”，在不定式的位置填上“找到高薪的工作”，如：It is impossible for刚刚毕业的大学生to找到高薪的工作.那么“刚刚毕业的大学生”怎么写？英语里面好像找不到一个表示“刚刚毕业的”形容词放在大学生前面，所以就要用定语从句，写成college students who have just graduated，如果graduated不会写，先写成left；然后怎么写“高薪的”，英语里面也没有这样一个形容词放在jobs的前面，所以用定语从句，写成to find jobs which can give them a lot of money。
这样这个句子将写成：It is impossible for college students who have just graduated to find jobs which can give them a lot of money. 这样将两个定语从句放在这个句型里面，实在是太容易犯错了。
实际上，刚刚毕业的大学生可以写成：newly-graduated students, 而高薪的工作可以写成well-paying jobs, 将这两个短语放进去，成为：It is impossible for newly-graduated students to find well-paying jobs，与上面的定语从句相比会获得更高的分数。
不过试问，能写出这两个短语的有几人呢？我们能不能换一种思路，想得简单点，把上面一句话拆分成为四句：①每年，都有很多大学生毕业。
②他们都想找到工作。
③这些工作可以给他们很多钱。
④这是不可能的。
我相信这样的句子大部分考生很快就可以写出来：①Every year, many college students graduate.②They all want to find jobs.③These jobs can give them a lot of money.④This is impossible.第一句话属于五种简单句中的主谓句，第二句是主谓宾，第三句是主谓间宾直宾，第四句是主系表。
下面我们看看能不能润色一下：第一句话我们将熟悉的many改为heaps and heaps of (一批一批的)，这是换词；然后?：from universities；又想到还有独立的学院，再加上and institutes。
第一句话变成：Every year, heaps and heaps of college students graduate from universities and institutes.这句话这样一改，便成气候了。
第二句和第三句可以用定语从句连接起来，因为第三句的主语是第二句最后jobs的重复，所以②＋③成为：They all want to find jobs，which can give them a lot of money. 再润色，我们发现give可以改为offer，a lot of money可以改为handsome salaries。
利用学过的语法知识我们可以让这个句子更加复杂，给定语从句中加一个插入语：they hope，放在which后面，这样这句话就成为：They all want to find jobs，which they hope can offer them handsome salaries.第四句话也可以和前两句连在一起，这次不采用主从复合句，而采用并列句，因为意思发生转折，故用but连接，而impossible太绝对了，改为hardly possible，于是成为：They all want to find jobs，which they hope can offer them handsome salaries，but this is hardly possible.所以最初的那句话，经过拆解、加工(换词和连句)形成了下面的一组句子：Every year, heaps and heaps of college students graduate from universities and institutes. They all want to find jobs，which they hope can offer them handsome salaries，but this is hardly possible.上文总共32个词，与我们刚才认为很难达到的那个句子It is impossible for newly-graduated students to find well-paying jobs (10个词)相比，气势上毫不逊色，但是哪一种写法更适合广大考生的情况呢？当然是从熟悉的东西着手改造更为可取，像newly-graduated和well-paying这样的天外来客式的词组需要积累，或者自己有意去搜寻。
再强调一下：上面这组句子是我们从简单句变过来的。
这说明：简单句这只丑小鸭也可以变成白天鹅！这是对四级考生写作应试方面最大的启示！笔者坚定地认为，写好四级作文，切勿好高骛远，一下子就想写出来很复杂的句子可能会搞得遍体鳞伤。
所以，要从可以掌控的东西出发，即将复杂的汉语思想分解成为简单句，或者说，学会想简单的句子，然后表达成为简单句，进而对之进行再加工，要么换词，要么连句，如此润色，写作可成矣！长难句写作思路英文写作的思维就像一个黑洞，似乎深不可测，但如果我们将写作的过程视为一个看不见的汉译英的过程就会简单明了得多。
根据笔者的经验，英文写作一般是先想主语，因为主语是一句话的开头；再想谓语，谓语中应该会先写助动词，所以先想用什么时态、语态、情态；接下来是动词，动词要考虑的是用及物动词还是不及物动词，是系动词还是实义动词。
如果是及物动词就要考虑跟宾语，系动词就要考虑跟表语。
如下图所示：系动词跟表语下面，我们一起来写几句话。
例一：国际旅游业创造了很多就业机会。
这句话比较简单。
首先想想写这句话主语应该是什么？应该是“国际旅游业”，谓语应该是“创造”，还要带一个宾语“就业机会”。
这句话的主干应该是：旅游业创造就业机会。
对应的简单句句型应该是主谓宾S+V+O。
先写主语：International tourism；下面考虑时态，这应该是一个经常反复发生的动作，故用一般现在时，create这个动词应该加s；create 是及物动词，所以后面加上many job opportunities, 写成：International tourism creates many job opportunities.例二：外出工作让母亲们没法照顾好孩子。
这是一个稍微难的句子，先想主语，是“外出工作”，在主语的位置要用动名词，写成Working outside；“让”不能写成let，要用make, 时态用一般现在时，故make要加s；make是及物动词，后跟宾语mothers, “没法照顾好孩子”就成为宾语补足语，构成S+V+O+C的句型，宾语补足语用形容词，写成unable to take good care of their children, 全句成为：Working outside makes women unable to take good care of their children.当然还可以写成：Working outside makes it impossible for women to take good care of their children.这句话将原句进行了适当变通，使之成为“外出工作让母亲们照顾好孩子成为不可能”，然后活用了it作为形式宾语，将不定式后置。
相比之下第一种写法稍显生硬。
第三种写法：Working outside deprives women of the chance to take good care of their children.这句话将原句进行了适当变通，使之成为“外出工作剥夺了母亲们照顾好孩子的机会”，活用了deprive sb. of 这个句型。
所以英语写作有很多可能，可选择自己最有把握的句子写出来。
例三：五月到九月份，公司的营业额极不稳定。
这句话在图表写作时可能遇到。
五月到九月份可以理解为在五月到九月份，作时间状语，写成between May and September；主语选择“公司的营业额”，将这句话理解为“是极不稳定的”；谓语动词选择系动词be的过去式，为was；“不稳定的”用形容词erratic, 这句话可以写成主系表结构S+V+C：Between May and September, the turnover of the company was fairly erratic.注意系动词所表示的“是”，经常在汉语思维中隐藏。
结束语：简单句需要同学们好好训练，因为简单句是走向更复杂句子结构的基础，也是新四级考生在临场考试时最能够有把握写好而不犯错的句型。
2024年英语四级真题长难句解析
9、Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School. (2008年12月)
本句为简单句，主干为This guidance eliminated the need…and avoided confrontation…。eyeing the same parking space为现在分词作后置定语，修饰those。
这些引导消除了顾客在停车场无尽地兜圈子的必要，而且避免了顾客之间因抢占空车位而引发的冲突。
5、We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a beneficial effect on the world.
本句为复合句。主句为We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices。that 引导定语从句，修饰 choices，that 在从句中作主语。to make choices 作 opportunity 的定语。
10、“Retailers who’re ponsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly,” said Professor Stephen Hoch. (2008年12月)
英语四级四级长难句
四级长难句分析在大学英语四级考试的阅读理解中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。
长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。
长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。
理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。
首先我们先来了解制造长句的几个要点一词汇：核心词汇+普通词汇二语法结构1．从句：定语、同位语、表语、宾语、状语2．并列结构3．插入语4．倒装5．强调6．省略：分词作定语，独立主格结构2008-61．But the real truth is that we don't know enough to relieve global warming, and —— without major technological breakthroughs —— we can't do much about it.2. The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it's really an engineering one.3．Privacy economist Alessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people w ill surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon(优惠卷)4. The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to re construct who you are, where you are and what you like.2007-124．The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly “guided” by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson.5. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting my daughter’s experience.6. While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough away to give her room but close enough to help if asked.2007-67. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.8. Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.9. The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.”10. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.11. Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly.12. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.13. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it’s like towork in a field dominated by men.14. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.15. Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don’t talk about that anymore.16. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didn’t want to deal with gender issues.2006-1217. In fact, New York’s municipal w ater for more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity.18. Similarly, a magazine in England found that tap water from the Thames River tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times more expensive.19. According to an article in The Street Journal, some of the more shameless tactics include placing attractive bottles on the table for a visual sell, listing brands on the menu without prices, and pouring bottled water without even asking the diners if they want it.20. Regardless of how it’s sold, the popularity of bottled water taps into our desire for better health, our wish to appear cultivated, and even a longing for lost purity.21. As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease—especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise.22. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired.23. The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body’s special needs.24. In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “well” and “wellness” only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health.25. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be “well,” in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations.26. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have abeneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.2006-627. But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time.28. Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they felt as if they were being treated like disposable goods.▲29. We’re saying we want you to work in these places, we’re going to look the other way in terms of what our laws are, an d then when it’s convenient for us, or when we can try to make a point in terms of national security, especially after Sept. 11, then you’re disposable.30. If Sept. 11 had never happened, the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America, probably indefinitely.2006-6旧31．Women’s education may be unusual territory for economists, but enhancing women’s contribution to development is actually as much an economic as a social issue.32．Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family: girls grow up only to marry into somebody else’s family and bear children.33．Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and art kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school-the prophecy (预言) becomes self-fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle of neglect.34．She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance.35．The car is fitted with a remote immobiliser (锁止器), and a radio signal from a control centre miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine off, he will not be able to start it again.36．Modern cars are far tougher to steal, as their engine management computer won’t allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition (点火) key.2005-1237．While here’s on question that continuous stress is ha rmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you’re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.38．In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they get the job done.39. Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again.40. Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.实战演练1．But the research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to suit a piece of work to your own interests and abilities, to show others what you can do.2.To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through aset of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier.3.Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and researchcontradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized.4.House had to be sited “within easy walking distance of the railroad station,” as some oldresidents would point out; and only those wealthy enough to afford a horse and a carriage dared to penetrate farther into the open country.5.White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely tohave shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.6.But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and youwill therefore not be offended if your ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.7.College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere with eachother’s experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school.8.This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another,so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.9.The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly beenunexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests.10.It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment (启蒙运动) tobe told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead.11. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more m oney, become “better” people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don’t go.12. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.13. Scientists, like other human beings, have their hopes and fears, their passions and disappointments and their strong emotions may sometimes interrupt the course of clear thinking and sound practice.14. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives, we are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.15. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise—and as a result, we are ageing unnecessarily soon.二、总结——长难句分析步骤1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。
英语四级笔译长难句翻译范例
Determine the coordinate components in a sentence, such as coordinate sentences, coordinate phrases, etc., to ensure logical clarity during translation.
contents
目 录
01
Translation Techniques for Long and Differential Sentences
Identify the subject, predicate, and object in a sentence, as well as modifiers such as attributives and adverbials, to understand the overall structure and meaning of the sentence.
Example of translating long and difficult sentence
Translation Techniques for Long and Differential Sentences Analysis of Common Sentence Patterns in Translation Translation Analysis of Long and Differential Sentences in True Questions
Analyze the relationship between clauses, phrases, and modifiers in a sentence to determine the correct translation order.
简单的英语长难句
简单的英语长难句全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：长难句在英语写作中扮演着重要的角色，能够增加文章的深度和表现力。
在学习英语的过程中，我们常常会遇到一些复杂的长句结构，不太容易理解和运用。
今天，我们就来学习一些简单的英语长难句，帮助大家更好地理解和运用它们。
接下来，让我们再来看一个例子：“Although she was tired from work, she still managed to cook dinner for her family.” 这个句子中，从句“Although she was tired from work”表达了一个虽然的意思，引导了结果，“she still managed to cook dinner for her family”。
通过连接词“although”，我们可以更加清晰地理解作者的意图。
长难句也常常会包含一些非限制性从句，比如这个例子：“John, who is a talented musician, played the piano at the concert last night.” 这个句子中，“who is a talented musician”是一个非限制性从句，它对John进行了进一步的描述，但并不改变句子的基本意思。
这些从句可以帮助我们更加生动地描述事物，增加语言的丰富性。
长难句在英语写作中是非常常见的，它们可以让我们的文章更加丰富和有趣。
当我们遇到长难句时，可以尝试通过分析主从句的结构，理清各个部分之间的逻辑关系，从而更好地理解整个句子的含义。
希望大家在学习和运用长难句的过程中能够有所收获，提升自己的写作能力。
祝大家学习进步！第二篇示例：英语中的长难句是指结构复杂，含有多个从句或短语的句子。
这种句子往往给人造成阅读上的困难，需要花费更多的时间和精力来理解。
下面将为大家展示几个简单的英语长难句。
3. Despite his busy schedule, he managed to find time to volunteer at the local homeless shelter, where he helped serve meals to those in need.这些简单的长难句展示了英语中的复杂句式和结构。
英语长难句子
英语长难句子句子的长度反映学习者自由运用语法知识的能力,而平均句长作为一种评测语言发展的非标准化工具,下面小编就为大家介绍英语长难句子，希望对大家有用。
英语长难句子如下：While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, DL usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi (课程大纲), reading assignments, and schedules on Websites, and students send in their assignments by e-mail.【分析】本句为复合句。
主句主干为DL signifies a course。
主句中的in which引导定语从句，对course进行解释说明，其中instructors和students是并列成分。
While意为“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句;从句中的offered 为过去分词做后置定语，修饰instruction。
【译文】虽然各个大学提供的网络课程不尽相同，但是远程教学通常会把课程公开，教师会把课程大纲、阅读任务和课程安排上传到网站上，学生们则通过电子邮件提交作业。
Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. (2007年12月) 【分析】本句为简单句。
句子主干为I offered suggestions。
Telling myself…hall为伴随状语，that引导宾语从句;guiding the young writer across the hall为现在分词作后置定语，修饰writer。
大学英语四六级语法真题长难句解析(课堂PPT)
四六级真题长难句分析
基本结构的长难句
1.断开：连接词断开，结束于下一个连接词前
Although it has been nearly 30 years since the first commercial mob1i7 le-phone network was launched, advertisers have yet to figure out how to get their messages out to mobile-phone users in a big way. (CET-4, 201312 选词填空)
四六级真题长难句分析
基本结构的长难句
1.断开 (1) 标点
(2) 连接词 7
(3) 分析主谓
四六级真题长难句分析
基本结构的长难句
1.断开
(1)标点
(2)连接词：从句开始于连接词，结束于？
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(3)分析主谓 1）标点 2）下一 个连接词前 3ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้第一 个谓语动词前
四六级真题长难句分析
基本结构的长难句
大学英语四六级语法
真题应用：四六级真题长难句分析
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四六级真题长难句分析
一、基本结构的长难句 二、特殊结构的长难句
2
四六级真题长难句分析
一、基本的长难句 1.断开 2.简化
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二、特殊结构的长难句 1.分裂结构 2.嵌套结构 3.平行结构
四六级真题长难句分析
基本结构的长难句
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四六级真题长难句分析
四六级真题长难句分析
基本结构的长难句
1.断开：连接词断开，结束于标点
But this is a real-life argument before a
如何将简单句变成长难句
长难句写作思路
英文写作的思维就像一个黑洞，似乎深不可测，但如果我们将写作的过程视为一个看不见的汉译英的过程就会简单明了得多。根据笔者的经验，英文写作一般是先想主语，因为主语是一句话的开头；再想谓语，谓语中应该会先写助动词，所以先想用什么时态、语态、情态；接下来是动词，动词要考虑的是用及物动词还是不及物动词，是系动词还是实义动词。如果是及物动词就要考虑跟宾语，系动词就要考虑跟表语。如下图所示：
结束语：简单句需要同学们好好训练，因为简单句是走向更复杂句子结构的基础，也是新四级考生在临场考试时最能够有把握写好而不犯错的句型。
当然还可以写成：Working outside makes it impossible for women to take good care of their children.
这句话将原句进行了适当变通，使之成为“外出工作让母亲们照顾好孩子成为不可能”，然后活用了it作为形式宾语，将不定式后置。相比之下第一种写法稍显生硬。
那么“刚刚毕业的大学生”怎么写？英语里面好像找不到一个表示“刚刚毕业的”形容词放在大学生前面，所以就要用定语从句，写成college students who have just graduated，如果graduated不会写，先写成left；然后怎么写“高薪的”，英语里面也没有这样一个形容词放在jobs的前面，所以用定语从句，写成to find jobs which can give them a lot of money。这样这个句子将写成：It is impossible for college students who have just graduated to find jobs which can give them a lot of money. 这样将两个定语从句放在这个句型里面，实在是太容易犯错了。实际上，刚刚毕业的大学生可以写成：newly-graduated students, 而高薪的工作可以写成well-paying jobs, 将这两个短语放进去，成为：It is impossible for newly-graduated students to find well-paying jobs，与上面的定语从句相比会获得更高的分数。不过试问，能写出这两个短语的有几人呢？
英语四级阅读理解的长难句突破
英语四级阅读理解的长难句突破英语四级考试对于大多数英语学习者来说是一个挑战。
其中，阅读理解部分是许多人感到困难的地方，尤其是长难句的处理。
本文将为大家介绍一些突破长难句的技巧和方法。
1. 理解句子结构长难句往往包含很多从句、关联词和状语等成分，因此理解句子结构是理解句意的基础。
学习者可以通过分析句子的主干和从属成分来理解句子的结构。
主干是句子的核心部分，从属成分是对主干进行修饰或者补充的部分。
2. 学习关联词的用法关联词在长难句中起到连接不同成分的作用，如：although, despite, however, therefore等。
学习者需要了解这些关联词的用法，进而推测句子的逻辑关系。
例如，although表示转折关系，despite表示让步关系，however表示对比关系，therefore表示因果关系。
3. 注意定语从句和状语从句定语从句和状语从句在长难句中经常出现。
学习者可以通过关注关系代词和关系副词来判断从句的类型。
定语从句修饰名词，关系代词如who, whom, whose, which等，而状语从句修饰动词、形容词或者副词，关系副词如when, where, why等。
4. 掌握并行结构并行结构指的是在句子中平行地列举几个相同类型的成分。
掌握并行结构可以帮助学习者更好地理解句子的并列成分。
并行结构可以通过词语重复、使用并列连词如and, or, but等来构建。
5. 利用上下文语境长难句往往在上下文中有明确的语境，通过综合上下文的信息可以更好地理解句子的含义。
学习者可以通过寻找上下文中的线索词，如转折词、因果词等来推断句子的逻辑关系。
6. 多读、多练、多积累突破长难句需要多读、多练、多积累。
学习者可以通过大量的阅读练习来熟悉不同类型的长难句，积累常见的句型和短语，以便更好地应对考试。
总结起来，要想突破英语四级阅读理解中的长难句，首先要理解句子的结构，学习关联词的用法，注意定语从句和状语从句的处理，掌握并行结构，善于利用上下文语境，并且进行大量的读、练、积累。
四级英语作文多变的句式
very important = of great importance
very valuable = of great _____ very significant = of great ______ very necessary = of great ______
very valuable = of great value very significant = of great significance very necessary = of great necessity
评卷实例:请思考高分作文特征
实例一 英文题目：Bicycles——An Important Means of Transport in China
汉语提纲： (1)为什么自行车在中国这样普及 (2)和汽车的比较 (3)自行车在中国的前途
Bicycles are very popular in China. Almost every family in the city has two or three bicycles. During the rush hour, you can see that thousands of people -- man and woman, old and young -- ride their bicycles to work and study. That is why China is called “the kingdom of bicycles”.
如何做到内容切题和结构清晰？
3步法： a.审读英文指令（和汉语提纲） b.将三提纲转化为英文句子充当主 题句 (若提纲是两个则添加一个或 拆分其中之一) c.将主题句扩展成英文段落
语言精彩
英语四级长难句处理
9.24【今日长难句】Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage would consequently face new pressures.长难句的正确打开方式先尝试自己分析然后看下面的解析【词的处理】complex adj. 复杂的technological adj. 技术的diminish v. 减少；削弱；贬低the leading position 领导地位；领先地位interest n. 兴趣；利益breadth n. 宽度；广泛pressure n. 压力【结构解析】1.句子主干为and连接的并列句。
2.前半句主干为主谓宾结构，即：Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes /could start/ to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, 译为：复杂的国际、经济、技术以及文化层面的变化/开始/逐渐削弱英语作为世界市场语言的领导地位。
3.后半句主干为主谓宾结构，即：UK interests /would consequently face/ new pressures；译为：英国利益将因此面临新的压力（挑战）。
4.定语从句which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage修饰UK interests. 该定语从句可译为“的”结构，即：得益于英语广泛使用的。