英语平行结构和比较结构
是……(either…or…结构是or的强化形式)
• Do you stay at home alone or go to theatre with me?
• You’ll have to wait one or two days before you know the result.
was done. • China is rich in natural resources, while Japan
is poor.
英语平行结构和比较结构
四、表示因果关系的并列连词
• so(因此,所以),for(因为) • Many directors were absent, so the meeting
英语平行结构和比较结构 Parallelism & Comparison
英语平行结构和比较结构
一、平行结构, 即并列结构:由并列连词连 接两个或两个以上对等的语言成分构成。
• 连词是一种虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成 分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句 与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列 连词和从属连词。
分必须在结构上等同。不能连接句子。 • The new tax policy benefits both workers and
farmers. • Bothe she and I are interested in English
literature.
英语平行结构和比较结构
• 3. not only…but (also)…不仅……而且…… • not only…but…as well不仅……而且……也 • as well as和 • …and…as well和 • * not only…but (also)…结构侧重在后者,而
• but(但是),yet(然而),while(而,却) 等
• After a busy day, I felt tired but happy. • Difficulties will arise in the course of reforming,
but we will certainly overcome them. • He was not feeling well, yet he kept on until it
• 并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。 • 从属连词用来引导名词从句和各类的状语
从句。
英语平行结构和比较结构
并列结构的连接手段
• 1)并列连词 • 2)标点符号 • 3)并列结构的插入语 • 在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语,使这
个项目处于更加突出的地位。 • 4)并列结构的对称组合 • 成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。
as well as侧重在前者。
• Not only George but also his wife did a lot for us.
• It is said that he can fly a plane as well as drive a car.
• She can play pop music and classical music as well.
英语平行结构和比较结构
一、表示平行、递进关系的连词
• 1. A and B • And连接两个并列成分。and也常位于句首,
使上下文联系更紧密。 • The fabric is light and strong. • I like reading and fishing in my spare time. This
model of the computer is powerful, and the price is competitive. • It was a severe winter. And we had not enough food for ourselves.
英语平行结构和比较结构
• 2. both A and B • 这一结构是and的强化形式,连接的两个成
英语平行结构和比较结构
1. Tom is tall _w_h_il_e _____ his brother is short. 2. She got up early,_b_u_t _____ she failed to be
英语平行结构和比较结构
二、表示选择关系的连词
• 1. neither A nor B • 这一结构表示否定意义,若连接两个句子
可以采用倒装形式。 • Einstein cared for neither money nor fame.
You can neither take it out nor photocopy it. • *在否定结构中通常用or连接两个并列成分。 • You can never take it out or photocopy it.
英语平行结构和比较结构
• 常见的并列连词有: 1、表递进关系:and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, not… but… 2. 选择关系:or,either…or…, otherwise,
whether...or 3. 转折对比关系: but, yet, whereas, while, still 4. 因果关系:so, for 5. 并列关系:and, when
• Hurry up, or we’ll be late.
• Have one more try, or you won’t be successful.
• Either he didn’t speak clearly or you didn’t hear well.
英语平行结构和比较结构
三、表示转折和对比意义的并列连词
had to be postponed. • He must have done something wrong, for the
head teacher called him to the office. • *so不能与because同时出现在同一句中。
For从句主要是对前面的句子作出解释或进 行推断,因此for引导的句子不能用于句首。
英语学习汉英平行结构对比与翻译PPT课件
15
第15页/共47页
2)短语平行
短语平行是指结构相同或相似的介词短语 ﹑动词短语﹑分词短语﹑不定式短语等词组 并列而构成的平行结构,可使语义层层推进, 极具感染力。 如:
16
第16页/共47页
短语平行举例
1. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. (Francis Bacon) 读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足 以长才
3. 您所拨打的用户心已欠费,爱已停机,感情不在服务区,请您不要再拨。
第8页/共47页
C→E Translation
1.The festival is coming, so I’d like t o send you my best wishes. I wish you to have a smooth operation ev erywhere, to enjoy a better life ou t and in, to win lottery time and ag ain, to have a good luck day by da y, to get younger and younger an d to become more and more hand
英语平行结构(parallelism)
英语平行结构(parallelism)一、平行结构的定义平行结构指的是相同的语法结构,它要求有同等重要的思想、概念,并列的句子成分要用同类的语法形式来表达,要用并列连词连接。
平行结构是一种修辞手法,它可以使句子前后保持平衡和协调,从而增加语言的连贯性。
新牛津英语词典将平行结构定义为:“the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose which correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.”,(“在诗歌或者散文中,连续运用在语法结构、发音、韵律和意义等方面相似的语言结构。
”) 它可以很简单,如单个的词和词组,也可以很复杂,如完整的句子;它要求词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子一一对应,例如:The child was pretty and intelligent.You can go there on foot, by bus or by train.It is important to know how to study and to learn how to plan one’s time.The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.二、使用平行结构的注意点平行结构常常使用并列连词,如and, but, as well as, or, or else, neither...nor, either...or, not only...but also, not...but等。
英文写作中的平行结构是什么?怎么用?
英文写作中的平行结构是什么?怎么用?英文写作疑难问题之一是语句的平行结构(或称对称性构造parallelism),换句话说当语句或一个字融合在一起的情况下,务必保证每一个一部分全是「同样使用价值」,也就是务必是一样方式。
平行结构是什么呢?立即举例说明,看着你是不是能发觉在其中的难题。
I like apples,oranges,and going to the zoo.The coach advised that I should eat healthily,exercise regularly,and that joining a gym would make this easier.Mary is a celebrated author,dancer,and writes great songs.有发觉吗?没事儿,大家把在其中有什么问题的地区标出了,而道德底线的地区则是平行结构的起止点。
I like apples,oranges,and going to the zoo.The coach advised that I should eat healthily,exercise regularly,and that joining a gym would make this easier.Mary is a celebrated author,dancer,and writes great songs.了解为何红色字体一部分不对吗?下边剖析句式给你们句一“I like noun,noun,and-ing phrase.”句二“The coach advised that I should:(1)verb;(2)verb;(3)that-ing phrase.句三“Mary is a noun,noun,and verb.”这种语句便是不符平行结构,句中的同样部位的一个字沒有以一样的语法方式展现。
英语语法术语
时Tense 人称Person 数Number体Aspect 态V oice带to不定式To-infinitive 不带to不定式Bare Infinitive边际情态助动词Marginal Model Auxiliary排比结构Parallel Construction 复杂介词Complex Preposition 深层结构Deep Structure动态形容词Dynamic Adjective 静态形容词Stative Adjective-ing分词–ING Participle现在分词Present Participle动名词Gerund逻辑主语Logical Subject-ed分词-ED Participle过去分词Past Participle前置修饰语Premodifier主语补语Subject Complement 宾语补语Object Complement悬垂分词Dangling Participle 无依着法则Unattached Participle单词形容词One-word Adjective 复合形容词Compound Adjective 中心形容词Central Adjective外围形容词Peripheral Adjective 使役形容词Causative Adjective 等级形容词Gradable Adjective 非等级形容词Non-gradable Adjective状语Adverbial连接副词Conjunctive Adverb简单副词Simple Adverb派生副词Derivative Adverb方式副词Adverb of Manner程度副词Adverb of Degree时间副词Adverb of Time频度副词Adverb of Frequency 地点副词Adverb of Place连接副词Conjunctive Adverb解说副词Explanatory Adverb修饰性状语Adjunct评注性状语Disjunct连接性状语Conjunct可等级的Gradable原级positive/absolute degree 比较级comparative degree最高级superlative degree综合形式synthetic form比较结构comparative construction调核nucleus可等级名词gradable noun分析性语言analytic language 简单介词simple preposition复杂介词complex preposition 双词介词two-word preposition 三词介词three-word preposition四词介词four-word preposition 陈述句statement/declarative sentence疑问句question祈使句command 感叹句exclamation强调句emphasize强调附加结构reinforcement tag双重否定double negative修辞疑问句rhetorical question 操作词operator局部否定partial negation疑问句question/interrogative sentence一般疑问句general question特殊疑问句special question选择疑问句alternative question 附加疑问句tag question是非问句yes-no question非肯定句non-assertive word肯定词assertive word“wh-问句”wh-question附加问句question tag祈使句command/imperative sentence动词祈使句imperative sentence感叹词exclamation/exclamatory sentence 存在句existential sentence实义主语notional subject真主语real subject36讲修饰修饰modification 前置修饰语premodifier后置修饰语postmodifier 补足成分complementation限定性修饰语Restrictive Modifier非限定性修饰语Non-restrictive Modifier对比含义Contrastive Meaning分隔修饰Discontinuous Modification句尾中心End Weight同位语appositive限定性同位语Restrictive Appositive 非限定性同位语Non-restrictive Appositive状语Adverbial修饰性状语&结合性状语Adjunct评注性状语&分离性状语Disjunct连接性状语Conjunct37讲替代替代Substitition 替代词Substitute 名词性替代Nominal Substitition动词性替代Verbal Substitition分句性替代Clausal Substitition名词替代词Nominal Substitute动词替代词Verbal Substitute 分句替代词Clausal Substitute 动词替代词&代动词Pro-verb38讲省略省略Ellipsis情境省略Situational Ellipsis39讲后置、前置、倒装词序Word Order正常词序Normal Order自然次序Natural Order后置Postponement句尾焦点End Focus句尾重心End Weight传递信息的单位Information Unit旧信息Old Information已知信息Given/Known Information新信息New Information 信息焦点Information Focus 前置Fronting倒装Inversion40讲从句到篇语篇Text粘着性Cohesion连贯性Coherence(句子的)交际功能Communicative Function正确性Correctness适合性Appropriacy新信息the storm已知信息the crops过渡词语TransitionalWords/Phrases逻辑纽带Logical Connectors 语法纽带Grammatical Connectors词汇纽带Lexical Connectors 照应Reference人称照应Personal Reference 指示照应Demonstrative Reference后照应Anaphoric Reference 比较照应Comparative Reference平行结构Parallel Construction 累赘Redundancy关键词key word同义词Synonym近义词Near-synonym语段Sentence Group统一性Unity单语段语篇Single-Sentence-Group Text多语段语篇Multi-Sentence-Group Text主题句Topic Sentence主题语段Topic Sentence Group辅助句Supporting Sentence 辅助语段Supporting Sentence Group语篇修辞Textual Rhetoric 层进法Climax偏斜修饰语Squinting Modifier从属Subordination 从属结构Subordinate Construction 限定从属分句Finite Subordinate Clause 从属连词Subordinator 简单从属连词Simple Subordinator 关联从属连词Correlative Subordinator 复杂从属连词Complex Subordinator 边际从属连词Marginal Subordinator 非限定分句Non-finite Clause 无动词分句Verbless Clause 关系分句Relative Clause 关系词Relative Word 定语从句Attributive Clause 限制性关系分句Restrictive Relative Clause非限制性关系分句Non-restrictive Relative Clause关系代词Relative Pronoun 关系副词Relative Adverb 关系限定词Relative Determiner 不定式分句Infinitive Clause 双重关系分句Double Relative Clause 嵌入式关系分句Embed Relative Clause -ing分词分句–ing Participle Clause -ed 分词分句–ed Participle Clause 时间状语分句Adverbial Clause of Time 原因状语分句Adverbial Clause of Cause 地点状语分句Adverbial Clause of Place 方式状语分句Adverbial Clause of Manner 结果状语分句Adverbial Clause of Result 目的状语分句Adverbial Clause of Purpose 条件状语分句Adverbial Clause of Condition 让步状语分句Adverbial Clause of Concession 同时性Same Time 先时性Earlier Time 后时性Later Time 并列连词Quasi-coordinator 独立结构Absolute Construction 语域Register 语体Style 条件句Conditional 真实条件句Real Conditional 基本形式Basic Form 变体形式Variant Form 替换形式Alternative Form 非真实条件句Unreal Conditional 直接引语Direct Speech 间接引语Indirect Speech 引述动词Reporting Verb地点状语locative adverbial时间状语temporal adverbial非指代性it non-referring “it”分裂句cleft sentence“虚义”it empty it“失行”it anticipatory it假分裂句pseudo-cleft sentence并列连词coordinator并列结构coordinate construction并列句compound sentence关联并列连词correlative coordinator近似并列连词quasi-coordinator 从属连词subordinator复杂连词complex preposition。
Unit7 平行结构和比较结构
Unit7 平行结构和比较结构I 平行结构一平行结构的概念由并列连词连接两个并列的部分,这样的结构就叫做平行结构。
平行结构连接的两个或者二个以上的部分必须保持词性和形式上的一致。
标志词和短语:1 标志词and, or, but: 连接句子或者词;连接词的时候but是介词,表示“除了”。
I want nobody nobody but you.yet, whereas: 连接两个句子,“然而”yet: He studied hard yet he failed.whereas:American cars are generally too large for Japanese market,whereas Japanese cars are popular in the US.2 标志短语:rather than;not only…but also…;from…to…;either…or…;neither…nor…;both…and…;between…and…; not…but…1 词的平行Of the hundreds of warm-water coral species, only a few(A) are highly prized(B) for use in jewelry because of their(C) beauty, luster, and they are hard(D). No error.Storing bread in the refrigerator delays drying (A) and the growth (B) of mold but increase (C) the rate at which the bread loses flavor (D). No error (E)2 短语的平行Like (A) her nonfiction, Jean Craighead George’s fiction draws extensively (B) not only from published material but also she had (C) firsthand observations of animals and (D) ecological systems. No error(E)3 句子的平行Because the garden was untended (A), the windows had no (B) shutters, and the lawn overrun (C) by weeds, people passing by (D) the old house assumed that it was unoccupied. No error (E)主语与表语的平行(对应)To insist that a poem means whatever one (A) wants it (B) to mean is often ignoring (C) the intention and even (D) the words of the poet. No error(E)II 比较结构一概念由比较连接词连接两个词性和类别相同的部分,对二者进行比较标志词和短语:more …than;as…as…;differ from;not so much…as;like/unlike;compare…with…;in comparison with;simiar to考查方式:A’s dog …than B (―than B’s)the cost of A…than B (―than that of B)Tip:常考than后面划线Because of its innovativeness and its(A) effective presentation, Mary’s science project received(B) more judges’votes at the exhibit(C) than did Jim(D). No error(E)There is (A) probably no (B) story more dramatic (C) than baseball’s (D) great hitter and right fielder, Hank Aaron. No error (E)Norwegian writer Sigrid Undset is like (A) the novelist Sir Walter Scott in (B) her use of historical backgrounds, but unlike his books (C), she dwells on the psychological aspects of (D) her characters. No error(E)The architect’s research shows that even when builders construct (A) houses of stone (B), they still (C) use the hammer more than any tool (D). No error(E)。
英语中的平行结构
9.句子的并列(并列句)
I was tired, but I felt happy.
四、需掌握的知识点
1. be about to do sth when+从句 2.祈使句+and+句子 3. while conj.然而,而 4. 分辨谓语动词的并列和伴随状语 5. what名词性短语的并列 6. “随着”两种表达:with+复合结构/as+句子 7. 分辨短语和句子 8. 分辨定语从句和并列句 9. 不定式的并列 10. 分辨:句子+并列连词+句子、短语+句子
preparing a long speech for the president.
10. As there are nearly 50 streets in the
city, most of which we can’t remember
clearly.
which---them
在高考中的体现及解题思路
从句:If you use your head,you will find a way. ___and they bought a picnic with them. A. It being a fine day B. It is a fine day
C. Being a fine day √D. It was a fine day
比如下面句子就违反了平行结构的准则: Do some nice things for your parents that they
don't expect like cooking, doing the dishes, washing clothes, or clean the floors. "做饭"、"刷碗"、"洗衣服"、"拖地"在本句中应为 并列结构作为介词like“像”的宾语,故应用相同 的形式,都用动名词,所以应将clean改为 cleaning。
英语平行结构的特点及修辞效果
英语平行结构的特点及修辞效果
一、英语平行结构的特点
英语中的平行结构是一种具有强烈对比性的句式,即一个句子由多个形式、意义、强度等层次或方面形成的对称句式,以表达同一概念或意思,但前后句式却有着明显的对比效果,使文章增添对比色彩,以明快形象地表现作者的思想意义,具有浓重的艺术质感。
英语平行结构的特点是:
1、句子中的内容应是两个或以上成分,这些成分在语气、位置、音节、句式、形式等方面形成一定对照关系,形成对立、对称或协调的句子;
2、表达的内容可以是同类事物、观点、状态,也可以是相反意义的事物、状态,或是诸多事实、正反意义,他们之间不一定是对比关系,有时对照和协调关系也可以形成平行结构,但他们都具有鲜明的对比色彩;
3、句子中的造句要简洁,以清晰明确的结构、快速的表达和深入语言文字来突出句子的对比关系;
4、有时可以用省略句等句式来代替进一步陈述,表示抽象、凝练、省略的句式,以使表达更加简明、紧凑,加强对比、协调配搭的效果。
二、英语平行结构的修辞效果
1、表达对立观点:平行结构有利于清晰、强调表达对立观点,以增强语言的表达力度,令人印象深刻,更有助于读者理解文章的主
题大意。
2、强调抒情情绪:平行结构中的句子有着协调性,能够强烈表达出作者的抒情情绪,如尖锐的怨言、伤心的悲叹等,以唤起读者的共鸣。
3、加深艺术感染力:平行结构能够赋予句子平衡、协调的性质,使文章更加完美,清晰且有力,表现出深厚的艺术感染力。
总之,英语中的平行结构具有鲜明的对比色彩,有利于表达对立的观点,强调抒情情绪,加深文章的艺术感染力,是一种有效的修辞手段。
英语写作中的句子结构技巧
英语写作中的句子结构技巧在英语写作中,良好的句子结构是非常重要的,它能够帮助我们更好地表达思想,使文章通顺流畅。
本文将介绍几个英语写作中常用的句子结构技巧,帮助读者提升英语写作水平。
1. 平行结构(Parallel Structure)平行结构是指在句子中平行使用相同类型的词、短语或从句,使句子结构更加一致。
这种结构常用于列举、并列关系的表达和对比。
例如:(1) We came, we saw, we conquered.我们来了,我们看到了,我们征服了。
(2) The weather is not only hot but also humid.天气不仅炎热而且潮湿。
(3) He likes swimming, hiking, and playing tennis.他喜欢游泳、徒步旅行和打网球。
2. 倒装结构(Inversion)倒装结构在英语写作中可以起到突显和强调的作用,也可以用于修辞和句子平衡。
常见的倒装结构有完全倒装和部分倒装。
例如:(1) Not only did she pass the exam, but she also got the highest score.她不仅通过了考试,而且还得到了最高分。
(2) Little did I know that he was planning a surprise party for me.我并不知道他正在为我策划一场惊喜派对。
(3) Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.我从未见过如此美丽的日落。
3. 并列句(Compound Sentences)并列句使用并列连词(如and, but, or等)将两个独立的句子连接在一起,使句子更加丰富多样,并能够表达并列关系。
例如:(1) She is studying hard for the exam, but she also finds time to relax.她为了考试而努力学习,但她也找到时间放松。
英语13种修辞手法
英语13种修辞手法比喻(Metaphor):通过比较两个不同的事物来进行形象化的描述。
例句:Her laughter was music to my ears.(她的笑声如音乐般动听。
)拟人(Personification):将非人物赋予人类特征和行为。
例句:The flowers danced in the gentle breeze.(花儿在轻风中跳舞。
)暗示(Allusion):通过引用其他文学作品、历史事件或文化象征来传达特定的含义。
例句:He was a real Romeo with the ladies.(他对女士们来说就像真正的罗密欧。
)反问(Rhetorical Question):用问句表达观点或意义,而不需要回答。
例句:Isn't it ironic that the firefighter's house burned down?(消防员的房子烧毁了,这不是讽刺吗?)平行结构(Parallelism):重复使用相同的语法结构,增强语言的韵律和效果。
例句:He came, he saw, he conquered.(他来了,他看到了,他征服了。
)排比(Anaphora):在连续的句子或短语中重复相同的词或短语,以增强语义和节奏。
例句:I came, I saw, I conquered.(我来了,我看到了,我征服了。
)夸张(Hyperbole):夸大事物的程度或规模,以强调其重要性或产生效果。
例句:I've told you a million times not to do that!(我已经告诉你一百万次不要那样做了!)比较(Simile):通过使用"like"或"as"等词来比较两个事物,以形象地表达相似之处。
例句:She sings like an angel.(她唱歌如天使一般。
)反复(Repetition):重复使用词语、短语或句子,以增强表达的力度和记忆性。
英语平行结构和比较结构【优质PPT】
2021/10/10
11
1. Tom is tall _w_h_il_e_____ his brother is short.
2. She got up early,_b_u_t _____ she failed to be there on time.
3. It is not wrong of people to pursue wealth; ___ye_t ____, they should also try to learn to fulfill their knowledge.
2021/10/10
3
• 常见的并列连词有: 1、表递进关系:and, not only…but also…,
neither…nor…, not… but… 2. 选择关系:or,either…or…, otherwise,
whether...or 3. 转折对比关系: but, yet, whereas, while, still 4. 因果关系:so, for 5. 并列关系:and, when
• Bothe she and I are interested in English literature.
2021/10/10
6
• 3. not only…but (also)…不仅……而且……
• not only…but…as well不仅……而且……也
• as well as和
• …and…as well和
• Either he didn’t speak clearly or you didn’t hear well.
2021/10/10
9
三、表示转折和对比意义的并列 连词
• but(但是),yet(然而),while(而,却) 等
